Environmental and resource conflicts: State of the art and conceptual approaches. Jürgen Scheffran
|
|
- Brice Newton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Environmental and resource conflicts: State of the art and conceptual approaches Jürgen Scheffran Institute of Geography, KlimaCampus, University of Hamburg Climate Society Lecture/Seminar 3, November 2, 2011 p. 1
2 2.11. Environmental and resource conflicts: State of the art and conceptual approaches Question: What are environmental conflicts? Are resource conflicts caused rather by resource scarcity or by resource abundance? Recommended readings: Homer-Dixon, Thomas F., 1991: On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict, in: International Security, 16,2 (Fall): Homer-Dixon, Thomas F., 1994: Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence From Cases, in: International Security, 19,1 (Summer): Le Billon, P The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts, Political Geography 20(5): Background material: Bächler, G.; Spillmann, K.R. (eds.) 1996: Kriegsursache Umweltzerstörung, Chur/Zürich. Gleditsch, N.P., 1998: Armed Conflict and the Environment: A Critique of the Literature in: Journal of Peace Research, 35,3 (May): Homer-Dixon, T.F Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press, Princeton. p. 2
3 Security after the Cold War Cold War: Bilateral East-West conflict, focus on military force assessments New security agenda after end of the cold war From confrontation to partnership Bipolarity replaced by unipolarity (US superpower) Post Cold War disorder: large number of actors and factors including political, military, economic, technological, health and environmental Asymmetric warfare: Western alliance, led by US, against rogue states, lawbreakers, terrorists (Iraq war, Afghanistan war, War Against Terror) International society: United Nations, UN Security Council p. 3
4 Meanings of security Negative definition of security: Ability to protect against danger, threat and doubt, the evil of insecurity'' (Wolfers 1962). Absence of threat "to be secure is to feel free from threats, anxiety or danger. Security is therefore a state of the mind in which an individual feels safe from harm by others." (Art 1993) Positive definition of security: Preservation of values, assurance people have that they will continue to enjoy those things that are most important to their survival and well-being (Soroos 1997). Threats to these values are perceived as security risks p. 4
5 Components of security risk Risk = Probability of damage AND Amount of damage p. 5
6 Components of security threat Threat = Motivation to threaten AND Capability to threaten p. 6
7 Levels of security 1. Security for the individual (human security). 2. Security for the social group, the community, organized national or ethnic entity (societal security). 3. Security for the State or "nation," in the US terminology (national security). 4. Security for the society of nations or what could be referred to as "international society," consisting of all, or most states in the world (international security). 5. Security for the globe, meaning "Spaceship Earth" or the planet (global security). p. 7
8 Dimensions of security Economic security: availability of economic resources, stability, institutions and relations to provide for an adequate level of welfare Information security: integrity of the systems that supply and process information on which modern society is dependent Environmental/ecological security: integrity and sustainability of the natural environment as the basis for all life and the supplier of resources on which societies and states build Bio-security: security against biological risks and threats Energy security: security of energy supply against accident, disruption and attack Climate security: Preventing and managing risks and threats induced by climate change p. 8
9 Human security Centered on the security and welfare of human individuals Focuses on shielding people from critical and pervasive threats and empowering them to take charge of their lives (CHS, 2003). Human security is people-centered and thus concerned with how people behave and how their behavior can be influenced in ways that foster or undermine individual and group wellbeing. (UNDP 1994) Broad concept: analytic usefulness? p. 9
10 Major theories in international security (Neo-)Realism: States are rational actors in pursuit of national interests who compete for power in an anarchical environment requiring self-defense for survival, leading to the security dilemma. (Neo-)Liberalism: explains international security by domestic structures and the benefits of cooperation in spite of anarchy; addresses interdependence through institutions and regimes Constructivism: emphasizes change; individual and collective learning, and an adaptation of norms that shape the environment. Focuses on the agents of change, their norms, habits and communication. p. 10
11 The Security Dilemma Definition: In its simplest form the security dilemma is the condition whereby a state s attempts to increase its own security has the effect of decreasing another state s security. Why a Security Dilemma? Anarchy Self-help Sovereignty Power accumulation Offense advantages over defense p. 11
12 The Prisoners Dilemma: a model for conflict Two prisoners and the sheriff: Defect or not defect? Prisoners can blame each other (defect) Prisoners can both keep quiet (cooperate) Preference order for each prisoner: 1. Unilaterally defect to reduce punishment 2. Both cooperate 3. Both defect 4. Cooperate while the other defects p. 12
13 The Prisoners Dilemma Cooperate Defect Cooperate (2,2) (4,1) Defect (1,4) (3,3) Preference orders p. 13
14 The Prisoners Dilemma Cooperate Defect Cooperate (2,2) (4,1) Defect (1,4) (3,3) Preference orders p. 14
15 Prisoners Dilemma in international security Game setting Two countries can cooperate and reduce threat (arms) One country can increase threat (arms) for its own security One country cannot solely guarantee security Preference order for each country 1. Arm while the other disarms 2. Mutual cooperation and disarmament 3. Both arm 4. Disarm while the other country arms p. 15
16 The Prisoners Dilemma game in the security world (dynamic) Disarm Arm Disarm (2,2) (4,1) Arm (1,4) (3,3) Preference orders p. 16
17 The Chicken Game No attack No attack (2,2) Attack (3,1) Attack (1,3) (4,4) James Dean, Rebel Without a Cause; Cuban Missile Crisis p. 17
18 What is conflict? Conflict: Difference or incompatibility between values and actions of actors Actors: persons, groups, States, firms, etc. Conflict potential: continued differences on Values/goals (interests, needs, motivations, risks, objectives, targets) Resources/means (cost, investment, energy, information, force) Options/actions (decision alternatives, technology paths, behavior modes) Conflict dynamics: Process involving actors whose actions fail to reduce their conflict potential to tolerable levels Conflict escalation: actions increase conflict potential (unstable) Conflict resolution: actions reduce conflict potential (stable) Cooperation: actors adapt their goals, means and actions p. 18
19 Conflict and War Conflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more social actors (individuals, groups), which is sometimes characterized by physical violence. Definitions of War: armed conflict between two independent political units, by means of organized military force, in the pursuit of a tribal or national policy (Malinowski 1968). events that produce substantial militarized arms conflict between organized military forces of independent nations. p. 19
20 Intrastate conflict Civil conflict: Conflict between members of a group that disagree on who should run a state and how it should be run Civil war: A war between factions of the same country; there are five criteria for international recognition of this status: (1990 FM ) 1. the contestants must control territory, 2. have a functioning government, 3. enjoy some foreign recognition, 4. have identifiable regular armed forces, and 5. engage in major military operations. Ethnic conflict; Conflicts in which groups that define themselves using ethnic or national criteria make claims on behalf of their collective interests against the state, or against other political actors, Gurr in Crocker et al (1996: 53) p. 20
21 Definition of armed conflict (Peace Research Institute Oslo) Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP): conflict is a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths. Elements of the definition: (1) Use of armed force: use of arms in order to promote the parties general position in the conflict, resulting in deaths. (1.1) Arms: any material means, e.g. manufactured weapons but also sticks, stones, fire, water etc. (2) 25 deaths: A minimum of 25 battle-related deaths per year and per dyad in an incompatibility. (3) Party: A government of a state or any opposition organization or alliance of organizations. Primary parties are those that form an incompatibility by stating incompatible positions. At least one of the primary parties is the government of a state. Secondary parties are states that enter a conflict with troops to actively support one of the primary parties. The secondary party must share the position of the primary party it is supporting in the incompatibility. p. 21
22 Frequency and severity of armed conflict since 1946 Source: UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset and PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset (Buhaug-Gleditsch-Theissen 2008) p. 22
23 p. 23
24 p. 24
25 Armed conflict in 2006 Source: PRIO p. 25
26 Conflict intensities Source: Conflict Barometer; Heidelberg 2008 p. 26
27 Intra- and interstate conflicts of high intensity Source: Conflict Barometer; Heidelberg 2008 p. 27
28 High-intensity violent conflicts in 2008 Source: Conflict Barometer; Heidelberg 2008 p. 28
29 Global conflicts of low, medium and high Intensity 1945 to 2008 Source: Conflict Barometer; Heidelberg 2008 p. 29
30 World map of environmental conflicts ( ): Causes and intensity Source: Carius et al., 2006 p. 30
31 Research groups and data sources in environmental conflict analysis Toronto Project on Environmental Change and Acute Conflict Environment and Conflict Project (ENCOP) International Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Uppsala Conflict Data Program Non-State Conflict Dataset Global Environmental Change and Human Security project (GECHS) Adelphi Research Berlin, German Advisory Council (WBGU) KOSIMO database: Heidelberger Institut für Internationale Konfliktforschung Inventory of Conflict & Environment (ICE): American Univers.of Washington Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) Emergency Disasters Database (EM-DAT): Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Louvain World Health Organization s (WHO) CRED Correlates of War (CoW) project, University of Illinois Cline Center for Democracy event database, University of Illinois p. 31
32 Environment and conflicts Extended interference of human beings with natural environment changes conditions for human needs Conflicts on the degradation and scarcity of fresh water, land and vegetation Significant fraction of armed conflicts has an environmental component Sub-state conflicts are dominating Societal framework conditions, political problem-solving capability and civilian conflict management capacity determine conflict degree p. 32
33 Types of environmental conflicts 1. Scarcity conflicts 2. Conflicts caused by resource abundance 3. Conflicts on resource access and fair distribution 4. Conflicts on the risk of resource use 5. Conflicts between human needs and natural limits 6. Conflicts on options, goals and means p. 33
34 Environmental conflict: Problem of the South? Industrialized countries: Largest consumer of scarce resources Largest polluter of the environment Instruments and institutions for problem-solving Developing countries: Natural resources important for development Dependence on agriculture Vulnerability to environmental conflicts Low capability for damage limitation and conflict resolutions p. 34
35 Environmental change and acute conflict Homer-Dixon 1991 p. 35
36 Resource capture Homer-Dixon 1995 p. 36
37 Ecological marginalization Homer-Dixon 1995 p. 37
38 Some sources and consequences of environmental scarcity Homer-Dixon 1991 p. 38
39 Comparison of conflict types p. 39
40 Types of environmental conflict in the developing world Homer-Dixon p
41 Possible effect of environmental change on agricultural production Homer-Dixon 1991 p. 41
42 Possible effects of environmental change on economic productivity in developing countries Homer-Dixon 1991 p. 42
43 Environmental scarcity in the Philippines Homer-Dixon 1991p. 43
44 Le Billon: Political ecology of war Armed groups rely on revenues from natural resources such as oil, timber, or gems. Resources financed and motivated conflicts, and shaped strategies of power around valuable resource areas and trading networks. Post-Cold War period is increasingly characterised by a specific political ecology closely linked to the geography and political economy of natural resources. Vulnerability from resource dependence, rather than scarcity. Opportunities for armed insurgents resulting from the lootability of resources. Violence subjugates the rights of people to use their environment. Brutal patterns of resource extraction and predation. Criminal character of resources inclusion in international primary commodity markets responds to an exclusionary form of globalisation. p. 44
45 Resource accessibility by rebel forces Homer-Dixon 1995 p. 45
46 Characteristics of resources Concentration of resources Diffuse resources are, in the main, those exploited over wide areas through a large number of small-scale operators. The high accessibility of diffuse resources makes it harder for governments to control and tax exploitation, and facilitates illegal operations. Diffuse resources include alluvial gems and minerals, timber and agricultural products that are not exploited through industrial modes of production. Point resources are exploited in small areas by a small number of capital-intensive operators. These resources include oil and deepshaft hard mineral exploitation, such as copper, iron and kimberlite diamonds. Oftenresources have a low value-to-weight ratio and must be transported in very large quantities to yield sizeable profits. Distance of resources Proximate resources are easier for the government to control and less likely to be captured by rebels than resources in the vicinity of an area inhabited by a politically marginalised group. Distant resources are more difficult for the government to control, for example, because of their location in remote territories along porous borders, or within the territory of a political opposition group. p. 46
47 Relation between resource characteristics and types of conflicts p. 47
48 Le Billon: Political ecology of war Armed conflicts and natural resources directly related : armed conflicts motivated by the control of resources, and resources integrated into the financing of armed conflicts. Greed-driven resource wars? political and identity factors key Local resource exploitation schemes: production of territories based on resource location control and access to labour and capital institutional structures and practices of resource management incorporations into global trading networks. Level of dependence, conflictuality, and lootability of a resource No environmentally deterministic relation: specific social processes. Desires, needs and practices weaving nature into societies as resources Resource-linked conflicts embedded in social relations p. 48
49 9.11. Climate change as a security risk: Overview and framework of analysis Question: Is climate change a security risk? Will environmental conflicts become more likely? Recommended readings: Barnett, J. & Adger, W.N. (2007): Climate change, human security and violent conflict, Political Geography, 26: Nordås, R. & Gleditsch, N.P. (eds.) (2007): Climate Change and Conflict, Political Geography, 26 (6): Scheffran, J. & Battaglini, A. (2011): Climate and Conflicts - The security risks of global warming, Regional Environmental Change, 11 (Suppl. 1), Background material (relevant for the whole class): Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N.P. & Theisen, O.M. (2008): Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict. Paper commissioned by World Bank Group for "Social Dimensions of Climate Change" workshop, Washington, D.C., 5-6 March Campbell, K. M. et al. (2007): The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change, Washington, DC, Center for Strategic and International Studies, November. CNA (2007): National Security and the Threat of Climate Change, Alexandria, VA, Center for Naval Analysis. Maas, A. & Tänzler, D. (2009): Regional security implications of climate change. A synopsis, Adelphi Report 01/09, Berlin, Adelphi Consulting. Smith, D. & Vivekananda, J. (2007): The links between climate change, peace and war, International Alert, November. WBGU (2007): World in Transition Climate Change as a Security Risk, German Advisory Council on Global Change, Berlin, Springer Verlag. Welzer, H. (2008): Klimakriege Wofür im 21. Jahrhundert getötet wird, Fischer Verlag. p. 49
Environmental and resource conflicts: State of the art and conceptual approaches. Jürgen Scheffran
Environmental and resource conflicts: State of the art and conceptual approaches Jürgen Scheffran Institute for Geography, KlimaCampus, Universität Hamburg Climate Society Lecture/Seminar 3, November 2,
More informationCauses of Conflict & Political Violence: An Introduction & Review of Anarchy in IR
Causes of Conflict & Political Violence: An Introduction & Review of Anarchy in IR MVZ 203 / 448 Spring 2010 Masaryk University Dave McCuan Let s begin with a basic point: Conflict ranges from minor disagreements,
More informationInterests, Interactions, and Institutions. Interests: Actors and Preferences. Interests: Actors and Preferences. Interests: Actors and Preferences
Analytical Framework: Interests, Interactions, and Interests, Interactions, and 1. Interests: Actors and preferences 2. Interactions Cooperation, Bargaining, Public Goods, and Collective Action 3. Interests:
More informationDefinitions, sources and methods for Uppsala Conflict Data Program Battle-Death estimates
Definitions, sources and methods for Uppsala Conflict Data Program Battle-Death estimates Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This document
More informationHans Günter Brauch Free University of Berlin and AFES-PRESS Third GMES Forum Athens, 5-6 June 2003
Hans Günter Brauch Free University of Berlin and AFES-PRESS Third GMES Forum Athens, 5-6 June 00 Security Linkages Among Fatal Outcomes of Global Environmental Change: Natural Disasters, Environmentally-induced
More informationEnvironment and War. Jennifer Leaning, M.D., S.M.H. Harvard School of Public Health Harvard Medical School
Jennifer Leaning, M.D., S.M.H. Harvard School of Public Health Harvard Medical School 1 Relationship between the environment and war Cause Direct impact Longer-term impact Policy implications Research
More informationComparison of Human Security Definitions
Internal violence, nuclear weapons, States, individual, nature, mass destruction, repression, gross environment abuses of human rights, the large-scale displacement of civilian populations, international
More informationHigh School Model United Nations 2009
GA IV (SPECPOL) The Question of Stewardship of Natural Resources in Conflict OVERVIEW The question of stewardship of natural resources in conflict extends far beyond the concept of sustainability. Mismanagement
More informationAFRICA: CONFLICT AND CRISIS
AFRICA: CONFLICT AND CRISIS Roddy Fox Rhodes University 1 MINERALS: A BRIEF REMINDER 2 Africa: Selected Geological and Tectonic Features East Saharan Craton Bangweulu Craton 3 Africa: Diamonds in Relation
More informationCONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES. Assoc. Prof. Dr Andrey Baykov. Shortened Syllabus. Spring 2018
Purpose of the Course CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES Assoc. Prof. Dr Andrey Baykov Shortened Syllabus Spring 2018 This course provides students with an introduction to what is known as the Contemporary Global
More informationCHAPTER 3: Theories of International Relations: Realism and Liberalism
1. According to the author, the state of theory in international politics is characterized by a. misunderstanding and fear. b. widespread agreement and cooperation. c. disagreement and debate. d. misperception
More informationThe changing character of organized violence
The changing character of organized violence The presumption of rationality in war is a powerful one: strategy in a game War plans and schemes are often prepared years or decades in advance against different
More informationMilitarization of Cities: The Urban Dimension of Contemporary Security.
Análisis GESI, 10/2013 Militarization of Cities: The Urban Dimension of Contemporary Security. Katarína Svitková 3 de noviembre de 2013 In addition to new dimensions and new referent objects in the field
More informationWorld Conservation Congress
World Conservation Congress Beyond Zoonoses: : One World - One Health, The Threat of Emerging Diseases to Human Security and Conservation, and the Implications for Public Policy November 15, 2004 Bangkok,
More informationNationalism in International Context. 4. IR Theory I - Constructivism National Identity and Real State Interests 23 October 2012
Nationalism in International Context 4. IR Theory I - Constructivism National Identity and Real State Interests 23 October 2012 The International Perspective We have mainly considered ethnicity and nationalism
More informationRealism. The political world is made up of states, political communities occupying territory
Waltz made simple Realism The political world is made up of states, political communities occupying territory There is no world government or sovereign; this is called anarchy (without a head). States
More informationMainstreaming Human Security? Concepts and Implications for Development Assistance. Opening Presentation for the Panel Discussion 1
Concepts and Implications for Development Assistance Opening Presentation for the Panel Discussion 1 Tobias DEBIEL, INEF Mainstreaming Human Security is a challenging topic. It presupposes that we know
More informationEnvironmental grievances along the Extractive Industries Value Chain
Environment Programme Environmental grievances along the Extractive Industries Value Chain Dag Seierstad, UNEP Mismanagement of oil exploitation sparks civil uprising in Ogoniland, Nigeria Uprisings in
More informationIntroduction to International Relations
SUB Hamburg A/601934 Introduction to International Relations Theory and Practice JOYCE P. KAUFMAN ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham Boulder New York Toronto Plymouth, UK Contents 1 Introduction:
More informationDepartment of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson and Mihai Croicu (2017)
UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset Codebook Version 18.1 Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson
More informationNatural disasters, sea-level rise and environmental migration. Jürgen Scheffran
Natural disasters, sea-level rise and environmental migration Jürgen Scheffran Institute of Geography, KlimaCampus, Universität Hamburg Climate and Society Lecture 6, November 28, 2013 p. 1 28.11. Natural
More informationDepartment of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson and Mihai Croicu (2017)
UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset Codebook Version 17.2 Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson
More informationUCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset Codebook:
UCDP Battle-Related Deaths Dataset Codebook: Version 5.0-2015 June 2015 Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This version compiled and updated
More informationThe imaginative geographies of climate wars
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 14 (2011) 35 39 Regional Environmental Governance: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Theoretical Issues, Comparative Designs
More informationClimate change a threat to the waning of war?
Climate change a threat to the waning of war? WHO Collaborating Centre Course, Climate Change, Weather and Human Health Center for Environmental and Respiratory Research, University of Oulu, 29 October
More informationExecutive Summary Report Preface
Executive Summary Report Executive Summary Report Preface In 1969, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) as a unique forum for
More information2010 International Studies GA 3: Written examination
International Studies GA 3: Written examination GENERAL COMMENTS The International Studies examination was reasonably well handled by students. This indicated a greater familiarity with the study content
More informationHUMAN RIGHTS IN THREAT- THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN RIGHTS
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THREAT- THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sri D.B. CHANNABASAPPA Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Arts College Hassan ABSTRACT Across the
More informationThe Impact of Conflict on Trade Evidence from Panel Data (work-in-progress draft)
The Impact of Conflict on Trade Evidence from Panel Data (work-in-progress draft) Katrin Kamin, Department of Economics, Chair of International Economics, University of Kiel Abstract This paper analyses
More informationBrief contents. PART III Global conflict and war 245. PART I Foundations of global politics 1. PART II Institutions and actors in global politics 87
Brief contents PART I Foundations of global politics 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to global politics 3 Chapter 2 Global history: The making of the 21st century 20 Chapter 3 Competing theories, methods, and
More informationPOL 3: Introduction to International Relations Fall Course Website:
POL 3: Introduction to International Relations Fall 2011 Professor Zeev Maoz (zmaoz@ucdavis.edu) TR: 10:30-11:50 Office Hours: T,R 3:00-4:00 Office: 674 Kerr Hall Course Website: http://psfaculty.ucdavis.edu/zmaoz/international_relations.htm.
More informationEssentials of International Relations
Chapter 3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORIES Essentials of International Relations SEVENTH EDITION L E CTURE S L IDES Copyright 2016, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc Learning Objectives Explain the value of studying
More informationEngage Education Foundation
2016 End of Year Lecture Exam For 2016-17 VCE Study design Engage Education Foundation Units 3 and 4 Global Politics Practice Exam Solutions Stop! Don t look at these solutions until you have attempted
More informationUnderstanding Global Conflict and Cooperation
SUB Hamburg A/533140 Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation An Introduction to Theory and History Eighth Edition Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Harvard University David A. Welch University of Waterloo Longman
More informationIntroduction: Definition and Scope of Conflict Economics
1 Introduction: Definition and Scope of Conflict Economics For many people, in many places, violent or potentially violent conflict is part of the human experience. Headline stories of civil strife, insurgency,
More informationby Vera-Karin Brazova
340 Reviews A review of the book: Poland s Security: Contemporary Domestic and International Issues, eds. Sebastian Wojciechowski, Anna Potyrała, Logos Verlag, Berlin 2013, pp. 225 by Vera-Karin Brazova
More informationWhat Happened To Human Security?
What Happened To Human Security? A discussion document about Dóchas, Ireland, the EU and the Human Security concept Draft One - April 2007 This short paper provides an overview of the reasons behind Dóchas
More informationJournal of Military and Strategic Studies
VOLUME 11, ISSUE 4, SPRING 2009 Journal of Military and Strategic Studies The Tragedy of Anarchy: A Realist Appraisal of the Environmental Dimensions of Civil Conflict Second Prize Winner JOURNAL OF MILITARY
More informationExam Questions By Year IR 214. How important was soft power in ending the Cold War?
Exam Questions By Year IR 214 2005 How important was soft power in ending the Cold War? What does the concept of an international society add to neo-realist or neo-liberal approaches to international relations?
More informationSpecial Studies. please note: For permission to reprint this chapter, Environmental (In)security in Asia: Challenging U.S. Interests Lorraine Elliott
Edited by Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills Special Studies Environmental (In)security in Asia: Challenging U.S. Interests Lorraine Elliott please note: For permission to reprint this chapter, please
More informationTheory and Realism POL3: INTRO TO IR
Theory and Realism POL3: INTRO TO IR I. Theories 2 Theory: statement of relationship between causes and events i.e. story of why a relationship exists Two components of theories 1) Dependent variable,
More informationUnit Three: Thinking Liberally - Diversity and Hegemony in IPE. Dr. Russell Williams
Unit Three: Thinking Liberally - Diversity and Hegemony in IPE Dr. Russell Williams Required Reading: Cohn, Ch. 4. Class Discussion Reading: Outline: Eric Helleiner, Economic Liberalism and Its Critics:
More informationGLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ TOKYO JULY 2007 The Successes of Globalization China and India, with 2.4 billion people, growing at historically unprecedented rates Continuing the successes
More informationUCDP Non-State Conflict Codebook
UCDP Non-State Conflict Codebook Version 18.1 Uppsala Conflict Data Program Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson and Mihai
More informationNatural Resources and the Dynamics of Civil War. Duration and Outcomes
Natural Resources and the Dynamics of Civil War Duration and Outcomes Hirotaka Ohmura Faculty of Economics, Shiga University h-ohmura@biwako.shiga-u.ac.jp March 2012 Working in Progress. Please do not
More informationNatural disasters and environmental migration as a security problem. Jürgen Scheffran
Natural disasters and environmental migration as a security problem Jürgen Scheffran Department of Geography, KlimaCampus, Universität Hamburg Climate and Society Lecture/Seminar 7, November 30, 2011 p.
More informationUCDP One-sided Violence Codebook
UCDP One-sided Violence Codebook Version 17.2 Uppsala Conflict Data Program Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University This version compiled and updated by Marie Allansson and Mihai
More information2. Realism is important to study because it continues to guide much thought regarding international relations.
Chapter 2: Theories of World Politics TRUE/FALSE 1. A theory is an example, model, or essential pattern that structures thought about an area of inquiry. F DIF: High REF: 30 2. Realism is important to
More informationThe first affirmation of the Center s Guideline ( on
October-December, 2007 Vol. 30, No. 4 Security and Defense Guideline #7 for Government and Citizenship by James W. Skillen The first affirmation of the Center s Guideline (www.cpjustice.org/guidelines)
More informationREPORT BY THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COUNCIL ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS (MOST) PROGRAMME IN OUTLINE
rep Report 36 C/REP/17 4 July 2011 Original: English/Spanish REPORT BY THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COUNCIL ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS (MOST) PROGRAMME IN 2010-2011 OUTLINE
More informationLiberalism and Neo-Liberalism
Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism Different operational assumptions from Realisms Units of analysis include the state, interest groups, or international institutions Neo-liberal institutionalists accept the
More informationJust War or Just Politics? The Determinants of Foreign Military Intervention
Just War or Just Politics? The Determinants of Foreign Military Intervention Averyroughdraft.Thankyouforyourcomments. Shannon Carcelli UC San Diego scarcell@ucsd.edu January 22, 2014 1 Introduction Under
More informationChapter 2: World War I: World on Fire. Instructor Chapter Overview
Perspectives on International Relations, 5e Henry R. Nau Instructor Manual Chapter 2: World War I: World on Fire Instructor Chapter Overview Chapter 2 begins by describing the current state of affairs
More informationRealism. John Lee Department of Political Science Florida State University
Realism John Lee Department of Political Science Florida State University Lenses of Analysis First level is the individual. Second level if the state. Third level is the system. Many consider these distinctions
More informationCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background The Philippines and the United States of America have a long history. After the U.S won the war in Spanish American War of 1898, the U.S. colonized the Philippines
More informationCounter-Terrorism as Crime Prevention: A Holistic Approach
Center for Research on Extremism Counter-Terrorism as Crime Prevention: A Holistic Approach Tore Bjørgo Director of Center for Research on Extremism (C-REX), University of Oslo and Professor of Police
More informationLEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying Chapter 20, you should be able to: 1. Identify the many actors involved in making and shaping American foreign policy and discuss the roles they play. 2. Describe how
More informationInterview with Peter Wallensteen*
Interview with Peter Wallensteen* Professor Peter Wallensteen is the Dag Hammarskjöld Professor of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, Sweden, and is also Research Professor of Peace Studies
More informationClimate Change Vulnerability Mapping for the Greater Mekong Sub-region
CMU J. Nat. Sci. (2017) Vol. 16(3) 165 Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for the Greater Mekong Sub-region Kittiwet Kuntiyawichai 1*, Vichian Plermkamon 1, Ramasamy Jayakumar 2 and Quan Van Dau 1 1
More informationWar Gaming: Part I. January 10, 2017 by Bill O Grady of Confluence Investment Management
War Gaming: Part I January 10, 2017 by Bill O Grady of Confluence Investment Management One of the key elements of global hegemony is the ability of a nation to project power. Ideally, this means a potential
More informationArmed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) Guide to Dataset Use for Humanitarian and Development Practitioners January 2017 Further information and maps, data, trends, publications and contact
More informationPartial Peace. Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements. Abstract
Partial Peace Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements Abstract Previous research proposes that for peace to become durable it is essential to include all rebel groups in any settlement
More informationUCDP Non-state Actor Dataset Codebook
UCDP Non-state Actor Dataset Codebook Version 1-2009 Lotta Harbom & Ralph Sundberg Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University When using the data,
More informationLecture 19 Civil Wars
Lecture 19 Civil Wars Introduction Much of the literature of civil war lies outside economics measurement difficulties importance of non economic factors such as personalities & leadership civil wars are
More informationEssentials of International Relations Eighth Edition Chapter 3: International Relations Theories LECTURE SLIDES
Essentials of International Relations Eighth Edition Chapter 3: International Relations Theories LECTURE SLIDES Copyright 2018 W. W. Norton & Company Learning Objectives Explain the value of studying international
More informationLand, Natural Resources, and Violent Conflict
Land, Natural Resources, and Violent Conflict Presenter: John W. Bruce Property Rights and Resource Governance Issues and Best Practices October 2011 Overview of the presentation: Land as a multi-dimensional
More informationIN WHAT WAYS DO NATURAL RESOURCES INFLUENCE THE DYNAMICS OF ARMED CONFLICT?
IN WHAT WAYS DO NATURAL RESOURCES INFLUENCE THE DYNAMICS OF ARMED CONFLICT? Por: Larisa Lara Guerrero Estudiante de la Maestría en Conflicto, Seguridad y Desarrollo en King s College London. Maestra en
More informationINTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
SUB Hamburg B/113955 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS VINAY KUMAR MALHOTRA M.A. (Gold Medalist), Ph.D. Principal Markanda National (Post-graduate) College (Kurukshetra University) Shahabad-Markanda, Haryana, India
More informationGrade 9 Social Studies. Chapter 8 Canada in the World
Grade 9 Social Studies Chapter 8 Canada in the World The Cold War The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was a half century of military build-up, political manoeuvring for international
More informationIntroduction: Dilemmas of Security Sector Reform in the Context of Conflict Transformation
Introduction: Dilemmas of Security Sector Reform in the Context of Conflict Transformation Clem McCartney, Martina Fischer and Oliver Wils 1 Aug 2004 Dilemmas of Security Sector Reform in the Context of
More informationTowards a holistic approach to security
When in Gothenburg Towards a holistic approach to security 1 When in Gothenburg Origin of the word security. 2 3 When in Gothenburg Security is. Well guess what again? There are many different ways to
More informationInternational Security Problems and Solutions by Patrick M. Morgan (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006)
Global Tides Volume 2 Article 6 1-1-2008 International Security Problems and Solutions by Patrick M. Morgan (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006) Jacqueline Sittel Pepperdine University Recommended Citation
More informationCOUNTRY REPORT. by Andrei V. Sonin 1 st Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Regional Workshop on Capacity-Building in Governance and Public Administration for Sustainable Development Thessaloniki, 29-31 July 2002 Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear colleagues, COUNTRY REPORT B E L A R
More informationFaculty of Political Science Thammasat University
Faculty of Political Science Thammasat University Combined Bachelor and Master of Political Science Program in Politics and International Relations (English Program) www.polsci.tu.ac.th/bmir E-mail: exchange.bmir@gmail.com,
More informationWe therefore present a new theoretical approach that helps to clarify the phases (emergence-escalation-settlement) and parameters of ethnic
Introduction Ethnic conf lict and associated political violence is one of the contemporary world s most significant, and often seemingly persistent, political problems. Contemporary security analysts have
More informationDOCTORAL DISSERTATION
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN STUDIES DEPARTMENT DOCTORAL DISSERTATION The Power Statute in the International System post-cold
More informationIS - International Studies
IS - International Studies INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Courses IS 600. Research Methods in International Studies. Lecture 3 hours; 3 credits. Interdisciplinary quantitative techniques applicable to the study
More informationAnalysis of the Draft Defence Strategy of the Slovak Republic 2017
Analysis of the Draft Defence Strategy of the Slovak Republic 2017 Samuel Žilinčík and Tomáš Lalkovič Goals The main goal of this study consists of three intermediate objectives. The main goal is to analyze
More informationIPS120 GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL ISSUES Spring 2018 Graduate School of International Studies Korea University
IPS120 GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL ISSUES Spring 2018 Graduate School of International Studies Korea University Instructor: Professor Andrew Eungi Kim Office: International Studies Hall, #532 Office Hours:
More informationspirituality reflects the social and cultural values of the community ethnocentricity uncommon terminology
Kent Hughes Butts Director, National Security Issues Branch, Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College Global Conflict Transformation: Lessons from the Field The Center for Strategic Leadership
More informationChapter 8: The Use of Force
Chapter 8: The Use of Force MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to the author, the phrase, war is the continuation of policy by other means, implies that war a. must have purpose c. is not much different from
More informationWAR, CONFLICT AND ORGANISED CRIME CONFERENCE
WAR, CONFLICT AND ORGANISED CRIME CONFERENCE RESEARCHERS: GAIL WANNENBURG (SAIIA) JENNIFER IRISH AND KEVIN QOBOSHEANE (INJOBO NE BANDLA), GREGORY MTHEMBU-SLATER AND LOCAL PARTNERS SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE
More informationU.S. History: American Stories, by National Geographic Learning, 2019, ISBN:
Correlation of to West Virginia Social Studies Standards Grade 6 A. Civics KEY: SE Student Edition TE Teacher s Edition 1. Apply the process of how a bill becomes a law to follow a current legislative
More informationAfter the Rain: Rainfall Variability, Hydro-Meteorological Disasters, and Social Conflict in Africa
After the Rain: Rainfall Variability, Hydro-Meteorological Disasters, and Social Conflict in Africa Cullen Hendrix and Idean Salehyan University of North Texas Climate Change and Security Conference, Trondheim,
More informationUN Security Council Resolution on Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs)
Friday September 19 - V7 - BLUE UN Security Council Resolution on Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) 1. Reaffirming that terrorism in all forms and manifestations constitutes one of the most serious threats
More informationDISEC: The Question of Collaboration between National Crime Agencies Cambridge Model United Nations 2018
Study Guide Committee: Disarmament and International Security Council (DISEC) Topic: The Question of Collaboration between National Crime Agencies Introduction: With rapid technological advancement and
More informationPopulation Pressure, Natural Resources and Conflict: Insights from Sub-National Studies of India and Indonesia
Population Pressure, Natural Resources and Conflict: Insights from Sub-National Studies of India and Indonesia Henrik Urdal Centre for the Study of Civil War (PRIO) Presentation at the Environmental Change
More informationExplaining occurrence of conflicts - clashes of cultures or abundance of resources?
Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap Explaining occurrence of conflicts - clashes of cultures or abundance of resources? Bachelor Thesis in Linnaeus University Fall semester 2014 Nathalie Eriksson Tutor:
More informationNotes toward a Theory of Customary International Law The Challenge of Non-State Actors: Standards and Norms in International Law
University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 1998 Notes toward a Theory of Customary International Law The Challenge of Non-State Actors: Standards and Norms in
More informationChapter 6 Foreign Aid
Chapter 6 Foreign Aid FOREIGN AID REPRESENTS JUST 1% OF THE FEDERAL BUDGET FOREIGN AID 1% Defense 19% Education 4% Health 10% Medicare 13% Income Security 16% Social Security 21% Net Interest 6% Veterans
More informationICB Non-State Actor Data. Jordan Roberts, David Quinn, and Kyle Beardsley 21 December 2017
ICB Non-State Actor Data Jordan Roberts, David Quinn, and Kyle Beardsley 21 December 2017 This dataset codes three levels of information regarding the involvement of non-state actors in ICB crises. Users
More informationThe National Security Strategy of the Republic of Hungary
On the 31 st of March 2004 the Government of the Republic of Hungary adopted the new National Security Strategy of the Republic of Hungary (Resolution No. 2073/2004 (III.31.)). It entered into force on
More informationGLOBAL AFFAIRS (GLBL)
Global Affairs (GLBL) 1 GLOBAL AFFAIRS (GLBL) GLBL 501 - GLOBAL SYSTEMS I Short Title: GLOBAL SYSTEMS I Description: Designed to help students think theoretically and analytically about leading issues
More informationIntroduction to International Relations Political Science 120 Spring Semester 2019 MWF 1:00-1:50pm in Kauke 039
Introduction to International Relations Political Science 120 Spring Semester 2019 MWF 1:00-1:50pm in Kauke 039 Dr. Kent Kille Office: Kauke 106 Office Phone: 263-2456 and E-mail: kkille@wooster.edu Class
More informationThe Failure of Copenhagen: A Neo-Liberal Institutionalist Perspective Abstract Mapping Politics Volume 3,
The Failure of Copenhagen: A Neo-Liberal Institutionalist Perspective Brad R. King Abstract Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today, an issue that requires a global solution.
More informationUnits 3 and 4: Global Politics
Units 3 and 4: Global Politics 2016 2017 This revised curriculum for VCE Global Politics Units 3 and 4 replaces the units within the Australian and Global Politics Study Design 2012 2017. VCAA July 2015
More informationEmpowered lives. Resilient nations. Climate Change Fuelling Resource-Based Conflicts in the Asia-Pacific. Background Papers Series 2012/12
Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Climate Change Fuelling Resource-Based Conflicts in the Asia-Pacific Background Papers Series 2012/12 Asia-Pacific Human Development Report Background Papers Series
More informationNuclear Weapons and International Law
IEER Conference: Nuclear Disarmament, the NPT, and the Rule of Law United Nations, New York, April 24-26, 2000 Nuclear Weapons and International Law Merav Datan International Physicians for the Prevention
More informationReadings. ! Small Arms Survey, Protected but Exposed: Multinationals and Private Security, chapter 5, Annual Report 2011 (Private Security PDF)
MNCs and Security Explores the hypothesis that the globalization of production can lessen the potential for armed conflict both through creating economic interdependencies (e.g. via Regional Trade Agreements)
More informationThe Liberal Paradigm. Session 6
The Liberal Paradigm Session 6 Pedigree of the Liberal Paradigm Rousseau (18c) Kant (18c) LIBERALISM (1920s) (Utopianism/Idealism) Neoliberalism (1970s) Neoliberal Institutionalism (1980s-90s) 2 Major
More information