2. Identify the key features of each ideology: Political Ideologies Fascism Communism Socialism Capitalism

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1 AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 1 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 1 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 1 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. Unit 1: Foundations of Government: Chapters Define each: Government Types according to the Geographic Division of Power Unitary Confederacy Federal 2. Identify the key features of each ideology: Political Ideologies Fascism Communism Socialism Capitalism Libertarianism Populism Totalitarianism Anarchism 3. Define each. (Hint: See 2013 FRQ) Government Types according to Participation Autocracy Direct Democracy Representative Democracy (Republic)

2 4. What is social contract theory? What evidence of social contract theory is found in the Declaration & Constitution? 5. Define each: Attitudes Toward Representation Elitism Majoritarianism Pluralism Hyperpluralism 6. Complete the following table: Powers Articles of Confederation Weaknesses 7. List the key features of each: New Jersey Plan Drafting the Constitution Virginia Plan Great Compromise 3/5 Compromise

3 8. Identify some powers granted to the US Government by the Constitution that addressed weaknesses in the Articles. 9. Define each: Constitutional Principles Popular Sovereignty Separation of Powers Judicial Review Limited Government Checks and Balances Federalism 10. Identify the main arguments of each: Federalists Debating the Constitution Anti-Federalists 11. Identify the main idea(s) of each. (Hint: See 2009 FRQ) The Federalist Papers Federalist #10 Federalist #51

4 12. Describe (or diagram) the two-step procedure for amending the Constitution. Explain how this two-step process reflects the federal structure of the USGovernment. 13. Define each term, and complete the other boxes. (Hint: See 2005 FRQ) Types of Government Power Enumerated Implied Inherent Denied Reserved Expressed: Delegated to Congress by the Constitution Source (Clause, article & section, amendment, Supreme Court case) Source Source Source Source Article I Sec. 8, etc. Example Example Example Acquire new territories Example Congress cannot grant titles of nobility Example 14. What power, granted to Congress by the Constitution, is the source of most implied powers? 15. Define sovereignty. Explain why some Americans feel that membership in the United Nations, NATO, and other international organizations threatens US sovereignty.

5 16. Define Federalism. Explain how the Supremacy Clause impacts the federal relationship between nat l & state gov ts. 17. Define each: Dual Federalism Federalism Models Cooperative (Fiscal) Federalism Metaphor: Metaphor: 18. Define Devolution. Provide an example. 19. Define each term, and complete the other boxes. (Hint: See 2003 and 2007 FRQs) Federal Grants / Grants-In-Aid Categorical Block Matching Funds Project Grants Revenue Sharing

6 20. Summarize the Tenth Amendment. 21. What is an unfunded mandate? Why do governors complain about them? 22. Summarize each & relate to federalism (what burden is placed on the states?) (Hint: See 2003, 2005, and 2007 FRQs) Mandates to Know Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Clean Air Act of 1970 Americans With Disabilities Act 0f 1990 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) / Welfare Reform Act of 1996 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 example of devolution

7 23. Summarize each relative to federalism (powers of national government vs. state governments) Federalism Court Cases Marbury v. Madison (1803) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) United States v. Lopez (1995)

9 Reconstruction Amendments Voting Rights/ Franchise AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 2 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 2 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 2 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. Unit 2: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Chapters Chapters 14-15: Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 1. Define each. Civil liberties Civil rights Source: Source: 2. Briefly list the liberties & rights guaranteed by each amendment. Constitutional Amendments Personal Liberties Liberties & Rights of the Accused Reserved Rights/ Powers Equal Rights Amendment (proposed, not ratified)- 3. Define selective incorporation (theory). [Hint: See FRQs 2005 & 2010]

10 4. List the types of speech that are NOT protected (allowed) by the 1 st Amendment. 5. When is prior restraint (gov t censorship) allowed? Which court case created this rule? 6. Selective incorporation cases. Gitlow v. New York (1925) incorporated the Amendment s right to. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) incorporated the Amendment s right to by creating the. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) incorporated the Amendment s right to. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) incorporated the Amendment s right to _. McDonald v. Chicago (2010) incorporated the Amendment s right to. 7. Define, or briefly describe the Court s ruling in each. Free Speech Cases Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Miller v. California (1973) Texas v. Johnson (1989) New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) / actual malice

11 8. Define, or briefly describe the Court s ruling in each. Freedom of Religion Free exercise clause Establishment clause Wall of Separation Doctrine Reynolds v. US (1878) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 9. Define each. Exclusionary Rule Good Faith Exception 10. The exclusionary rule was intended to deter _ misconduct. 11. Briefly describe the Court s ruling in each. Privacy Cases Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Roe v. Wade (1973) 12. What tactics were used to stop African-Americans from voting in the Jim Crow South ( )? [Hint: See FRQ 2008]

12 13. What is the difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation? Which is easier to address/solve? 14. List the key components of each. [Hint: See FRQ 2012] Civil Rights Laws Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of Briefly explain the ruling in each case. Civil Rights Cases Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Korematsu v. United States (1944) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1971) Regents of the Univ. of California v. Bakke (1978)

13 AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 3 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 3 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 3 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. Unit 3: Political Beliefs, Opinions and Behaviors: Chapters Describe the characteristics of a valid, scientific, public opinion poll. (Hint: See 2011 FRQ) 2. What are the primary agents of political socialization? Mark the one that has the earliest/biggest impact. 3. Define Political Efficacy. How does it affect political participation? 4. Who/what determines voter eligibility? 5. Identify the factors contributing to low voter turnout in the United States (as compared to Europe or other democracies). (Hint: See 2002 & 2009 FRQs)

14 6. Why has voter turnout decreased since the late 19 th century? (Hint: See 2002 & 2009 FRQs) 7. Define Gender Gap. 8. Describe political participation (Voting patterns & common participation types) (Hint: see 2009 FRQ) Age: Education: Race: Income: Gender: 9. Identify the characteristic that cannot be used to deny the vote by each amendment. Expanding the Franchise 15 th Amendment 19 th Amendment 26 th Amendment 10. List and define the voting barriers used by the South to disenfranchise blacks after 1868.

15 11. List the main provisions of the Voting Rights Act of Place the following characteristics on the table according to likely party affiliation: Women, men, whites, blacks, Hispanics, low education, college degree, doctorate degree, young (>30), 30-50, 65+, Northeast, Midwest, South, Plains, Mountain West, West Coast, Urban, Suburban, Rural, evangelical Christians, Catholics, Jews, non-religious, gun owners, businessmen, unions members, civil libertarians, environmental activists, social conservatives, Democrats, Republicans Voting Patterns Democrats Swing Voters Republicans 13. Which single personal characteristic (by FAR) has the largest impact a voter s choice of candidates? 14. What is the difference between straight-ticket and split-ticket voting? Which has become more likely?

16 15. Identify at least FIVE types of political participation. For each, describe WHY a person would choose this method. (Hint: See 2003 FRQ) 16. Define Political Ideology. 17. Identify some key characteristics of each. Liberalism American Political Ideologies Radical Conservatism Reactionary 18. Define each: Reporting the News Gatekeepers Scorekeeping Watchdog journalism

17 19. Define horse-race journalism. What impact does it have on our democracy (Elections, awareness of issues, etc.)? 20. What impact has the concentration of media ownership had on media coverage? 21. Define Sound Bite. How has the trend identified in the graphic below impacted our democracy?

19 AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 4 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 4 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 4 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. 1. Define linkage institution. Unit 4: Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Elections: Chapters What three things happen at the National Conventions? What types of people attend? 3. Define each. Electoral Realignment The Electorate & Partisanship Critical Election Electoral Dealignment Example: Example: Example: 4. What does the Constitution say about political parties? 5. Identify (list) the factors that cause the US to have a 2-party system.

6. Define Political Machine / Party Machine / Machine Politics & explain what makes them corrupt. 7. What is the difference between straight-ticket and split-ticket voting? 8.

20 6. Define Political Machine / Party Machine / Machine Politics & explain what makes them corrupt. 7. What is the difference between straight-ticket and split-ticket voting? 8. What is the main difference between a political party and an interest group? 9. Identify and explain the roles of minor parties in the US political system. 10. List tactics Interest Groups use to influence policymaking. Define each & explain why groups choose to use it. 11. Define Lobbyist. What are lobbyists main goal? How do they achieve this goal? 12. Sometimes like-minded groups form coalitions. Explain what this means.

21 13. Explain the purpose of the following interest groups: (Hint: See 2004 FRQ) Interest Groups to Know (Summarize issue & list tactics) NRA NAACP Sierra Club AARP 14. Define each. Elements of Direct Democracy Recall Initiative Referendum 15. What do federal election laws require about minority languages and motor voter laws? 16. What is the Federal Election Commission? What law created it? 17. What is the main purpose of a PAC?

18. Complete the following table: Current Campaign Finance Limits Individual Contributions Interest Groups (PACs) Corporations/Unions 19. How do PACs and SuperPACS differ from 527s and 501(c) groups?

22 18. Complete the following table: Current Campaign Finance Limits Individual Contributions Interest Groups (PACs) Corporations/Unions 19. How do PACs and SuperPACS differ from 527s and 501(c) groups? 20. What are independent expenditures? How have they changed recently? 21. Summarize the Supreme Court s ruling in each: Buckley vs. Valeo (1976) Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission (2010) 22. What is the difference between Soft Money and Hard Money? 23. What is the revolving door? Why do many consider this to be problematic?

23 24. Define each. Under who benefits? write political parties or voters Nominating Contest Closed Primary Open Primary Blanket Primary Caucus Who benefits? Who benefits? Who benefits? Who benefits? 25. Which type of nominating contest is the most common in the United States? 26. Define Frontloading. Why do states do this? 27. Suppose you (or any US resident) feel strongly about a candidate in an election. What can you do to influence the outcome of that election? 28. What is public financing of campaigns? Which office(s) qualify for public financing? What limits do candidates accept if they use public financing?

24 29. The Electoral College: How are E.C. votes distributed among the states? How do candidates win electors? How many E.C. votes are needed to win? What happens if no one wins a majority of the popular vote? What happens if there is no clear winner in the Electoral College? How does the E.C. impact campaign strategy? List two proposed reforms to the E.C. Why are E.C. reforms unlikely to happen? How does the E.C. discriminate against minor party candidates? 30. How have presidential campaigns changed over the last 50 years? How has the nominating process become more democratic (involving more citizens)?

25 Campaign Finance Summary Sheet

27 AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 5 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 5 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 5 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. Unit 5: Institutions of Government: Chapters Unit 5: Congress: Chapter How is representation in each house determined? Which Constitutional compromise determined this? 2. Why did the framers choose a bicameral legislature? List at least three reasons.

28 3. Complete the following table: Duties / Privileges of Congressional Leaders Speaker of the House Floor Leaders (Maj & Min) Assistant Floor Leaders (Whips) President of the Senate President Pro Tempore Committee Chairmen 4. What is the primary task of each of the following committees? Congressional Committees Appropriations Ways & Means Senate Judiciary 5. Organize the following powers according to the house(s) thatexercises them: Filibuster, Cloture, Ratify Treaties, Approve Appointments, Originate Revenue Bills, Discharge Petition, Declare War, Impeach, Try Impeachments, Non-Germane Amendments, Oversight House vs. Senate Powers House of Representatives Senate: 6. Why can the House Rules Committee be considered the most powerful committee in the House of Representatives?

29 7. List the characteristics of each: Congressional Committee Types Standing Select/Special Joint Conference 8. What is the difference between Delegate and Trustee Representation? When would a Congressman use each? 9. Identify and describe the sources of Incumbency Advantage. (List at least 4) 10. Define each: Reapportionment Representation in the Lower House Redistricting Gerrymandering Who does this: Who does this: Who does this: 11. What Constitutional limits were put on redistricting? Baker v. Carr (1962) Shaw v. Reno (1993)

30 12. Define Earmarks/Pork Barrel Spending. Why is it controversial? 13. List and describe the ways Congress performs oversight. 14. Describe the 2-step impeachment process. Which officers can be impeached? 15. Define Rider. 16. Identify and describe the ways an individual Senator can influence the content & passage of a bill. 17. Describe the 17 th Amendment.

31 Unit 5: The Executive Branch: Chapters Summarize the President s powers and responsibilities as Presidential Roles Chief Executive Head of State Chief Diplomat Chief Legislator Commander-in-Chief Chief of Party 19. Describe each. Constitutional Amendments affecting the President 20 th Amendment 22 nd Amendment 25 th Amendment 20. List the Constitutional Duties of the VP. 21. Define Divided Government. How does it make the president s job more difficult? 22. Explain the President s Appointment Power. (Whom does he appoint? Congressional approval Who? Vote %?)

32 23. Define each. Veto Pocket Veto Chief Legislator Do Nothing Line-Item Veto Override: Override??? Who does have it? 24. What is the State of the Union Address? Purpose? 25. Define each. Inherent Powers of the President Executive Orders Executive Agreements Executive Privilege 26. Why are some members of Congress opposed to the President s use of the above-mentioned powers? 27. Define Recess Appointment. Why does a President dothis? 28. Describe the President s role in treaty-making. (Congressional approval Who? Vote %?) 29. What are the two roles of a Cabinet member?

33 30. Define each. Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget Council of Economic Advisers National Security Council 31. List the foreign policy powers of the President. 32. What limits did the War Powers Act/Resolution put on the President s power as commander-in-chief? 33. Complete the following table: (Hint: See 2003 FRQ) Presidential Approval Why it increases Why it decreases 34. Define bully pulpit. 35. Describe the duties of the Press Secretary.

34 Chapter 13: Judiciary 36. How are federal judges chosen (2-step process)? 37. Define each. Life tenure Senatorial Courtesy Litmus test 38. Article III created the Supreme Court. How is the number of justices determined? How are lower courts created? 39. What is the difference between a criminal and a civil case? 40. A political question is best decided by: 41. A justiciable question is best decided by: 42. What is standing to sue? 43. Label the courts in this diagram of the dual court system and mark each court as original jurisdiction or/and appellate jurisdiction. Federal State

35 44. Which court system hears the majority of cases in the US? What is required for a case to be heard in federal courts? 45. Define each. [Hint: See FRQ 2011] The Appeals Process Writ of Certiorari Rule of Four Docket 46. List the duties performed by each. Attorney General Solicitor General Chief Justice 47. Define each. Majority opinion Concurring opinion Dissenting opinion

36 48. Define each. [Hint: See FRQ 2011] Precedent Policymaking & the Courts Stare decisis Judicial activism Judicial restraint Loose construction Strict construction Statutory construction Original intent 49. Define each. Amicus curiae brief Interest Groups and the Courts Class action lawsuit

37 50. Provide brief answers. John Marshall Party/ideology: Judicial philosophy: Notable Chief Justices Party/ideology: Judicial philosophy: Earl Warren Cases to know: Cases to know: 51. Briefly explain the ruling in each case. The Marshall Court Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Checks and Balances 52. List the factors that create an independent judiciary & explain why judicial independence is important in a democracy. [Hint: See FRQS 2005 & 2012] 53. What checks does the President exercise over the judiciary? [Hint: See FRQ 2012] 54. What checks does the Congress exercise over the judiciary? [Hint: See FRQ 2012] 55. In what ways are the courts limited by public opinion? [Hint: See FRQ 2005]

39 AP Government DUE DATE: Name: Unit 6 Study Guide EXAM DATE: Per: Directions: Complete this study guide to prepare for your Unit 6 Exam. Most answers can be found in your Unit 6 Packet by using items like the in-class annotated notes, key terms list, textbook outline, articles and worksheets, and sample FRQs. You can use other resources as well such as the online textbook, Google/Wikipedia, myself, or other friends in the class. Keep in mind that it is up to you to know this material for the test, so if you are using your friends to basically fill this study guide out for you, it will be very evident when you receive your test grade. The tests are a majority of your grade in this class so in a sense you will just be wasting your time if you try and cut corners. Unit 6: Public Policy: Chapters List the five stages of policymaking. 2. Define each. Social welfare policy Entitlement program Means-tested policy / program 3. Define each, or list the benefits and one drawbacks of each. Market Economy Mixed Economy Command Economy

40 4. Complete the table. (Hint: See 2006 #3, 2008 #3, 2011 #4 FRQs) Economic Policymaking Fiscal Policy Define: Define: Monetary Policy Who sets fiscal policy? Who sets monetary policy? How are they chosen? How? (list powers/actions) 3 tactics/actions of monetary policy: 5. Fiscal policy is set by politicians (elected officials or those who serve at the pleasure elected officials), but monetary policy is not. Why is monetary policy largely kept out of the hands of politicians? (Hint: See 2006 #3 and 2008 #3 FRQs) 6. Define each. (Hint: See 1999 #4, 2006 #2, and 2008 #2 FRQs) Deficit Spending Mandatory Spending Discretionary Spending

41 7. Briefly describe each program. (Who benefits, and what do they get?) (Hint: See 1999 #4 and 2006 #2 FRQs) Social Welfare Programs Social Security Medicare SNAP Medicaid 8. Why are entitlement programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, in trouble? (Hint: See 2006 #2 FRQ) 9. List several proposals to fix or reform Social Security and/or Medicare. (Hint: See 2006 #2 FRQ) 10. Define each. Isolationism Approaches to US Foreign Policy Containment Détente When: When: When: 11. When and why was the National Security Council created? Who is on it?

42 12. What THREE limits did the War Powers Resolution place on the president? Why/when was it passed? (Hint: See 2007 #3 FRQ) 13. Give the full name and briefly describe the goal/purpose of each. Treaties & International Organizations NATO NAFTA UN WTO 14. Complete the table. Mark an X next to formal powers granted by the Constitution. (Hint: See 2004 #1 and 2007 #3 FRQs) Draw a line to connect the presidential power that checks & balances the congressional power (and vice versa) Check and Balances Foreign Policy Powers President s foreign policy powers (list) Congress s foreign policy powers (list) 15. Why does the president take the lead role in foreign policymaking? (Hint: See 2004 #1 FRQ)

Chpt 1: Foundations Key Terms to Know: Authority. Bureaucratic theory. Democracy. Direct democracy. Initiative. Legitimacy Marxist theory

Chpt 1: Foundations Key Terms to Know: Authority. Bureaucratic theory. Democracy. Direct democracy. Initiative. Legitimacy Marxist theory Chpt 1: Foundations Authority Bureaucratic theory Democracy Direct democracy Initiative Legitimacy Marxist theory Nongovernmental elitist theory Pluralist theory Political elite Power Referendum Representative