BIBLIOGRAPHY. Books African Watch Report, 1991 Kenya: Taking Liberties Human Rights Watch, New York.

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1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books African Watch Report, 1991 Kenya: Taking Liberties Human Rights Watch, New York. Ajulu, R 1997, Kenya s 1992 Election and Its Implications for Democratisation in Sub- Saharan Africa, Foundation for Global Dialogue, Johannesburg Ake, C 2000, The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa Council for the Development of Social Science Research, Dakar Barkan J (ed.) 1994, Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London Barnett D and Njama K 1966, Mau Mau from within: Autobiography and analysis of Kenya s peasant revolt, Monthly Review, New York Bergen L P 2001, Holy War Inc.: inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, Free Press, New York Birch H A 1993, The Concept and Theories of Modern Democracy, Routledge, London; New York Clough M 1992, Free at Last? US Policy Towards Africa and the End of the Cold War, Council of Foreign Relations, New York Combs C 1997, Terrorism in the Twenty First Century, Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey Gaddis J L 1982, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Post-war American National Security Oxford University Press, Oxford Gibson Kamau Kuria Majimboism, Ethnic Cleansing and Constitutionalism in Kenya (Nairobi; Kenya Human Rights Commission, April 1994 Gordon F D 1994, International Economic Relations: Regional Cooperation and Foreign Policy In Joel Barkan (ed.) Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania Lynne Rienner Publishers, London Gray J 2003, Al Qaeda and What it Means to be Modern Faber and Faber, London Grignon F, Ruthen M, and Mazrui A 2001, Observing and Analysing the 1997 General Elections: An Introduction, in Marcel R., Alamin M. and Francois G., (eds) Out of the Count: the 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya Fountain Publishers, Kampala Guyatt N 2000, Another American Century? The United States and the World After 2000, Zed Books ltd, New York 78

2 Haugerud A 1995, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya Cambridge University press, Cambridge Haynes J 1997, Third World Politics: a Concise Introduction Blackwell Publishers, Oxford Hempstone S 1997, Rogue Ambassador: an African Memoir University of South Press, Tennessee Holden B 1993, Understanding Liberal Democracy Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York Hornsby C 2001, Election Day and the Results in Marcel R., Alamin M. and Francois G. (eds) Out of the Count: the 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya Fountain Publishers, Kampala International Institute for strategic studies, 2003 Strategic Survey 2002/3: An evaluation and forecast of World Affairs, Oxford University Press, Oxford Kenya Human Rights Commission 1998, Killing the Vote: State Sponsored Violence and Flawed Elections in Kenya KHRC, Nairobi Kihoro W Kenya: the US Connection and Its Implication for Development. Thesis submitted Leeds University, Leeds Lacquer W 1987, The Age of Terrorism, Little Brown and Company, Boston Marcel R, Alamin M and Francois G (eds) 2001, Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya Fountain, Kampala Morgenthau H, 1971 The Political Theory of Foreign Aid in M. Donald Hancock and Dankwart A. Rustow (eds) American Foreign Policy In International Perspective Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey Munene M, Olewe-Nyunya J., and Adar K. (eds.) 1995 The United States and Africa: From Independence to the End of the Cold War East African Educational Publishers, Nairobi Ngunyi M., 1995 Religious Institutions and Political Liberalisation in Kenya in Peter G. (ed) Markets, Civil Society and Democracy in Kenya Nordiska Afrikainstiturtel, Uppsala Okumu J., 1997 Kenya s Foreign Policy in Olajide L. (ed) The Foreign Policy of African States Hodder &Stoughton, London 79

3 Ottaway M. (ed), 1997 Democracy in Africa: the Hard Road Ahead Lynne Rienner Publishers, London Pinkney R., 2003 Democracy in the Third World Countries 2 nd Boulder ed. Lynee Rienner, Rohan G 2003, Inside Al Qaeda : Global Network of Terror, Berkley Books, New York Rotberg I. R. (ed) 1988 Africa in the 1990s and Beyond: US Policy Opportunities and Choices World Peace Found, Algonac, Michigan Schmid, AP and Jongman AJ 1988, Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature, North Holland Publishers Company, Amsterdam Schmidt S and Kabar G 2002, Kenya on the Path towards Democracy? An Interim Evaluation Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nairobi Shraeder P., 1996 Removing the Shackles? US Foreign Policy toward Africa after the End of the Cold War in Edmond J. K. and Rothchild D. (eds.) Africa in the New International Order: rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security Lynne Rienner Publishers, London Shraeder P., ed Intervention into the 1990s: US Foreign Policy in the Third World Lynne Rienner Publishers, London Sinclair A 2003, An Anatomy of Terror: A History of Terrorism, Macmillan, London Smith T., 1994 America s Mission: the United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century Princeton University Press, Princeton Spainer J. and Hook S., 1998 American Foreign Policy since World War 2 4 th Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington ed Stohl M (ed) 1983, The Politics of Terrorism 2 nd ed, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York Van Evera S., 1997 Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science Cornell University Press, Cornell Journals Articles Adar K 1998 The Wilsonian Conception of Democracy and Human Rights: A Retrospective and Prospective, African Studies Quarterly, Vol. 2, 2 Allen C From Neglect to Virtual Engagement : the United States and its New Paradigm for Africa, African Affairs Vol.99, July 80

4 Barkan J Kenya: Lessons from a Flawed Elections Journal of Democracy Vol. 4 No. 3 July Barkan J Kenya after Moi, Foreign Affairs Jan/Feb Barkan J. and Cooke J US Policy Toward Kenya in the Wake of September 11: Can New Antiterrorist Imperatives Be Reconciled with Enduring US Foreign Policy Goals? Center for Strategic and International Studies, No. 4 December Benton G 1982, The Character and Rationale of Modern Terrorism National Institute for Public Policy Series No. 123 Dagne T Africa and the War on Terrorism CRC Report for Congress, Jan Franck T and Bert B L Jr. 1974, Preliminary Thoughts Towards An International Convention On Terrorism, The American Journal of International Law, vol.68, 1, Gaddis L. J A Grand Strategy of Transformation Foreign Policy Nov/Dec Hoffman S The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism Foreign Policy, Issue 98 Institute of Strategic Studies Kenya 2002: Moi s Farewell Strategic Survey2002/2003 Kibugu J The Effects of National Legislation on Terrorism upon Human Rights and Democratic Development paper presented at the Eastern and Southern African Colloquium on Measures to Combat and Eliminate Terrorism in Nairobi. 4-6 June 2004, Lafaber W The Bush Doctrine Diplomatic History Vol.26 No.4 Lyman N. P. and Morrison J. S The Terrorist Threat in Africa Foreign Affairs Vol. 83, No.1 Munene M A Historical Perspective on Kenya s Foreign Policy Paper Presented at the Conference on Foreign Policy for Ambassadors and High commissioners. August , Nairobi, Kenya Nyong o Anyang 1989 State and Society in Kenya: The Disintegration of the Nationalist coalitions and the Rise of Presidential Authoritarianism, African Affairs Vol. 88 No 351 Phillip A. T Emergency and Anti-terrorist powers Fordham International Law Journal Vol. 26, Rotberg I. R. Failed States in a World of Terror Foreign Policy Vol. 81, No. 4 81

5 Internet Articles Cohen J. H The United States and Africa: Non-Vital Interests Also Require Attention. American Diplomacy 30 August Cooke J. and Throup D Kenya-US Relations in Post Moi Era Expression Today Accessed 09.Oct Cooke J. and Throup D New Challenges for Kenya: US Policy Should Help Make the Most of it Centre for Strategic and International Studies No Accessed 13 Jan Dugard J 2004 Terrorism and Human Rights: A Plea for a Clearer Understanding of the Meaning of Terrorism Presented at Rhodes University Centenary Lecture Series 23 March Accessed 20 Oct FBI Executive Summary 1998 Bombings of the Embassies of the United States of America at Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania August US Department of Justice November 18, Accessed 11 Oct Ghirmazion A The Terrorist Attacks on New York and Washington: How Kenya Reacted and has been Affected. Heinrich BÖll Stiftung Nairobi 12.Oct Accessed 18.Jan.2005 Huangin N 2001 Eliminating Terrorist Sanctuaries: The case of Iraq, Iran, Somalia and Sudan Khadiaghali G Kenya: Haven or Helpless Victim of Terrorism in Special Report 113 Terrorism in the Horn of Africa United States Institute of Peace Accessed 12 Jan National Security Strategy of the United States of America (NSS) released 17.Sept Accessed 31.May.2004 Official State Department Internet Site Official United Nation Internet Site Prinslow K E 1997, Building Military Relations in Africa Foreign Military Studies Office Accessed 10 Sept 04 82

6 Special Report Terrorism in the Horn of Africa United States Institute of Peace January Assessed 10 Sept Thusi T 2003, Assessing Small Arms Control Initiatives: The Nairobi Declaration African Security Review Vol. 12 no 2, p.4 Wilkinson P Terrorism and Human Rights Political Studies Association Accessed 12 Jan Newspapers Daily Nation The Standard The People Daily 83

Chapter Two US POLICY TOWARDS KENYA IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA

Chapter Two US POLICY TOWARDS KENYA IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA Introduction As the Cold War came to an end, issues in the international scene changed. There was a popular demand for change, with an emphasis