THE FUTURE OF POLICING

Transcription

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2 THE FUTURE OF POLICING The police service in England and Wales is facing major challenges in its financing, political oversight and reorganisation of its structures. Current economic conditions have created a wholly new environment, whereby cost saving is permitting hitherto unthinkable changes in the style and means of delivery of policing services. In the context of these proposed changes Lord Stevens, formerly Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service, was asked to chair an Independent Commission looking into the future of policing. The Commission has a wide-ranging remit and the chapters in this book offer an up-to-date analysis of contemporary problems from the novel perspective of developing a reform agenda to assist the Commission. Bringing together contributions from both key academic thinkers and police professionals, this book discusses new policing paradigms, lays out a case for an evidence-based practice approach and draws attention to developing areas such as terrorism, public order and hate crime. Policing is too important to be left to politicians, as the health of a democracy can be judged by the relationship between the police and the public. The aim of this book is to question and present analyses of problems, offer new ideas and propose realistically achievable solutions without being so timid as to preserve the status quo. It will be of interest to both academics and students in the fields of criminology and policing studies, as well as professionals in the policing service, NGOs and local authority organisations. Jennifer M. Brown is a co-director of the Mannheim Centre for Criminology at the London School of Economics. She is also the deputy chair of the Independent Commission looking at the future of policing in England and Wales. She is a chartered forensic and chartered occupational psychologist and has been an active researcher in the areas of police occupational culture and police decision making in the investigation of serious crime. Professor Brown previously worked as research manager for the Hampshire Constabulary where she undertook pioneering studies of stress among police officers and sex discrimination experienced by female police.

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4 THE FUTURE OF POLICING Edited by Jennifer M. Brown

5 First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2014 Jennifer M. Brown for selection and editorial material; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jennifer M. Brown to be identified as author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The future of policing / [edited by] Jennifer M. Brown. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. 1. Police Great Britain. 2. Law enforcement Great Britain. I. Brown, Jennifer, HV8195.A2F '30941 dc ISBN: (hbk) ISBN: (ebk) ISBN: (pbk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon

6 CONTENTS List of illustrations Notes on contributors Preface by Lord Stevens of Kirkwhelpington Acknowledgements Introduction: third wave policing reform Jennifer M. Brown ix xi xx xxii xxiii Introduction to Parts I and II: challenges of contemporary policing 1 Jennifer M. Brown PART I Purposes 9 1 Peel s principles, police principles 11 Clive Emsley 2 Policing: privatizing and changes in the policing web 23 Peter K. Manning 3 Why do the police matter? Beyond the myth of crime-fighting 40 Ian Loader 4 What are the police for? Re-thinking policing post-austerity 52 Andrew Millie

7 vi Contents 5 Reinventing the office of constable: progressive policing in an age of austerity 64 Martin Innes 6 Police futures and legitimacy: redefining good policing 79 Ben Bradford, Jonathan Jackson and Mike Hough PART II Culture Police culture and the new policing context 103 Matthew Bacon 8 Race and policing 120 Michael Rowe 9 Women police: potential and possibilities for police reform 134 Penny Dick, Marisa Silvestri and Louise Westmarland 10 A diversity stone left unturned? Exploring the occupational complexities surrounding lesbian, gay and bisexual police officers 149 Matthew Jones Introduction to Parts III and IV: the practice of policing 163 Jennifer M. Brown PART III Relationships The police, policing and the future of the extended policing family 173 Adam Crawford 12 A blended model for the public private provision of policing for England and Wales 191 Mark Roycroft 13 Playing nicely with others: lessons from successes in partnership working 203 Megan O Neill

8 Contents vii 14 Beyond rhetoric: establishing police academic partnerships that work 217 Robin S. Engel and Samantha Henderson PART IV Delivery From Sir Robert Peel to PLTs: adapting to liaison-based public order policing in England and Wales 239 Clifford Stott and Hugo Gorringe 16 Landscaping the policing of organised crime: some designs and reflections 252 Peter Sproat 17 The role of the police in counter terrorism 269 John G. D. Grieve 18 Intelligence-led policing and the national intelligence model 287 Karen Bullock 19 Holding the line: the sustainability of police involvement in crime prevention 299 Alex Hirschfield, Paul Ekblom, Rachel Armitage and Jason Roach 20 Hate crime 317 Paul Johnson Introduction to Parts V and VI: supporting policing 333 Jennifer M. Brown PART V Professionalising The promise and the perils of police professionalism 343 David Alan Sklansky 22 The pursuit of professionalism: lessons from Australasia 355 Jenny Fleming 23 The police as professional problem solvers 369 Nick Tilley and Gloria Laycock

9 viii Contents 24 Police training and education: past, present and future 383 Robin Bryant, Tom Cockcroft, Steve Tong and Dominic Wood 25 Leading by example: the untapped resource of front-line police supervisors 398 Robin S. Engel and Samuel Peterson PART VI Governance Engaging the citizen 417 Adrian Barton and Nick Johns 27 Making police accountable: governance and legitimacy 429 Kevin Stenson and Dan Silverstone 28 The rise and rise of independent police complaints bodies 446 Anja Johansen 29 Ethics and policing 463 Louise Westmarland 30 Great expectations and complex realities: the impact and implications of the police reform process in Northern Ireland 476 Aogán Mulcahy 31 A different and divergent trajectory? Reforming the structure, governance and narrative of policing in Scotland 493 Nicholas R. Fyfe Index 507

10 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 8.1 Proportion of searches resulting in arrest by black/white disproportionality, by police force area, 2002/3 to 2009/ Proportion of searches resulting in sanctioned detection by Asian/white disproportionality, by police force area, 2002/3 to 2009/ Allegations per 1,000 officers and black/white disproportionality, by police force area, 2002/3 to 2009/ Number of police employees (at 31 March each year) with HMIC projections for England and Wales Views on privatisation in PCC candidates election statements Elected PCCs statements on privatisation Patten Report: selected recommendations 479 Tables 5.1 Interactions between police and community controls Overview of policing interventions Percentage ethnicity of police officer strength (full time equivalent), by rank, 31 March Functions to be performed by public police, private providers and combined capability Benefits, concerns and governance networks of private provision Police academic partnerships Designs for the landscape of policing organised crime Police- and community-derived CT tactics 273

11 x Illustrations 17.2 CT professionals responses to the question What matters in CT policing? Strategic and tactical problem solving at local, force and national levels Different levels of problem and solution Ratio of resources and staff to size of police forces and population Ratio of annual complaints to size of police forces and population Cases transferred to the criminal justice authorities Average number of days for case handling Ethical principles and practical difficulties Recorded crime and detection rates in Northern Ireland, 2000/01 to 2011/ Democratic criteria and governance of Scottish policing 502 Boxes 1.1 Peel s principles Example definitions of police culture Summary of PSNI Code of Ethics CT outcomes Leadership declaration Six concepts of integrity 470

12 CONTRIBUTORS Rachel Armitage has over 15 years experience in crime prevention and has published extensively on the subject of designing out crime specifically the UK Secured by Design award scheme. She managed a prestigious Home Office project to update the evidence base on the impact of residential design on crime and recently completed a project to develop Abu Dhabi s planning guidance on crime prevention through environmental design. Rachel co-edited a special edition of Built Environment on International Perspectives on Planning for Crime Prevention and has just completed a book for Palgrave Macmillan on the impact of residential design on crime. She was elected president of the Design against Crime Association (DOCA) in Matthew Bacon is an early-career researcher who was until recently the lead researcher on a study of the contractual governance of drug users at the University of Manchester. Currently he holds a lectureship in Criminology at the University of Sheffield. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork carried out in two English police service areas, his PhD thesis provides an insight into the world and work of police detectives and the key formal and informal mechanisms underlying the objectives, processes and techniques of drug investigations. Adrian Barton is an Associate Professor (Senior Lecturer) in Public Management and Policy, School of Management (Plymouth Business School (Faculty). He, with Nick Johns, has an edited collection entitled Evaluating the Political Achievement of New Labour Since 1997: Social Policy and Public Trust, published by Edward Mellen Press in He has a forthcoming book, also with Nick Johns, on Policymaking in the Criminal Justice System, published by Routledge. Ben Bradford is Career Development Fellow at the Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford. Ben has collaborated with the London Metropolitan Police and

13 xii Contributors the National Policing Improvement Agency on several research projects concerned with improving police understanding of public opinions and priorities. Jennifer M. Brown is Co-director of the Mannheim Centre for Criminology at the London School of Economics where she is a visiting professor. She is also deputy chair of the Independent Commission into the Future of Policing. Her research interests cover gender equality within the police occupational culture and decision making in serious crime. Robin Bryant is the Director of the Criminal Justice Practice within the Department of Law and Criminal Justice Studies at Canterbury Christ Church University. His research and knowledge exchange has included cybercrime prevention and homicide investigation. He has worked on a number of projects with the National Police Improvement Agency and CEPOL. He is the editor and author of the popular Blackstone s Handbook for Policing Students, which is now in its eighth edition. He is also joint editor of Investigating Digital Crime (Wiley & Sons, 2008) and joint author of Understanding Criminal Investigation (Wiley & Sons, 2009). Karen Bullock graduated from the London School of Economics in 1998 with a BSc in Social Policy and Sociology. The following summer she obtained an MSc from the University of Surrey in Social Research Methods. Her PhD is from the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science at University College London. Karen joined the University of Surrey as a lecturer in Before that she worked in the research directorate at the Home Office. She primarily conducts research in the fields of policing and crime reduction and her teaching reflects these areas of expertise. Tom Cockcroft came to work at Canterbury Christ Church University in 2004, having previously been employed as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Kent. Prior to that, he undertook PhD research, using oral history techniques, to investigate the cultural dynamics of the Metropolitan Police Force between the 1930s and the 1960s. A persistent theme in his academic output has related to the area of police culture and in 2012 he published Police Culture: Themes and Concepts with Routledge Publishing. Adam Crawford is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies at the University of Leeds where he is also Pro-Dean for Research and Innovation in the Faculty of Education, Social Sciences and Law. His research and publications have coalesced around policing, crime prevention, urban (in)security and responses to youth crime and anti-social behaviour. His most recent book (co-edited with Anthea Hucklesby) is Legitimacy and Compliance in Criminal Justice (Routledge, 2012). He is also Editor in Chief of the journal Criminology and Criminal Justice.

14 Contributors xiii Penny Dick is Reader in Critical and Organisational Psychology at the University of Sheffield. Penny received her PhD, which was concerned with the social construction of gender in police work, from Sheffield University in Penny s research interests include stress; the management of diversity; identity, resistance and power; and the impact of family-friendly policies on organisations and individuals. Published papers include, Bending over backwards? Using a pluralistic framework to explore the management of flexible working in the police service, British Journal of Management, 2009, 20, 1, Paul Ekblom gained his PhD in psychology at University College London. As a researcher in the Home Office, Paul worked on diverse crime prevention projects; also horizon-scanning; Design Against Crime; and developing the professional discipline and knowledge management of crime prevention. Paul has worked internationally with EU, Europol and Council of Europe. He is currently Professor of Design Against Crime, University of the Arts London at Central Saint Martins, working on design and evaluation of products, places, systems and communications and practical frameworks for general crime prevention and counter terrorism (for example, see Clive Emsley is Emeritus Professor of History and Senior Research Associate at the Open University. He has held visiting posts at the University of Paris VIII, the universities of Calgary, Alberta, and Christchurch, New Zealand and Griffith, Queensland. Most recently he was a Fellow of the Humanities Research Centre at the Australian University and Visiting Professor of the Australian Centre for Excellence in Policing and Security. He was president of the International Association for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice for ten years. His publications include, The English Police: A Political and Social History (2nd edn 1996); Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1999); Crime, Police and Penal Policy: European Experiences (2007); The Great British Bobby (revised edn 2009). Robin S. Engel is Director of the Institute of Crime Science and Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati in the United States. Her research includes qualitative and quantitative assessments of police behaviour, police supervision and management, policing policies, criminal gangs and violence reduction strategies. She serves as the Principal Investigator for numerous contracts and grants, and provides statistical and policy consulting and expert testimony for international, state and municipal law enforcement agencies in the areas of evidence-based policing, police academic partnerships, police race relations and violence reduction. Jenny Fleming was the first Research Professor and then Director of the Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies at the University of Tasmania for six years from She joined the University of Southampton as Professor of Criminology in 2012 and, with Phil Palmer, is co-director of the Institute of Criminal

15 xiv Contributors Justice Research at the University of Southampton. For the past 15 years, Jenny has worked on a formal and informal basis with police agencies and police associations in Australia, the United Kingdom, Scotland, Canada, the Netherlands, the United States and New Zealand. A strong advocate of participatory action research with the emphasis on practitioner involvement, Jenny is the Editor of Australasian Policing: A Journal of Professional Practice, Policy and Research and she is also on the editorial board of Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice (UK). Nicholas R. Fyfe is the founding director of the Scottish Institute for Policing Research, Fellow of the Scottish Police College and Professor of Human Geography at the University of Dundee. He has acted as a Specialist Advisor to the Scottish Parliament s Justice Committee inquiring into the effective use of police resources (2007) and community policing (2009). His areas of research include witness intimidation, witness protection and missing persons, and his in-depth evaluation of a police witness protection programme was published in a book entitled Protecting Intimidated Witnesses (Ashgate). More recently he has focused on issues of police reform and has co-edited (with Jan Terpstra and Pieter Tops) Centralizing Forces? Comparative Perspectives on Contemporary Police Reform in Northern and Western Europe (Boom Legal Publishers). Hugo Gorringe is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Edinburgh s School of Social and Political Science. His research interests focus on the interactive dynamics between police and protestors. He has looked at the global protests surrounding the Edinburgh G8 meeting in 2005 and the policing of those protests, in collaboration with Michael Rosie. Since then he has investigated challenges to public order policing in the UK, especially since the G20 in He and Michael Rosie have written on police protest dynamics; media coverage of protest and policing; experiments in liaison or dialogue policing; and the 2010 student protests. John G. D. Grieve is a former National Coordinator for Counter Terrorism (CT) in England and Wales and Commander of the Anti-Terrorist Branch at New Scotland Yard. He was a member of the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) during the Northern Ireland peace process. Currently he is Professor Emeritus at London Metropolitan University and Senior Research Fellow at University of Portsmouth. Samantha Henderson is a doctoral student in the School of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. She graduated from the Wilfrid Laurier University in 2009 with an Honours BA in Criminology and Contemporary Studies, and a minor in Psychology. She earned an MA in Sociology from the University of Waterloo in She is a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship award holder. Her research interests include focused deterrence, crime prevention and correctional programming.

16 Contributors xv Alex Hirschfield directs the Applied Criminology Centre at Huddersfield University. His research interests include situational crime prevention, problem-oriented policing and policy evaluation techniques. He led the evaluation of the Reducing Burglary Initiative (Home Office), the New Deal for Communities Crime Theme (ODPM) and investigated the impact of changes to the Licensing Act ( 24 hour drinking ) on crime. He has worked with a number of police forces on evaluating crime prevention, including a 10 year involvement in the Safer Merseyside Partnership initiative. He served as Home Office Senior Academic Advisor for Government Office North West for six years and is a Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health. Mike Hough is Co-Director, Institute for Criminal Policy Research, School of Law, Birkbeck, and University of London. He is currently working on a large EUfunded project, FIDUCIA, looking at the best ways of controlling emerging forms of crime across Europe. Martin Innes is a Professor in the School of Social Sciences at Cardiff University. He is Director of the Universities Police Science Institute and Deputy Director (Research) for the School. He has published two books and over 50 scholarly articles and papers. Since 2004 he has been Editor of the journal Policing and Society published by Routledge. His research interests include reassurance and neighbourhood policing, the signal crimes perspective and homicide investigations. He has been commissioned by and has advised a large number of national and international policing organisations. Jonathan Jackson is Senior Lecturer in Research Methodology and member of the Mannheim Centre for Criminology at the London School of Economics. Jon has held recent visiting appointments in the Psychology Departments of John Jay College of Criminal Justice (City University of New York) and New York University. Anja Johansen joined the University of Dundee s History Programme in 2002 after studying and researching at several European institutions: Copenhagen University, the High School for Social Sciences in Paris, The European University Institute in Florence and Clare Hall, Cambridge. Her research is focused on the relationship between police and the public in France, Germany and Britain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her current research project is Quarrelsome Citizens: Emerging Police Complaints Cultures in London, Paris and Berlin, Nick Johns is Senior Lecturer in Social and Public Policy at Cardiff University, Wales. His research interests lie in race issues, ethnic diversity and welfare, sentencing policy and social welfare. He is co-author of Trust and Substitutes for Trust: The Case of Britain under New Labour (New York: Nova Science). He has

17 xvi Contributors co-authored, with Adrian Barton, Policymaking in the Criminal Justice System, published by Routledge. Paul Johnson went to Derwentside College in Consett to study for a Higher Education Foundation Course after leaving school at 16 and spending five years working in various jobs (and a few periods of unemployment). From there he went to the University of Durham and graduated in 1997 with a BA in Sociology and Social Policy. He stayed in Durham to complete an MA and then obtained a PhD from the University of Newcastle in Paul then worked in the School of Applied Social Sciences at Durham from 2002 and joined the Department of Sociology in Surrey in Matthew Jones is Senior Lecturer in Policing Studies at Liverpool John Moores University. He teaches across the FDA/BA Policing Studies programmes and is the admissions tutor for the department. Matthew s research is concerned with police diversity, specifically the occupational experiences of police officers from minority social groups. He is also concerned with advancing scholarship relating to social science research methods particularly mixed, online and participatory research methods relating to policing and subaltern populations. Gloria Laycock graduated in psychology from University College London in 1968 and completed her PhD at UCL in She worked in the Home Office for over 30 years in policing and crime prevention. She established and headed the Home Office Police Research Group in In 1999 she was awarded an International Visiting Fellowship by the United States Department of Justice based in Washington DC. She returned to the UK in April 2001 to become the first Director of the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. She is currently Head of the UCL Department of Security and Crime Science and Director of the new 7m EPSRCfunded Doctoral Training Centre in Security Science at UCL. Ian Loader is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow at All Souls College. He is author or co-author of six books, the latest being Public Criminology? (2010, Routledge, with R. Sparks) and his writings cover contemporary transformations in policing and security; the intersections between politics, criminology and crime control; and penal politics and culture. Ian was a member of the Commission on English Prisons Today from 2007 to 2009, and now chairs the Research Advisory Group of the Howard League for Penal Reform. He has, since 2006, been co-convener, with the Police Foundation, of the Oxford Policing Policy Forum. Ian is an Associate Fellow of IPPR and is a member of the Independent Commission into the Future of Policing. Peter K. Manning (PhD, Duke), is the Elmer V.H. and Eileen M. Brooks Chair in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northeastern University. He has been a Visiting Scholar at Goldsmiths College, the University of Surrey, a

18 Contributors xvii Fellow of Wolfson and Balliol College, Oxford, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Oxford. Andrew Millie is Professor of Criminology at Edge Hill University. He is interested in aspects of policing, philosophical criminology, urban criminalisation and anti-social behaviour. He is the author of Anti-Social Behaviour (Open University Press, 2009) and editor of the collection Securing Respect: Behavioural Expectations and Anti-Social Behaviour in the UK (2009, The Policy Press). Andrew has recently co-edited (with Karen Bullock) a special issue of the journal Criminology & Criminal Justice entitled Policing in a time of contraction and constraint: Re-imagining the role and function of contemporary policing. Aogán Mulcahy is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at University College Dublin. His main research interests are in the broad area of policing and social change, particularly the dynamics of the police reform process, the role of community within policing debates, and relations between the police and marginalised communities. Megan O Neill has recently moved to the University of Dundee. She was formerly a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Salford in the Centre for Social Research. Her work focuses broadly on issues of police culture, including its expression in partnership work, Neighbourhood Policing, with Police Community Support Officers, the private sector and in football policing. She has written extensively on police occupational culture and explored in particular attitudes towards and experiences of various minority groups within policing. Samuel Peterson is a doctoral student in the College of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. He received a BA in psychology and criminology from the University of Northern Iowa and an MS in Criminal Justice from the University of Cincinnati. He is currently a research associate in the Institute of Crime Science where he works on a number of violence reduction projects, including the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). His current research interests include programme evaluation, gang networks, and life-course criminology and the desistance process. Jason Roach is Reader in Crime and Policing and Director of the Crime and Policing Group, at the University of Huddersfield. Jason is a chartered psychologist who has previously worked in mental health services and as a crime analyst for the UK Home Office. Jason s current areas of research and publication include: criminal psychology, police decision making, violent crime and homicide, self-selection policing, crime prevention, and criminal investigative practice. Jason continues to act as an advisor to several police forces with regard to the investigation of serious crime and the reviewing of cold case homicides.

19 xviii Contributors Michael Rowe is Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University and Director of the Centre for Offenders and Offending. His research interests have embraced a wide range of issues in relation to racism, ethnicity and criminal justice, as well as in policing and desistance from crime. Mark Roycroft, now at the University of West London, was a Lecturer in Forensic and Crime Science at Stafford University. He received his doctorate at the University of Surrey on decision making in murder enquiries. He was formerly a police officer, reaching the rank of Detective Chief Inspector in the Metropolitan Police Service. He also had a secondment with the National Policing Improvement Agency. He has published a number of papers on the investigation of murder. Dan Silverstone has a BSc and PhD from the London School of Economics and is currently a Principal Lecturer and Head of Criminology at London Metropolitan University. His research expertise is in the areas of organised crime, drugs and night time economy and illegal firearms use. Marisa Silvestri is a Reader in Criminology and Head of the Crime and Criminal Justice Research Group at London South Bank University. Her research interests are focused on the broad areas of gender, policing and criminal justice. In particular she is interested in women in police leadership and the impacts of a gendered criminal justice system. In addition to various articles and reports, she is author of Women in Charge: Gender, Policing and Leadership (2002, Willan Press) and co-author (with C. Crowther-Dowey) of Gender and Crime (2008, Sage). David Alan Sklansky is Yosef Osheawich Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, where he teaches and writes about policing, criminal procedure and evidence law. David started his career as a federal prosecutor in Los Angeles. Peter Sproat is a Lecturer in Policing at the Hamilton Campus of the University of West of Scotland. He teaches modules on policing, transnational crime and international responses, and comparative criminal justice. His research interests include terrorism, counter-terrorist finance, money laundering, asset recovery and the policing of organised crime. Kevin Stenson is Visiting Professor at the Mannheim Centre for Criminology, the University of Kent and London Metropolitan University. His wide range of research has included studies of police stop and search, fear of crime, and community safety strategies. Clifford Stott is the Principal Research Fellow of the Security and Justice Research Group and a Visiting Professor to the Business School at the University of Leeds. His research focuses upon the underlying causes, psychology and management of

20 Contributors xix riots. In particular he is interested in the relationships between policing, group interaction, social identity, power and legitimacy in the development of collective conflict. He publishes extensively on these issues and advises governments and police forces internationally. Nick Tilley is a Professor in the Department of Security and Crime Science, where he is the Director of the UCL Security Science Research Training Centre. He is also Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Nottingham Trent University. He was seconded to the Home Office to undertake research there from He was an advisor to the Government Office for the East Midlands from 2003 to Steve Tong is the Director of Policing in the Department of Law & Criminal Justice at Canterbury Christ Church University. His research interests include police learning and development, professionalisation, criminal investigation, police practice and qualitative research. He has recently published articles in the Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, Police Journal, Police Practice & Research and International Journal of Police Science and Management and is joint author of Blackstone s Handbook for Policing (2013) and Understanding Criminal Investigation (Wiley & Sons, 2009). Louise Westmarland is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology with the Open University. She is currently conducting an extensive survey of police officers corrupt behaviour and beliefs about their actions and those of their colleagues. Recent publications include: Police ethics and integrity: breaking the blue code of silence, Policing and Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2005, pp , and Policing Integrity: Britain s Thin Blue Line in Klockars, C.B., Haberfeld, M. and Kutjnak Ivkovich, S. (2003) The Contours of Police Integrity, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. Dominic Wood is Head of the Department for Law & Criminal Justice Studies and the Chair of the Higher Education Forum for Learning and Development in Policing. His research interests include police education, police ethics and police governance and he has published articles in Police Journal, Police Practice & Research and International Journal of Police Science and Management. He has contributed to all eight editions of Blackstone s Handbook for Policing. In 2004 he was a Visiting Professor at Simon Fraser University in Canada.