Speech at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/11/2007

Transcription

1 Speech at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/11/2007 Speaker: Gates, Robert Michael Funktion: Secretary of Defense, United States of America Nation/ United States of America Organisation: Distinguished ministers, Parliamentarians, representatives of the United States Congress - ladies and gentlemen. I would like to thank Horst for inviting me to speak at this venerable forum to offer some thoughts on our transatlantic partnership. It s gratifying to see so many people who I ve worked with on these security issues going back many years. Speaking of issues going back many years, as an old Cold Warrior, one of yesterday s speeches almost filled me with nostalgia for a less complex time. Almost. Many of you have backgrounds in diplomacy or politics. I have, like your second speaker yesterday, a starkly different background - a career in the spy business. And, I guess, old spies have a habit of blunt speaking. However, I have been to re-education camp, spending four and half years as a university president and dealing with faculty. And, as more than a few university presidents have learned in recent years, when it comes to faculty it is either be nice or be gone. The real world we inhabit is a different and much more complex world than that of 20 or 30 years ago. We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia. For this reason, I have this week accepted the invitation of both President Putin and Minister of Defense Ivanov to visit Russia. One Cold War was quite enough. The world has dramatically changed since May 1989, when Horst Teltschik and I sat out on the patio of the Chancellor s Bungalow in Bonn with Chancellor Kohl and my colleague Larry Eagleburger. At that time, the allies were trying to come together on the issue of reducing conventional forces in Europe. The way I remember that particular meeting, however, was that the tough part wasn t addressing the military balance of power in Europe, it was seeing to it that there were enough cakes and pastries on hand for both the Chancellor and the Deputy Secretary of State. 1

2 It s certainly good to be in Munich following the NATO ministerial in Seville. I should say that this trip has been quite a different experience than my so-called factfinding excursion last month to Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The one fact, above all, that became clear from that venture is that I am too old to visit seven countries in five days. However, I have now learned here in Munich that I am also too old to sit still for seven hours. As many of you know, the security of this continent has been of interest to me for much of my academic and professional life - for more than 40 years in fact. This was true while I was a Ph.D. candidate in Russian and Soviet history, through my career at CIA, as well as during service on the National Security Council under four different presidents. For many of those years, I worked hand in hand with colleagues from the Western European governments to help coordinate our actions and responses in the latter half of the Cold War. Many of those colleagues are here this morning. I had a ringside seat for an extraordinary run of events from the 1975 Helsinki conference to the liberation of Central and Eastern Europe a decade and a half later. During that struggle, there were times of confrontation between the superpowers. Relations among the allies were not without their stresses and strains, either. But our Atlantic partnership was strong enough to allow us to surmount the difficulties and make the right choices at the right times. For example, the decision to deploy cruise and Pershing missiles to counter the Soviet Union s new weapons in the late 1970s, for example, was politically difficult for many allies. But ultimately, the courage and leadership of statesmen and women on both sides of the Atlantic, and the actual deployment of the missiles in the early 1980s, helped set the stage for deep reductions in nuclear arms and the end of the Cold War. Looking back, it seems clear that totalitarianism was defeated as much by ideas the West championed - then and now - as by ICBMs, tanks, and warships that the West deployed. Our most effective weapon, then and now, has been Europe s and North America s shared belief in political and economic freedom, religious toleration, human rights, representative government, and the rule of law. These values kept our side united, and inspired those on the other side - in Wenceslas Square, in Gdansk, behind the wall in Berlin, and in so many other places around the world - to defeat communism from within. At the end, the peoples of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union simply stood up, shrugged off their chains, and re-claimed a future based on these same ideas. I believe these shared values and shared interests endure, as do our shared responsibilities to come to their defense. Today, they are under threat by another virulent ideological adversary and are confronted by a range of other looming geopolitical challenges. This strategic environment has challenged the mission and identity of the Atlantic Alliance - an institution and arrangement that, in my view, is the political and military expression of a deeper bond between Europe and North America. 2

3 Many of these questions are not new. I recall spending countless hours in discussions beginning in 1989 on the future of the Alliance and how it would need to change in order to remain vital and relevant after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. The question that still confronts us today is how a partnership originally formed to defend fixed borders should adapt to an era of unconventional and global threats. The European continent, of course, has been confronting the threat of terrorism for decades. I don t have to remind the citizens of Munich of this - the very city where, in 1972, the world witnessed the kidnapping and massacre of Olympic athletes not too far from where we sit today. But the challenge posed by violent extremism today is unlike anything the West has faced in many generations. In many ways it is grounded in a profound alienation from the foundations of the modern world - religious toleration, freedom of expression and equality for women. As we have seen, many of these extremist networks are homegrown, and can take root in the restless and alienated immigrant populations of Europe. The dark talent of the extremists today is, as President Bush said, to combine new technologies and old hatreds. Their ability to tap into global communications systems turns modern advances against us and turns local conflicts into problems of potentially much wider concern. The interest they have shown in weapons of mass destruction is real and needs to be taken seriously. We have learned that from a distant or isolated place, from any failed or extremist state - such as Afghanistan during the 1990s - these networks can plan and launch farreaching and devastating attacks on free and civilized nations. No fewer than 18 terrorist organizations, many linked with al Qaeda, have pulled off bloody attacks throughout the world - in the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom, India, Algeria, Somalia, Russia, Pakistan, Jordan, Egypt, Indonesia, Tunisia, Morocco and in other countries as well. Those attacks - and other threats that have since emerged - revealed even more starkly the need to reorient the Atlantic Alliance to be able to export security beyond the borders of NATO. Although created to oppose Soviet communism, NATO s guiding principle was a broad and deep one from the very start: to build a defensive alliance against any threat to the security and interests of the transatlantic community for generations to come. And today we see that an Alliance that never fired a shot in the Cold War now conducts six missions on three continents. It has created new mechanisms for action on the international stage. It has been through profound changes and will undergo more in the future. We see this in NATO s truly historic mission to Afghanistan, where Alliance forces have engaged in significant ground combat for the first time, in complex operations across difficult terrain, in a theater many long miles from Western Europe. 3

4 Last year in Afghanistan, the Taliban paid the price for testing the fighting mettle of NATO forces, as troops from the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Australia, Romania, Estonia and Denmark - along with our Afghan allies - prevailed in often fierce combat in Kandahar province. In fact, as the NATO allies just discussed in Seville, if we take the necessary steps now, the offensive in Afghanistan this spring will be our offensive - one that will inflict a powerful setback on the enemy of an elected government supported by the overwhelming majority of the Afghan people. Going forward, it is vitally important that the success Afghanistan has achieved not be allowed to slip away through neglect or lack of political will or resolve. All allies agree we need a comprehensive strategy - combining a muscular military effort with effective support for governance, economic development, and counternarcotics. But now we have to back up those promises with money and with forces. An Alliance consisting of the world s most prosperous industrialized nations, with over two million people in uniform - not even counting the American military - should be able to generate the manpower and materiel needed to get the job done in Afghanistan - a mission in which there is virtually no dispute over its justness, necessity, or international legitimacy. Our failure to do so would be a mark of shame. What has emerged in Afghanistan is a test of our ability to overcome a challenge of enormous consequence to our shared values and interests. In today s strategic environment, there are potentially others: The fault lines of sectarian conflict and jihadist movements radiating outward from the Middle East and Central Asia; An Iran with hegemonic ambitions seeking nuclear weapons; and The struggle over the future of Iraq, with enormous implications for our common interests in the Middle East - and beyond. Looking eastward, China is a country at a strategic crossroads. All of us seek a constructive relationship with China, but we also wonder about strategic choices China may make. We note with concern their recent test of an anti-satellite weapon. Russia is a partner in endeavors. But we wonder, too, about some Russian policies that seem to work against international stability, such as its arms transfers and its temptation to use energy resources for political coercion. As Secretary General de Hoop Scheffer said yesterday, Russia need not fear law-based democracies on its borders. In this strategic environment, the Alliance must be willing to alter long-standing habits, assumptions and arrangements. Much progress has been made, to be sure. After almost 15 years away from government, I have been deeply impressed by the new expeditionary capabilities and institutional reforms that NATO has undertaken. The missile defense discussion the United States is having with Poland, the Czech Republic, the U.K, and Denmark to protect our homelands is another promising development. And, at the Riga Summit, allied leaders agreed to strengthen our security partnerships with like-minded nations in other parts of the globe - such as Australia, Japan, and 4

5 South Korea. But in addition to pursuing new missions, capabilities and partnerships, the members of this alliance must, individually and collectively, be willing to commit the necessary resources as well - not just in Afghanistan, but across the board. The benchmark of spending 2 percent of Gross Domestic Product on defense, for example, is a commitment agreed to by each member. Such an investment by all is necessary to meet our collective obligations to ensure that when we stand together in battle - whether in Afghanistan or elsewhere - the quality, quantity and sophistication of our equipment and our capabilities are at an appropriate level. And yet, at this time, only six of NATO s 26 members have met the GDP standard. Over the years, people have tried to put the nations of Europe and of the Alliance into different categories: The free world versus those behind the Iron Curtain; North versus South; East versus West; and I am told that some have even spoken in terms of old Europe versus new. All of these characterizations belong to the past. The distinction I would draw is a very practical one - a realist s view perhaps: It is between Alliance members who do all they can to fulfill collective commitments, and those who do not. NATO is not a paper membership, or a social club, or a talk shop. It is a military alliance - one with very serious real world obligations. It is a sad reality that today, as all through human history, there are those who seek through violence and crimes against the innocent to dominate others. Another sad reality is that, when all is said and done, they understand and bow not to reason nor to negotiation, but to superior force. This is perhaps politically incorrect and perhaps an old intelligence officer being too blunt. But it is reality. And it is the political and military power of our 26 democracies of NATO - the most potent alliance in the history of the world - that is the shield behind which the ideas and values we share are spreading around the globe. In short, meeting our commitment to one another and to those we strive to help - from the Balkans to Afghanistan - is critical to our success and theirs. Looking back, the Cold War was an epic struggle that incurred epic costs. I believe we all agree that incurring those costs was preferable to the alternatives: catastrophic conflict or totalitarian domination. The range of challenges and threats we fact today will also test our willingness to meet our commitments to spend the money and take the risks - indeed, to fully embrace our shared responsibility to protect our shared interests and values. There cannot be any doubt: The world needs a vibrant and muscular transatlantic alliance. The cooperation between our countries must continue and it must deepen. We will need to work hard at it. And we are working hard together in the Balkans, in 5

6 Afghanistan, and, many of us, in Iraq. As we face these challenges as rich and powerful democracies, it is worth recalling the words of a leader of a fledgling and weak alliance of disparate provinces with: Disrupted economies; Differing issues and goals; Diverse allegiances; Mutual suspicion; An army comprised of soldiers often with parochial loyalties, and lacking in equipment and training; and With but one strong ally. George Washington reminded his countrymen - and us - that Perseverance and spirit have done wonders in all ages. These should be our watchwords going forward: Perseverance and spirit. And, I should add - unity. Thank you very much, and I look forward to your questions. 6

7 02/10/2007 Speaker: de Hoop Scheffer, Jaap Funktion: Secretary General, NATO, Brussels Nation/ NATO Organisation: Munich and this conference is, at least for me, but I hope also for you, always a useful what I call reality check. Let me try to take you by the hand anticipating your reactions and look a bit forward with you to NATO's sixtieth anniversary which we'll celebrate in And let me, for 2009, state a few key objectives as I would see them and I would have them for NATO. I'll start where Minister Jung left; I'll start in Afghanistan because Afghanistan and success in Afghanistan is of course of key importance for the positive answer to the question - can the Alliance deliver? So in 2009 I think we should see Afghanistan on the road to long term peace and stability with the back of the resistance broken, undoubtedly still with a substantial NATO military presence on the ground, but with also a better balance between the military and civilian aspects of stabilization. And I hope that in 2009 we would see even much more visible reconstruction and development as we do already see nowadays because we should resist I think the impression that between 2001 and 2007 as we speak nothing has been achieved in Afghanistan. A lot has been achieved and there is certainly no reason for doom and gloom. But I would hope that at NATO's sixtieth birthday in 2009, we would see an Afghan government which is better able to take the country in its own hands because that is after all what we are there for. What does that mean? That means a better effort on the ground and a better organization by all of us. And I think the recent NATO ministerial meetings have shown that the Allies are focused. But if I say more effort, I should start by saying that the priority is definitely on deploying sufficient forces; and when I say sufficient forces, you know as well as I do, that this is not a matter of bringing divisions in. But, after having said that, I add that the tactical reserve manoeuvre battalions, attack helicopters, engineering units, would make a big difference. We have made a lot of progress in this regard. If I compare the situation as we speak with Riga, there are about 5,000 soldiers plus in Afghanistan, mainly I must say, thanks to the contribution of the United States of America, but also other allies have stepped up to the plate. But if you would ask me - are you completely happy and satisfied? My answer would be not yet. Not yet. And I'm saying this because if you, quite rightly as Minister Jung did and as Chancellor Merkel did this morning, if you make the major point of the comprehensive approach realizing that the answer in Afghanistan at the end of the day will not be a military answer, but it will be reconstruction and development, you need the right forces to make that possible. In other words, the comprehensive approach - or a nice German expression vernetzte Sicherheit - it's the same, need to be underpinned by substantial and sufficient forces and that is I think what also should be mentioned and I say this of course always twinned with the need for lifting the limitations, the so-called caveats on the current forces. In 2009 ladies and gentleman, we should have fully implemented a training and equipment program for the Afghan National Army as we agreed at the Riga Summit. A lot has happened in this domain already by the United States and by many allies, but I think NATO, as an Alliance and we have agreed on this now, should make a much bigger effort in training and equipping the Afghan National Army. We had Afghan Defence Minister Wardak in Sevilla yesterday and we discussed this with him. We must make sure that that program 7

8 is properly resourced and can support all echelons of the Afghan National Army. And I'm happy, because if I mention ANA I should mention Afghan National Police as well. I'm very happy and I see Javier Solana sitting here in the front row, that the European Union is going to pay attention to the training of the Afghan National Police. I think that you'll agree with me that Pakistan is vital to our success in Afghanistan. We have already close military-to-military relations with Pakistan. I see the new Supreme Allied Commander General Craddock and he does his bit, and the Commander ISAF does his bit, and the Afghan government does its bit, to have a substantial and serious military to military dialogue with Pakistan. I think it should now be teamed-up by a more intensive political dialogue. The Pakistani Prime Minister Aziz was discussing this with the North Atlantic Council only ten days ago and I think it is very important that we have a serious political dialogue with Pakistan because, as I said in my press conference with the Pakistani Prime Minister, we should all do more. We should all do more to find a solution for the problem posed by the border, because if we do not solve that problem, and I say -we again is Pakistan, is NATO, is Afghanistan - then we'll not do the job as I think we should do in Afghanistan. And I think in this regard, public rhetoric is unhelpful. Pakistan is important. My second objective for 2009 is, we have to be much closer in '09 to making Europe what I call truly whole and stable. In 2009, I think we would see a Kosovo with a clear political status, solid institutions, serious economic development and yes, close co-operation with Serbia. And by the way, no more need for a heavy international military presence I say this realizing that as we speak, KFOR is very necessary; KFOR should stay there and will stay there in full strength and there should be no doubt that KFOR is in Kosovo to protect majority and minority alike. In 2009 I would like to see more countries in NATO. I would like to see a NATO of 26 plus. I would like to see Serbia firmly on the road to NATO and I would like to see us coming closer to honouring the ambitions of Ukraine and Georgia. And if I mentioned Ukraine you'll immediately react that is not easy and the Ukrainian people will have to decide themselves; nevertheless I say I hope in 2009 we'll see a stronger relationship with Ukraine as well. My third observation is that at the 2009 summit, in my opinion, NATO leaders should endorse a new strategic concept for NATO. We have learned fundamental lessons and we are learning them as we speak from our operations in Afghanistan and Kosovo. And those, ladies and gentlemen, are the lessons of the 21st century and they are lessons of 21st century security. And those lessons, in my opinion, need to be enshrined in our guiding documents so that they can be implemented in practice. What are those lessons? One. Our security is not just military. NATO must be fully integrated into the emerging network of international institutions and I was very happy with the speech made by Chancellor Merkel this morning because this was one of her key themes. A NATO fully integrated in the network of international institutions. That means a more structured relationship with the United Nations and as Minister Jung has stressed and Minister Steinmeier did a few days ago, a true strategic partnership with the European Union. You want an example? Again, Kosovo. NATO will keep a substantial force in the transitional period; also, after a status discussion. NATO will assist in security sector reform. NATO hopefully will be leading in the formation of a Kosovo security force. But the European Union, as you know, will play the key role. The European Union has agreed the support for police, judicial reform and public administration. The EU will play, I say again, the leading role. The European Union and NATO should talk to each other on the technical level, on the political level, to make this into a success of both our organizations. And you know it is my opinion that we can do better in this regard; we've made a good start. We had a recent Brussels ministerial meeting. It was on Afghanistan with the European Union Council and the Commission, the United Nations, the World Bank, major donations like the Republic of Korea and Japan, not because NATO wants to co-ordinate all 8

9 those international organizations, but because NATO wants to co-ordinate with them and that is something else and something fundamentally different than the co-ordination of them. Partnership, ladies and gentlemen, is a force multiplier. We must and will be working with nations from across the world to share our security burdens. NATO indeed, Minister Jung, I echo your words, NATO should not have the ambition to become the world's policeman - le gendarme du monde - but in a time of global threats and challenges, we cannot afford to pretend that we do not need global partners. And one important partner sitting at my right hand side; Australian forces are fighting in Uruzgan Province in Afghanistan side-by-side with NATO forces, with the Dutch in this case. It is relevant that we realize that we need a political dialogue; we don't need heavy structures. We can do this in a practical and pragmatic way, but I think the Riga decision was a very important one, because it opens the door for NATO and our respected partners to be more serious in our political dialogue and to be more serious in practical co-operation. We cannot afford not to do this. If I mention partners, I should of course also mention the important partner Russia and this year we're celebrating the tenth anniversary of the founding act and five years of NATO- Russia Council and we should use those anniversaries, I think, as an impulse for more cooperation and for a better effort to make that co-operation visible. What do I make of President Putin's speech of this morning in this regard? I must honestly admit that I see a disconnect between the NATO-Russia Partnership as it is developing and as it has developed and President Putin's speech this morning and I can't hide my disappointment for it. I will not hide my disappointment. I think it's not helpful because this partnership between NATO and Russia is a partnership in which there is added-value for the two of them. There's added value for Russia and there's added value for NATO. And who can be worried? I ask myself and you rhetorically - and I know I'm quoting this from President Ilves of Estonia - who can be worried that democracy and the rule of law is coming closer to somebody's borders? Who can be worried? I'm not and I think nobody should. And in that regard I would hope that ways will be found to lessen my disappointment and I think the disappointment by the Allies. And I recognize myself much better in Chancellor Merkel's speech because she was developing the comprehensive approach on a global scale. Vernetzte Sicherheit on a global scale. NATO, the United Nations, the European Union, major donors, the World Bank - you name them - that is I think the way we should go if we pretend that there is no single organization which can give an answer to all the threats and challenges facing it. So I'm disappointed and I hope it will pass. My penultimate remark I'm not 100 percent sure, but I hope. I was speaking to you about my hopes for 2009 so we have still some time. NATO, ladies and gentleman, will have to be an even stronger forum than it is as we speak for trans-atlantic political consultation. We need to constantly improve our expertise and give our diplomats and commanders on the ground, and I see them sitting here with us, the best strategic guidance. We owe that to them and we owe that to the thousands - over 50,000 men and women in uniform - who are now as we speak defending our common values and we need to give them the best strategic guidance we can find and we can have. The strategic guidance is coupled and teamed in my opinion with a fundamental political dialogue on the broadest range of subjects and that includes a subject like energy security. You find that in the Riga Declaration. That includes the subject, in my opinion, which was discussed this morning as well - a subject like missile defence. It is relevant for NATO and for the NATO Allies to discuss missile defence and I think that a discussion and a debate on 9

10 missile defence should be NATO-ized. I realize that's not good English, but I hope you understand what I mean. My penultimate remark ladies and gentlemen. A 21st century NATO needs 21st century tools. We owe our forces who do the job modern capabilities. And I think in Riga we made important conceptual breakthroughs with the Comprehensive Political Guidance with Network Enabled Capabilities and with an ambition to look at more common funding, to look at better organized capabilities such as an operational NATO Response Force. But we now need to focus on implementation. You get what you pay for and NATO gets what it pays for. We need to identify how to resource our ambitions through a combination of national, multinational and common-funded solutions. But if I say that, dear friends, let's not ignore absolute defence spending levels. You can want a lot, you can have high-level ambitions, but if you have a defence budget on the down slope, its empty talk and that is why and you'll expect this from me as all my predecessors said, we have an informal benchmark of two percent defence spending of our gross domestic product. Let's please not forget that. NATO needs to be a trainer. We can't and shouldn't try to do it all. We need to train - I gave you the example of Afghanistan - but we also launched in Riga an important training initiative for our Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Co-operation Initiative Partners and we must develop this program. Ladies and gentlemen, my goal is to have these elements embedded within the Alliance's structures and working cultures by the time of the 2009 summit including, as I said, hopefully through a new strategic concept. So, in conclusion, no quiet days ahead for NATO; no quiet days ahead for the Allies. But NATO should be fully fit for the purpose in the 21st century. That is a responsibility we have collectively. NATO is a unique organization. It has always been a unique organization and finding the 21st century answers to the 21st century questions and do that together. 10

11 02/10/2007 Speaker: Putin, Wladimir W. Funktion: President, Russian Federation Nation/ Russian Federation Organisation: Thank you very much dear Madam Federal Chancellor, Mr Teltschik, ladies and gentlemen! I am truly grateful to be invited to such a representative conference that has assembled politicians, military officials, entrepreneurs and experts from more than 40 nations. This conference s structure allows me to avoid excessive politeness and the need to speak in roundabout, pleasant but empty diplomatic terms. This conference s format will allow me to say what I really think about international security problems. And if my comments seem unduly polemical, pointed or inexact to our colleagues, then I would ask you not to get angry with me. After all, this is only a conference. And I hope that after the first two or three minutes of my speech Mr Teltschik will not turn on the red light over there. Therefore. It is well known that international security comprises much more than issues relating to military and political stability. It involves the stability of the global economy, overcoming poverty, economic security and developing a dialogue between civilisations. This universal, indivisible character of security is expressed as the basic principle that security for one is security for all. As Franklin D. Roosevelt said during the first few days that the Second World War was breaking out: When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries everywhere is in danger. These words remain topical today. Incidentally, the theme of our conference global crises, global responsibility exemplifies this. Only two decades ago the world was ideologically and economically divided and it was the huge strategic potential of two superpowers that ensured global security. This global stand-off pushed the sharpest economic and social problems to the margins of the international community s and the world s agenda. And, just like any war, the Cold War left us with live ammunition, figuratively speaking. I am referring to ideological stereotypes, double standards and other typical aspects of Cold War bloc thinking. The unipolar world that had been proposed after the Cold War did not take place either. The history of humanity certainly has gone through unipolar periods and seen aspirations to world supremacy. And what hasn t happened in world history? However, what is a unipolar world? However one might embellish this term, at the end of the day it refers to one type of situation, namely one centre of authority, one centre of force, one centre of decision-making. It is world in which there is one master, one sovereign. And at the end of the day this is pernicious not only for all those within this system, but also for the sovereign itself because it destroys itself from within. 11

12 And this certainly has nothing in common with democracy. Because, as you know, democracy is the power of the majority in light of the interests and opinions of the minority. Incidentally, Russia we are constantly being taught about democracy. But for some reason those who teach us do not want to learn themselves. I consider that the unipolar model is not only unacceptable but also impossible in today s world. And this is not only because if there was individual leadership in today s and precisely in today s world, then the military, political and economic resources would not suffice. What is even more important is that the model itself is flawed because at its basis there is and can be no moral foundations for modern civilisation. Along with this, what is happening in today s world and we just started to discuss this is a tentative to introduce precisely this concept into international affairs, the concept of a unipolar world. And with which results? Unilateral and frequently illegitimate actions have not resolved any problems. Moreover, they have caused new human tragedies and created new centres of tension. Judge for yourselves: wars as well as local and regional conflicts have not diminished. Mr Teltschik mentioned this very gently. And no less people perish in these conflicts even more are dying than before. Significantly more, significantly more! Today we are witnessing an almost uncontained hyper use of force military force in international relations, force that is plunging the world into an abyss of permanent conflicts. As a result we do not have sufficient strength to find a comprehensive solution to any one of these conflicts. Finding a political settlement also becomes impossible. We are seeing a greater and greater disdain for the basic principles of international law. And independent legal norms are, as a matter of fact, coming increasingly closer to one state s legal system. One state and, of course, first and foremost the United States, has overstepped its national borders in every way. This is visible in the economic, political, cultural and educational policies it imposes on other nations. Well, who likes this? Who is happy about this? In international relations we increasingly see the desire to resolve a given question according to socalled issues of political expediency, based on the current political climate. And of course this is extremely dangerous. It results in the fact that no one feels safe. I want to emphasise this no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that international law is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race. The force s dominance inevitably encourages a number of countries to acquire weapons of mass destruction. Moreover, significantly new threats though they were also well-known before have appeared, and today threats such as terrorism have taken on a global character. I am convinced that we have reached that decisive moment when we must seriously think about the architecture of global security. And we must proceed by searching for a reasonable balance between the interests of all participants in the international dialogue. Especially since the international landscape is so varied and changes so quickly changes in light of the dynamic development in a whole number of countries and regions. Madam Federal Chancellor already mentioned this. The combined GDP measured in purchasing power parity of countries such as India and China is already greater than that of the United States. And a similar calculation with the GDP of the BRIC countries Brazil, Russia, India and China surpasses the cumulative GDP of the EU. And according to experts this gap will only increase in the future. 12

13 There is no reason to doubt that the economic potential of the new centres of global economic growth will inevitably be converted into political influence and will strengthen multipolarity. In connection with this the role of multilateral diplomacy is significantly increasing. The need for principles such as openness, transparency and predictability in politics is uncontested and the use of force should be a really exceptional measure, comparable to using the death penalty in the judicial systems of certain states. However, today we are witnessing the opposite tendency, namely a situation in which countries that forbid the death penalty even for murderers and other, dangerous criminals are airily participating in military operations that are difficult to consider legitimate. And as a matter of fact, these conflicts are killing people hundreds and thousands of civilians! But at the same time the question arises of whether we should be indifferent and aloof to various internal conflicts inside countries, to authoritarian regimes, to tyrants, and to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction? As a matter of fact, this was also at the centre of the question that our dear colleague Mr Lieberman asked the Federal Chancellor. If I correctly understood your question (addressing Mr Lieberman), then of course it is a serious one! Can we be indifferent observers in view of what is happening? I will try to answer your question as well: of course not. But do we have the means to counter these threats? Certainly we do. It is sufficient to look at recent history. Did not our country have a peaceful transition to democracy? Indeed, we witnessed a peaceful transformation of the Soviet regime a peaceful transformation! And what a regime! With what a number of weapons, including nuclear weapons! Why should we start bombing and shooting now at every available opportunity? Is it the case when without the threat of mutual destruction we do not have enough political culture, respect for democratic values and for the law? I am convinced that the only mechanism that can make decisions about using military force as a last resort is the Charter of the United Nations. And in connection with this, either I did not understand what our colleague, the Italian Defence Minister, just said or what he said was inexact. In any case, I understood that the use of force can only be legitimate when the decision is taken by NATO, the EU, or the UN. If he really does think so, then we have different points of view. Or I didn t hear correctly. The use of force can only be considered legitimate if the decision is sanctioned by the UN. And we do not need to substitute NATO or the EU for the UN. When the UN will truly unite the forces of the international community and can really react to events in various countries, when we will leave behind this disdain for international law, then the situation will be able to change. Otherwise the situation will simply result in a dead end, and the number of serious mistakes will be multiplied. Along with this, it is necessary to make sure that international law have a universal character both in the conception and application of its norms. And one must not forget that democratic political actions necessarily go along with discussion and a laborious decision-making process. Dear ladies and gentlemen! The potential danger of the destabilisation of international relations is connected with obvious stagnation in the disarmament issue. Russia supports the renewal of dialogue on this important question. It is important to conserve the international legal framework relating to weapons destruction and therefore ensure continuity in the process of reducing nuclear weapons. Together with the United States of America we agreed to reduce our nuclear strategic missile capabilities to up to nuclear warheads by 31 December Russia intends to strictly fulfil the obligations it has taken on. We hope that our partners will also act in a transparent way and will refrain from laying aside a couple of hundred superfluous nuclear warheads for a rainy day. And if today the new American Defence Minister declares that the United States will not hide these 13

14 superfluous weapons in warehouse or, as one might say, under a pillow or under the blanket, then I suggest that we all rise and greet this declaration standing. It would be a very important declaration. Russia strictly adheres to and intends to further adhere to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as well as the multilateral supervision regime for missile technologies. The principles incorporated in these documents are universal ones. In connection with this I would like to recall that in the 1980s the USSR and the United States signed an agreement on destroying a whole range of small- and medium-range missiles but these documents do not have a universal character. Today many other countries have these missiles, including the Democratic People s Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea, India, Iran, Pakistan and Israel. Many countries are working on these systems and plan to incorporate them as part of their weapons arsenals. And only the United States and Russia bear the responsibility to not create such weapons systems. It is obvious that in these conditions we must think about ensuring our own security. At the same time, it is impossible to sanction the appearance of new, destabilising high-tech weapons. Needless to say it refers to measures to prevent a new area of confrontation, especially in outer space. Star wars is no longer a fantasy it is a reality. In the middle of the 1980s our American partners were already able to intercept their own satellite. In Russia s opinion, the militarisation of outer space could have unpredictable consequences for the international community, and provoke nothing less than the beginning of a nuclear era. And we have come forward more than once with initiatives designed to prevent the use of weapons in outer space. Today I would like to tell you that we have prepared a project for an agreement on the prevention of deploying weapons in outer space. And in the near future it will be sent to our partners as an official proposal. Let s work on this together. Plans to expand certain elements of the anti-missile defence system to Europe cannot help but disturb us. Who needs the next step of what would be, in this case, an inevitable arms race? I deeply doubt that Europeans themselves do. Missile weapons with a range of about five to eight thousand kilometres that really pose a threat to Europe do not exist in any of the so-called problem countries. And in the near future and prospects, this will not happen and is not even foreseeable. And any hypothetical launch of, for example, a North Korean rocket to American territory through western Europe obviously contradicts the laws of ballistics. As we say in Russia, it would be like using the right hand to reach the left ear. And here in Germany I cannot help but mention the pitiable condition of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The Adapted Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe was signed in It took into account a new geopolitical reality, namely the elimination of the Warsaw bloc. Seven years have passed and only four states have ratified this document, including the Russian Federation. NATO countries openly declared that they will not ratify this treaty, including the provisions on flank restrictions (on deploying a certain number of armed forces in the flank zones), until Russia removed its military bases from Georgia and Moldova. Our army is leaving Georgia, even according to an accelerated schedule. We resolved the problems we had with our Georgian colleagues, as everybody knows. There are still 1,500 servicemen in Moldova that are carrying out peacekeeping operations and protecting warehouses with ammunition left over from Soviet times. We constantly discuss this issue with Mr Solana and he knows our position. We are ready to further work in this direction. 14

15 But what is happening at the same time? Simultaneously the so-called flexible frontline American bases with up to five thousand men in each. It turns out that NATO has put its frontline forces on our borders, and we continue to strictly fulfil the treaty obligations and do not react to these actions at all. I think it is obvious that NATO expansion does not have any relation with the modernisation of the Alliance itself or with ensuring security in Europe. On the contrary, it represents a serious provocation that reduces the level of mutual trust. And we have the right to ask: against whom is this expansion intended? And what happened to the assurances our western partners made after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? Where are those declarations today? No one even remembers them. But I will allow myself to remind this audience what was said. I would like to quote the speech of NATO General Secretary Mr Woerner in Brussels on 17 May He said at the time that: the fact that we are ready not to place a NATO army outside of German territory gives the Soviet Union a firm security guarantee. Where are these guarantees? The stones and concrete blocks of the Berlin Wall have long been distributed as souvenirs. But we should not forget that the fall of the Berlin Wall was possible thanks to a historic choice one that was also made by our people, the people of Russia a choice in favour of democracy, freedom, openness and a sincere partnership with all the members of the big European family. And now they are trying to impose new dividing lines and walls on us these walls may be virtual but they are nevertheless dividing, ones that cut through our continent. And is it possible that we will once again require many years and decades, as well as several generations of politicians, to dissemble and dismantle these new walls? Dear ladies and gentlemen! We are unequivocally in favour of strengthening the regime of non-proliferation. The present international legal principles allow us to develop technologies to manufacture nuclear fuel for peaceful purposes. And many countries with all good reasons want to create their own nuclear energy as a basis for their energy independence. But we also understand that these technologies can be quickly transformed into nuclear weapons. This creates serious international tensions. The situation surrounding the Iranian nuclear programme acts as a clear example. And if the international community does not find a reasonable solution for resolving this conflict of interests, the world will continue to suffer similar, destabilising crises because there are more threshold countries than simply Iran. We both know this. We are going to constantly fight against the threat of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Last year Russia put forward the initiative to establish international centres for the enrichment of uranium. We are open to the possibility that such centres not only be created in Russia, but also in other countries where there is a legitimate basis for using civil nuclear energy. Countries that want to develop their nuclear energy could guarantee that they will receive fuel through direct participation in these centres. And the centres would, of course, operate under strict IAEA supervision. The latest initiatives put forward by American President George W. Bush are in conformity with the Russian proposals. I consider that Russia and the USA are objectively and equally interested in strengthening the regime of the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their deployment. It is precisely our countries, with leading nuclear and missile capabilities, that must act as leaders in developing new, stricter non-proliferation measures. Russia is ready for such work. We are engaged in consultations with our American friends. In general, we should talk about establishing a whole system of political incentives and economic stimuli whereby it would not be in states interests to establish their own capabilities in the nuclear fuel cycle but they would still have the opportunity to develop nuclear energy and strengthen their energy capabilities. In connection with this I shall talk about international energy cooperation in more detail. Madam Federal Chancellor also spoke about this briefly she mentioned, touched on this theme. In the 15

16 energy sector Russia intends to create uniform market principles and transparent conditions for all. It is obvious that energy prices must be determined by the market instead of being the subject of political speculation, economic pressure or blackmail. We are open to cooperation. Foreign companies participate in all our major energy projects. According to different estimates, up to 26 percent of the oil extraction in Russia and please think about this figure up to 26 percent of the oil extraction in Russia is done by foreign capital. Try, try to find me a similar example where Russian business participates extensively in key economic sectors in western countries. Such examples do not exist! There are no such examples. I would also recall the parity of foreign investments in Russia and those Russia makes abroad. The parity is about fifteen to one. And here you have an obvious example of the openness and stability of the Russian economy. Economic security is the sector in which all must adhere to uniform principles. We are ready to compete fairly. For that reason more and more opportunities are appearing in the Russian economy. Experts and our western partners are objectively evaluating these changes. As such, Russia s OECD sovereign credit rating improved and Russia passed from the fourth to the third group. And today in Munich I would like to use this occasion to thank our German colleagues for their help in the above decision. Furthermore. As you know, the process of Russia joining the WTO has reached its final stages. I would point out that during long, difficult talks we heard words about freedom of speech, free trade, and equal possibilities more than once but, for some reason, exclusively in reference to the Russian market. And there is still one more important theme that directly affects global security. Today many talk about the struggle against poverty. What is actually happening in this sphere? On the one hand, financial resources are allocated for programmes to help the world s poorest countries and at times substantial financial resources. But to be honest -- and many here also know this linked with the development of that same donor country s companies. And on the other hand, developed countries simultaneously keep their agricultural subsidies and limit some countries access to high-tech products. And let s say things as they are one hand distributes charitable help and the other hand not only preserves economic backwardness but also reaps the profits thereof. The increasing social tension in depressed regions inevitably results in the growth of radicalism, extremism, feeds terrorism and local conflicts. And if all this happens in, shall we say, a region such as the Middle East where there is increasingly the sense that the world at large is unfair, then there is the risk of global destabilisation. It is obvious that the world s leading countries should see this threat. And that they should therefore build a more democratic, fairer system of global economic relations, a system that would give everyone the chance and the possibility to develop. Dear ladies and gentlemen, speaking at the Conference on Security Policy, it is impossible not to mention the activities of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As is wellknown, this organisation was created to examine all I shall emphasise this all aspects of security: military, political, economic, humanitarian and, especially, the relations between these spheres. What do we see happening today? We see that this balance is clearly destroyed. People are trying to transform the OSCE into a vulgar instrument designed to promote the foreign policy interests of one or a group of countries. And this task is also being accomplished by the OSCE s bureaucratic apparatus which is absolutely not connected with the state founders in any way. Decision-making procedures and the involvement of so-called non-governmental organisations are tailored for this task. These organisations are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control. 16