University of Kent. South-South cooperation as a complement to. Latin American countries efforts for development. Johanna Pamela Rodríguez Guerra

Transcription

1 University of Kent South-South cooperation as a complement to Latin American countries efforts for development by Johanna Pamela Rodríguez Guerra (Student No ) A Dissertation Submitted to the Brussels School of International Studies of the Department of Politics and International Relations in the Faculty of Social Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in International Development Brussels, Monday 3 August 2015 i

2 ii

3 Dedication To God, who has been my guide and has blessed me all the time. To my parents, who have always believed in me and have provided me all their love and support during my life, allowing me to reach my personal and academic goals. i

4 Acknowledgement I wish to thank to the University of Kent, my dissertation supervisor and Professor Dr. Tugba Basaran, the University of Kent, my former professors and colleagues of the international cooperation world and my friends who contributed their time and insight to this project. Finally, I extend my gratitude to my family for their permanent support. ii

5 Table of Contents South-South cooperation as a complement to Latin American countries efforts for development Dedication... i Acknowledgement... ii Table of Contents... iii List of Tables and Figures...vi Acronyms... vii 1. Introduction Aims and objectives of the dissertation Methodology Difficulties Encountered during Research Theoretical Framework: South-South Cooperation The dual North-South and South-South paradigm Common points between North-South and South-South What is South-South cooperation? History of South-South cooperation Definition of South-South Cooperation Characteristics of South-South Cooperation Types of SSC Modalities Mechanisms of implementation The Relevance of Knowledge and Best Practices in SSC South-South cooperation in Latin America Latin America overview International cooperation in Latin America Latin American experience on SSC Characteristics of South-South cooperation in the region SSC and development in Latin America Strengths and Capacities in Latin American Countries South-South cooperation project implementation Sectorial analysis of interventions Cooperation flows iii

6 3.4.1 Cooperation flows of top providers and recipients Brazil Argentina El Salvador Bolivia Profile per diversification and specialization Brazil Argentina Cuba Ecuador Uruguay Latin American South-South cooperation in practice Multiple Case Study: Methodology and criteria for country and case study selection Country selection Case Study Selection Cases of Study on SSC Brazil Argentina Ecuador Cuba Remarks and Thoughts on South-South Cooperation Main findings Positive Remarks of SSC Negative Remarks of SSC Challenges for SSC in Latin America Conclusions Bibliography Appendices List of Appendices Annex A.1. Experiences of horizontal bilateral South-South cooperation Annex A.2. Cases of Study from the Task Team on South-South Cooperation Annex A.3. List of projects that are part of the 110 case stories of the Task Team on South-South cooperation Annex A.4. Results of the implementation of the HMB in Latin America until iv

7 Annex 5. Distribution of BHSSC projects provided and received, by country and role, Annex 6. Map of subregion s participation in bilateral HSSC projects, by role and provider, Annex 7. Map subregion s participation in Bilateral HSSC projects, by role and recipient, Annex 8. Distribution of Bilateral HSSC by dimension and by activity sector, Annex 9. Matrix of bilateral horizontal South-South Cooperation projects Annex 10. Matrix of bilateral horizontal South-South Cooperation actions Annex 11. Map of countries`share in cooperation projects, by role Annex 12. Map of countries color coding according to percentage of cooperation projects received in Annex 13. Profile of main provider`s capacities, by dimension and activity Annex 14. Brazil percentage of activity sector Annex 15. Argentina by dimension and activity sector Annex 16. Argentina percentage of the activity sectors Annex 17. Uruguay by dimension and activity sector Annex 18. Uruguay percentage of the activity sectors Annex 19. El Salvador by dimension and activity sector Annex 20. El Salvador percentage of the activity sectors Annex 21. Bolivia by dimension and activity sector Annex 22. Bolivia percentage of the activity sectors Annex 23. Ecuador by dimension and activity sector Annex 24. Ecuador percentage of the activity sectors Annex 25. Uruguay by dimension and activity sector Annex 26. Uruguay percentage of the activity sectors Annex 27. Cuba by dimension and activity sector Annex 28. Cuba percentage of the activity sectors Annex 29. List of middle income countries in Latin America Annex 30. Offering and receptor countries, projects and economic status of projects Annex 31. Offering and receptor countries, shared projects and economic status of them Annex 32. The Millenium Development goals v

8 List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1. Latin America and the Caribbean: gross domestic product. 14 Table 2. Criteria for country selection.. 25 Table 3. Criteria for case selection 28 Table 4. Final findings based on the selection criteria for case studies. 30 Figures Figure 1. Latin America: GDP growth rates, Figure 2. The Caribbean: GDP growth rates, Figure 3. Evolution of Bilateral Horizontal South-South Cooperation actions and projects 20 vi

9 Acronyms ABC AGCI ALBA AOD BHSSC DAC DC ECLAC ECOSOC FOAR GDP HMB IICA LA MDGs MPHE NSC ODA OECD OMS PAHO PNUD RHSSC SDG SEGIB SETECI SICA SSC UN UNDESA UNDP UNESCO UNOSSC WHO Agencia Brasileña de Cooperación Chilean Agency for International Cooperation Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo Bilateral Horizontal South-South Cooperation Development Assistance Committee Development Cooperation Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic and Social Council Fondo Argentino de Cooperación Internacional Gross Domestic Product human milk banks Inter-American Institute for cooperation on Agriculture Latin America Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador North-South cooperation Official Development Aid Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organización Mundial de la Salud Pan American Health Organization Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Regional Horizontal South-South Cooperation Sustainable Development Goals Ibero-American General Secretariat Ecuadorian Secretariat of International Cooperation Central American Integration System South-South cooperation United Nations United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Development Program United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation World Health Organization vii

10 1. Introduction In the field of international cooperation, new actors, paradigms and cooperation modalities have appeared in the last decades. As stated by Neissan Alessandro Besharati on his paper Common Goals and Differential Commitments, The Role of Emerging Economies in Global Development, the global community is now reassessing the roles, responsibilities and accountability of the various stakeholders involved in international development processes 1. Great efforts have been made by countries in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but the development process continues with new actors, more specific indicator-based targets, and different development models 2. The MDGs and the commitment of the countries to achieve them by 2015, created a sense of urgency towards the problems of the South 3. In fact, in order to define a new sustainable development agenda, complementary cooperation mechanisms are required in order to promote poverty and inequality reduction, and improve the living conditions of the population in the developing world. North-South cooperation (NSC) has been identified (by developed countries) as one of the main cooperation mechanisms that could face the challenges of the new development agenda related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, South-South cooperation (SSC) appears to be an option and a complementary mechanism to face the new challenges related to development. This research is focused on analyzing the South-South cooperation (SSC) as a complementary modality of international cooperation oriented to promote development in Latin American countries. The main argument of this analysis concerns the current debates in Latin America about the adequate mechanisms and instruments that would allow the region to fulfill its development 1 Besharatti, Neissan A. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments. the Role of Emerging Economies in Global Development." (accessed May 30, 4 2 Idem 3 Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean, 3 1

11 agenda alongside each state s national development plan. In this sense, South-South cooperation appears to be the cooperation mechanism that best adapts to the regional context. For this purpose two variables were selected, the independent variable consists of the type of cooperation (in this case South-South cooperation). The dependent variable refers to the development of Latin American countries. s mentioned, the research area is Latin America. In spite of the economic growth of the last years, this region still faces poverty and inequity. They are recipients of aid, but in a SSC scheme, they have the role of donors of cooperation. Latin American countries contribute to global development through their own poverty reduction efforts. However, as most of them are considered as middle income countries, aid flows to the region have been reduced. In this sense, Latin American countries have identified SSC as a cooperation mechanism that could be a complement to the traditional aid, and that would provide them the aid required under a horizontal scheme of solidarity, without conditionality, and adapted to their requirements. This mechanism has complemented the national efforts for achieving national development goals and the MDG, as it has demonstrated to have a great impact in the implementation of public policy in key areas for development, especially in the social and economic sector. As explained by the Uruguayan Cooperation Agency, SSC has been strategic for governments mainly because it is focused on priority areas that support the agenda for development and promote better public policy making and execution 4. As a result, best practices and pilot projects can be transferred and implemented through either SSC or triangular cooperation 5. In order to further benefit from the advantages of SSC, institutional capacities are required in the recipient country, in order to align the cooperation received to the objectives and national priorities of development 6. 4 Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur. Una Visión Desde Uruguay." (accessed May/7, 2015), 13 5 Ibid, 13 6 Ibid, 18 2

12 In fact, the research would aim to demonstrate through the analysis of SCC theoretical basis, as well as by analyzing case studies, the evidence that supports SSC as a fundamental part of national development strategies and foreign policies in Latin America. In addition, the analysis of specific SCC project implemented in Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, and Cuba are included as case studies oriented to analyze SSC as a complementary mechanism to national efforts oriented to promote development in Latin America. Chapter One is the introductory chapter that provides an overview of the contents and aims of this study. It also states de research question, methodology as well as the difficulties encountered during this research. Chapter Two summarizes the central aspects of the theoretical approach concerning South- South cooperation to provide a framework for the further analysis of the present study. In particular, it aims to demonstrate how this modality has been confronted to North-South cooperation (NSC). This is because Northern donors of aid seek to impose the same criteria for its contributions and evaluation procedures. The differences between NSC and SSC will be stated. This chapter will also explain the history, principles, modalities ant the relevance of SSC for the development agenda. It will highlight the relevance of knowledge sharing and technical assistance as the basis of this modality. The third chapter presents an analysis of the experience of SSC in Latin America, a region that has shown significant economic progress, but that still faces social problems, such as poverty and inequity. This chapter studies how SSC has been implemented in the region. This will be achieved by first analyzing the evolution of project implementation of the top providers and recipients of SSC. This chapter summarizes statistics regarding cooperation flows, and provides a country profile per diversification and specialization. This study will be the basis for identifying the countries and case studies to be analyzed in the next chapter. 3

13 It analyses how academia and practitioners in the region have been structuring not only a theoretical framework for SSC but also developing methodologies, as well as identifying best practices and lessons learned. The argumentation begins in Chapter Four where the theory is now applied to the analysis of how South-South Cooperation has been implemented in Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador and Cuba. It will further mention specific cases considered to be emblematic and which have demonstrated good results and a positive impact on national public policies, and contributing to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The case study analysis will try to demonstrate how these principles have been implemented and explain the country s experience during the process. It will also aim to identify the main criteria why these projects are considered to be emblematic and how they have been replicated in other countries. Chapter Five provides remarks and thoughts on SSC as a result of the findings identified in previous chapters, including positive and negative aspects of it, based on the theoretical framework, as well as on the practice of this modality in Latin America. The last chapter includes the conclusions and recommendations aiming to enhance the findings and restate the strong arguments obtained through the research developed. 1.2 Aims and objectives of the dissertation 1. One of the main objectives of this research is to prove that SSC is a cooperation mechanism that does not replace North-South cooperation but is complementary to it. It also aims at demonstrating how it provides Latin American countries with an innovative and effective option to achieve the development goals in the region. 2. Demonstrate the effectiveness of SSC as a complementary cooperation mechanism for developing countries 3. Study the implementation mechanisms of SSC in Latin America through case-studies 4. Identify positive and negative aspects of SSC 4

14 5. Identify the contribution of SSC to the sectorial public policy goals and to the development agenda of Latin American countries. 1.3 Methodology In order to prove the thesis argument, the author will use literature review about the topic, text analysis, and case study analysis. Through the study of the evolution of development cooperation, the author will identify the new actors, tendencies and challenges faced to achieve the development agenda. The author will study SSC theoretically and on the basis of an analysis of its implementation in Latin America. The information will be mainly gathered from the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), CEPAL, UN, OECD as well from papers, journals and other publications from the academia. International cooperation agencies will be an important source of information. The methodology used for this dissertation is qualitative. 1.4 Difficulties Encountered during Research The access to quality and updated information represented a great challenge for this research. There is lack of adequate registration and evaluation of SSC programs and projects. In this sense, information is not standardized and in some cases outdated. 2. Theoretical Framework: South-South Cooperation This Chapter explains the definition as well as the characteristics and key elements of South- South cooperation (SSC). The argument presented in this chapter exposes the dual Nor-South and South-South paradigm in order to establish that South-South Cooperation is a complement to North-South cooperation. It will include information about the definition of SSC, its modalities, mechanisms and types, and will end with an explanation of the rrelevance of knowledge and best practices. 5

15 2.1 The dual North-South and South-South paradigm Gerardo Bracho, in his paper The Challenge of the Emerging Economies to the Development Cooperation Agenda, states that the development cooperation paradigm classifies countries under the assumption that all countries seek development. On the basis of this approach, there are two groups of countries: developed countries (North), with the responsibility to offer aid; and developing countries (South), with the right to receive it. According to this geo-economic typology, all countries seek development and that, eventually, Southern recipients will graduate and become donors, until all countries reach development and the aid industry withers away. 7 The North-South / South-South cooperation has been in discussion, with one of the main critics of Northern countries being that South-South Cooperation (SSC) is based not on a rights / responsibilities framework but on a contrasting one of free will and solidarity. 8 It must be pointed out that, from a Southern perspective, these countries consider that the monitoring and evaluation mechanism from traditional donors are not appropriate to evaluate its cooperation. 9 In practice, this means that there are no standards for evaluating the impact and results of SSC interventions. From a Southern perspective, these countries avoid using the term aid ; instead, they use the word cooperation. They are also opposed to identifying themselves as donors, as they consider other countries and themselves as partners. SSC is based on solidarity, as emerging donors provide what they have (big or small contributions) on a voluntary and friendly basis as these countries still have their own economic and social problems, such as poverty. In fact, it would not be fair to expect southern countries to contribute as much as traditional donors Neissan B. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, 4 8 Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers. the Challenge of the Emerging Economies to the Development Cooperation Agenda." (accessed June/20, Neissan B. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, 2 10 Ibid, 40 6

16 2.1.1 Common points between North-South and South-South Traditional aid has relevant experience that should be valued by Southern countries as it has been implemented for decades. It is therefore important to identify relevant evidence of its best practices and methodologies that could be used and adapted to SSC. Authors such as Gerardo Bracho state that North-South Cooperation (NSC) and South-South Cooperation (SSC): converge for example in beliefs such as national ownership and that development assistance should be aligned to the priorities of recipient countries; in the idea of inclusiveness and multi-stakeholder participation; the importance of capacity development; and in the principle of transparency and mutual accountability. 11 However, this statement has been criticized by Southern countries as, in practice, North-South Cooperation interventions do not always focus neither on country priorities nor in building institutional capacities in the recipient countries. Particular attention is paid to the fact that, aid donors could not have a double role at the same time, as from the NSC perspective, recipient countries eventually graduate, achieve development and join the donor community 12 This seems to be contradictory for Northern countries as large Southern donors do not fit this logic: they have become (or are on track to becoming) important donors in practice: without having graduated, without losing their right to ODA, without leaving the South behind. 13 In this sense, these countries have a particular profile: donors and recipients of aid, but still facing development problems, which make these countries to be considered a kind of third official actor in the cooperation world What is South-South cooperation? History of South-South cooperation The basis of SSC relies on the alliances founded during the cold war by newly independent states in Asia and Africa, and followed and supported by Latin American countries. All these 11 Ibid, Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers Ibid, Ibid, 12 7

17 Southern countries came together in Bandung in 1955 to set out an agenda that was the first step of further cooperation. 15 In 1964 it started a formal institutionalization of SSC with the establishment of the United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) by the Group of 77 in 1964 that focused on technical and economic cooperation. However, the most relevant event in the history of SSC took place in Argentina in 1978 in the framework of the UN Conference on Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) were the Buenos Aires Action Plan (BAPA) was defined. This document produced more specific terms of reference, policy guidelines and procedures for technical cooperation among developing countries. 16 Additionally, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) established a special unit for SSC in Since then, SSC has been part of development fora discussions and conferences (such as in Accra), and has started to be institutionalized by international organizations Definition of South-South Cooperation An approach to a definition of SSC is provided by the United Nations: South-South cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration among countries of the South in the political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and technical domains. Involving two or more developing countries, it can take place on a bilateral, regional, subregional or interregional basis. Developing countries share knowledge, skills, expertise and resources to meet their development goals through concerted efforts. Recent developments in South-South cooperation have taken the form of increased volume of South-South trade, South-South flows of foreign direct investment, movements towards regional integration, technology transfers, sharing of solutions and experts, and other forms of exchanges Neissan B. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation. What is South-South cooperation?. < 8

18 The United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation states that the South-South cooperation agenda and South-South cooperation initiatives must be determined by the countries of the South, guided by the following principles 20 : respect for national sovereignty, national ownership and independence, equality, non-conditionality, non-interference in domestic affairs and mutual benefit. Additional principles and characteristics of this modality are: solidarity, contribution to the countries well-being and horizontal position in the relationship. 21 According to Javier Surasky, SSC is a politically motivated process of reciprocal and equitable exchange of capabilities accomplished between Southern actors that associate with each other with the aim of promoting strategies that make possible the expression of their own discourses of power, the knowledge, and its presence in the international stage. 22 SSC is usually implemented through technical assistance, providing training courses, exchange of experts, seminars, consultancies and counselling. As a result, personal and institutional capacities are reinforced and institutions are strengthened. In the same way, knowledge is transferred. It also enhances the execution of public policies providing support on areas such as education, health, infrastructure, with a high impact on the social and economic development of recipient countries Characteristics of South-South Cooperation The distinctive characteristics of SSC are: the equality in the relations, respect to sovereignty, self-sufficiency; complementary to traditional cooperation; and that it has a political character. Additional characteristics are that it tends to be driven not by charity but by mutual economic and commercial linkages, including access to dwindling natural resources. It also has a greater 20 Ibid 21 Ibid 22 Surasky, Javier. "Estado y Cooperación Sur-Sur: Una Proyección Decolonial." (accessed July/17, 2015), 10 9

19 emphasis on technical cooperation and knowledge transfer than conditionality-based project, programme or budget support 23. On the other hand, Antonio Sanahuja also provides relevant characteristics of this modality 24 : - More developmental: detached from the selfish political, economic or strategic interests of developed countries - Fair: self-determination and solidarity, focused on social justice and free of hidden governmental agendas - Horizontal: based on a relationship of equals, without the power asymmetries and conditionality of traditional cooperation - More effective: based on more cost-effective instruments and resources, and better adapted to the contexts and development requirements of beneficiary countries. Authors such as Lengyel and Malacalza highlight that, in the case of Latin America, these countries believe that Official Development Aid (ODA) is different from SSC, considering that technical cooperation (or knowledge-sharing, as it is now commonly framed) is an exclusive or typical instrument of the South and/or that in a Southern context, its operational mechanism and/or its impact is substantially different Types of SSC Modalities The Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), as well as Bernabé Malacalza, identify five modalities of SSC 26 : - Bilateral South-South: is a government-to-government cooperation among developing countries. 23 Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean, 5 24 Ibid, Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers. the Challenge of the Emerging Economies to the Development Cooperation Agenda." (accessed June/20, Lengyel, Miguel and Bernabé Malacalza. "What do we Talk when we Talk about South-South Cooperation?, the Construction of a Concept from Empirical Basis." Joint Conference IPSA-EPCR, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Whatever Happened to North-South?, February 16 to 19, 2011, 2011, 9 10

20 - Triangular North-South-South: cooperation between a developed country that serves as financial supporter and two developing countries (a second donor and a recipient country). - Triangular South-South-South: is produced by three developing countries (a Southern financial supporter, a Southern second donor and a recipient country). - Triangular Multilateral-South-South: cooperation between a multilateral organization which serves as financial supporter and two developing countries (a Southern second donor and a recipient country). - Regional South-South: cooperation produced by a regional organization formed by developing countries Mechanisms of implementation When examining the implementation mechanisms, it is relevant to mention that this modality often consists of technical assistance on a project level, and at times it is implemented in the form of cost-sharing schemes. South-South cooperation is not limited to aid ( ) since it includes other types of financial flows and cooperation. 28 It is a demand-driven cooperation as it is not predefined and not linked to conditionalities. In contrast to NSC, this modality is based on independence and self-reliance. This means that each country can lead its own development process by defining its own policies and prioritizing the areas and kind of assistance they need and would like to receive. 29 In the case of Latin America, SSC programs are negotiated under the framework of bilateral cooperation agreements. SSC projects include training courses, the exchange of professionals, conferences, exchange of information and methodology, and are included as part of the activities of the project, considering knowledge exchange and institutional strengthen as key elements. 27 Lengyel, Miguel and Bernabé Malacalza. "What do we Talk when we Talk about South-South Cooperation?, 9 28 Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism,11 29 Neissan B. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, 19 11

21 2.3 The Relevance of Knowledge and Best Practices in SSC Antonio Sanahuja is quite the critic when it comes to best practices. From his standpoint, the term seems to have weakened to mean little more than a good idea. Initially, however, it stood for the process of extracting useful knowledge from success cases in order to apply this new acquired knowledge to new situations. 30 The author also highlights its relevance as best practices would offer a good way of controlling risks and increase the chances of achieving positive outcomes in increasingly complex environments ( ) by simply using what experience has proven to work 31. The Chilean Agency for International Cooperation (AGCI) provides a more accurate definition of best practice: A best practice is a set of practical actions applied in a given context as defined by an explicit need, determined in a consensual and participatory way; and that have had a positive impact in the reality intervened efficiently, which has allowed that its results are sustainable over time, so that procedures can be transferable to other contexts. 32 The process of diffusion and adoption of innovations comprises: acquisition of knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation. 33 These processes, according to Sanahuja, are based on identifying, documenting and communicating best practices. 34 On the other hand, Neissan Alessandro Besharati, on his paper Common Goals and Differential Commitments, The Role of Emerging Economies in Global Development, criticizes Southern countries perspective of documenting good practices: When assessing processes, quality and effectiveness of SSC, it is necessary to have clear criteria and norms of good practices against which development assistance from different partners can be measured. Southern providers generally do not agree with the standards and criteria developed by the OECD-DAC, which they find difficult to report against and they do not find appropriate for judging their unique type of cooperation. But, at the same time, there are no internationally agreed norms and parameters for SSC. Such norms and parameters would be required if any type of 30 Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism, Idem,13 32 AGCI. Buenas Prácticas En Cooperación Sur-Sur Triangular De Chile: Criterios y Metodologías De Selección De Casos. Documento De Trabajo no. 3. Santiago: 2012,28 33 Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism,13 34 Idem

22 quality and effectiveness assessment of the development interventions of Southern providers is to be carried out. 35 The generation of knowledge has demonstrated to be a useful tool particularly in the development field. Today, international organizations, development organizations and States have developed their own methodologies and know the importance of collecting, documenting and sharing best practices. 36 Latin American countries are aware of the relevance of registering SSC interventions and systematizing best practices. In this sense, important efforts have been put into practice through national institutions, cooperation agencies, and in particular through the South-South cooperation program of the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). At the international level, the United Nations through the UN Office for South-South cooperation, as well as the Task Team on South-South cooperation 37 (an initiative of the OECD) have also provided important support in registering and ensuring visibility to the practice and implementation of SSC projects in the region. This chapter first provided a conceptual framework of South-South cooperation that will be the basis for the discussion in next chapter. In a next section, the principles and characteristics of SSC will be adapted to the practice of this modality in Latin America. Theory on SSC will be used as reference in order to identify the main criteria for the selection of countries and case studies in chapter South-South cooperation in Latin America This Chapter explains the Latin American experience on SSC. The argument presented in this chapter exposes the implementation of projects in the region according number of interventions, sectorial impact, diversification and specialization in order to establish this part of the argument: that SSC in Latin America has had an impact on public policy and 35 Neissan B. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism,13 37 The Task Team on South-South Cooperation (TT-SSC) is a Southern-led platform hosted at the OECD-DAC Working Party on Aid Effectiveness. See additional information at: 13

23 development plans. This analysis will also provide the criteria for the selection of countries that would be the base for the identification of case studies in chapter Latin America overview Latin America is facing new economic, social and political challenges. Regarding the economic activity, according to ECLAC, in 2014, The GDP of the Latin American and Caribbean region grew by 1.1% and the median GDP growth rate for the region was 2.8%. 38 Even though the region showed a relevant growth from 2005 to 2008, since 2013 its GDP has been decreasing, as stated in Table 1. Table 1 Latin America and the Caribbean: gross domestic product (Annual growth rates) Source: Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, 2014, 54 There are relevant differences in growth rates from one country to another, particularly due to the size of the economies. It is therefore important to examine each country s growth individually, as detailed in the following figures. 38 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, 2014, 17 14

24 Figure 1 Latin America: GDP growth rates, 2014 Source: Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, 2014, 18 Figure 2 The Caribbean: GDP growth rates, 2014 Source: Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, 2014, 18 15

25 In order to promote development and growth in the region, and face the new challenges of the XXI century in the economy and development area, the ECLAC proposes that: Regional integration processes can help to boost aggregate demand through trade integration. They can boost productivity and competitiveness through value chains and the integration of production and infrastructure. And, through financial integration, regional cooperation builds capacity to withstand external shocks International cooperation in Latin America Historically, Latin America has been an aid beneficiary, but the amount of aid has decreased considerably during the last decades. Gino Pauselli explains the changes in Official Development aid (ODA) 40, as in 2011 Latin America received 6.7% of global ODA, a substantive decrease from 2000, when the region received 10.4% of global ODA. 41 North-South cooperation has now concentrated its resources and efforts on extreme poverty reduction in regions with fewer resources such as Africa and Asia. 42 International cooperation donors (such as Northern countries and international organizations) have reduced and even eliminated aid towards middle income countries. Something worth considering, as pointed out by the Uruguayan Cooperation Agency, is that over 70% of the poor live in middle income countries. 43 Considered to be middle income countries by World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 44 standards, the reduction of ODA to Latin American countries represented a new challenge for the region, compelled to find complementary mechanisms to achieve its cooperation requirements, some of the countries of the region are 39 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, 2014,, For a complete definition of ODA, see: 41 Pauselli, Gino. "La Cooperación Sur-Sur En América Latina: Explicaciones Teóricas Desde Las Relaciones Internacionales." Argentina, july 2013, 2 42 Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur, Ibid, The list and criteria on the World Bank classification are available at 16

26 having a dual role regarding international cooperation: they have become both recipients of ODA and donors of SSC. 3.2 Latin American experience on SSC As mentioned on Chapter 2, SSC is a complement to North-South cooperation. The Position Paper on South-South Cooperation of Nineteen Ibero-American Countries in the Framework of International Development Cooperation supports this argument: SSC is not a substitute for traditional North-South cooperation, nor is it a subsidiary or instrument of the latter; it is valuable in and of itself and gains greater importance when combined with other modalities. The two modalities are fully compatible and the collective aspiration is to leverage the strengths offered by diversity in development partners to better promote coordination and collaboration between them while attempting to achieve the best results in the most efficient and inclusive manner Characteristics of South-South cooperation in the region The Report on International Cooperation for the development of the South, published by the Uruguayan Cooperation Agency makes an accurate description of how the concept of SSC is understood and applied by Latin American countries: Latin American countries agree to apply the principles and historical values of SSC such as: solidarity, horizontality, respect to sovereignty, non-interference and no conditionality. The praxis has shown that horizontality is based on the principles of equity (shared costs and mutual benefits), consensus in the negotiations, economy, flexibility and adaptability to the local context. In summary, SSC promotes the construction of long term horizontal partnerships between countries with common and similar challenges. 46 However, the evidence suggests that, even though the countries base their interventions considering the principle of horizontality, in practice it is difficult to ignore the strong asymmetries of power within the region and to consider as horizontal or egalitarian the 45 Programa Iberoamericano para el fortalecimiento de la Cooperación Sur-Sur, Posición sobre la Cooperación Sur- Sur en el Marco de la Cooperación Internacional para el desarrollo de diecinueve países iberoamericanos. SEGIB. 2012, 3 46 Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur,

27 relationship between, for instance, Brazil and Bolivia or Haiti 47 as well as the interaction with some Caribbean countries SSC and development in Latin America In an extensive examination of SSC in Latin American, the Uruguayan Agency of International Cooperation AUCI explains that SSC is oriented towards development results that improve the life conditions of people, according (to) the necessities and priorities identified by Southern countries themselves. 48 In other words, development cannot be achieved using a one-size fits all standardized formula Strengths and Capacities in Latin American Countries Authors such as Ethel Abarca Amador emphasize the strengths of the region, developed through years of own domestic efforts, as well as a result of international cooperation 50. As a result, some countries have demonstrated strong capacities on health, education, infrastructure, environmental issues, tourism, and human rights, among others. 51 In support of this, the author mentions that the progress achieved are being well used by governments in order to implement cooperation programs that can be offered to other partner countries. Abarca also mentions that this type of cooperation has also been the basis for the creation of cooperation agencies in the region such as the Argentinian Fund for International Cooperation (FOAR); the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC); the Chilean Agency for International Cooperation (AGCI); the Colombian Cooperation Agency, and the Mexican Institute of International Cooperation (IMEXI) Sanahuya Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur, Ibid, (Amador, Abarca Ethel. "El Nuevo Rostro De La Cooperación Técnica Entre Países En Desarrollo (CTPD) y Las Nuevas Tendencias Internacionales." Ciencias Sociales 94, (2001):, Amador, Abarca Ethel. "El Nuevo Rostro De La Cooperación Técnica Entre Países En Desarrollo (CTPD) y Las Nuevas Tendencias Internacionales." Ciencias Sociales 94, (2001), Ibid, 14 18

28 3.3 South-South cooperation project implementation The Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America, published on an annual basis since 2007 by the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), provides an extent overview of the dynamics and performance of the three forms of South-South Cooperation recognized in the region: Bilateral Horizontal South-South, Triangular South-South, and Regional Horizontal South-South Cooperation. 53 This report is based on the information provided by the Cooperation Agencies and government offices in charge of coordinating SSC. It also provides innovative methodologies, concepts and information, and has contributed to a better understanding of SSC, as well as enhanced its implementation and evaluation. The SEGIB and its Program on South-South Cooperation have contributed to the debate on the topic and have become a forum for debate and reflection for Latin American countries in order to construct their own cooperation model, promoting its visibility and building common positions before international forums. 54 According to the 2015 Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America, during 2013 nineteen Latin American countries executed 576 projects and 399 actions under Bilateral Horizontal South-South Cooperation 55. The document highlights the role of the top 5 SSC providers, Brazil (166 projects) and Argentina (140 projects) withstanding more than half of the total projects combined, while Mexico, Chile and Uruguay, were accounted for around 30.9% of the total (coming up to an estimate of 10% each). 56 The remaining country donors, including Cuba (34 projects) and Colombia (30 projects); and Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru and Venezuela (between 1 and 12 projects) were responsible for 53 Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." (accessed July/28, 6 54 SEGIB, 7 55 View Appendix, Annex View Appendix, Annex 9 and

29 16% of the cooperation total. Countries that did not executed projects as donors were Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. 57 Annex A.1, Annex A.2 and Annex A.3 in the appendix indicate the distribution of SSC per country and subregion s according to its role as providers or recipients. Figure 3 Evolution of Bilateral Horizontal South-South Cooperation actions and projects 58 Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28), Sectorial analysis of interventions The sectors classification applied for this analysis is the one applied by the SEGIB, which is a variant of the one created by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) adapted to the region. 59 The classification applied in Ibero-America to activity sectors distinguishes a total of 27 sectors, grouped around the following dimensions 60 : a) Social: including health and education 57 SEGIB. "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica,, Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." (accessed July/28, See the complete list of sectors in the Appendix, Annex 8 60 See the complete list of sectors in the Appendix, Annex 9 20

30 b) Economic: including agriculture c) Institutional strengthening d) Environment e) Other multisectoral Social capacities, in particular in the Health sector, are considered as the main areas of intervention of SSC. The SEGIB 2015 report on SSC shows statistics on sectorial impact. In this sense, 35% of the projects is focused on the social sector; economic projects (including productive sectors such as agriculture) represents 29% of the projects, while initiatives geared towards strengthening Public Policies and Administration, Legal and Judicial Development, Public and National Security, and Human Rights were in third place. 61 The 2015 Report on SSC published by the SEGIB provides additional information about the type of health projects being carried out. In this regard, the main areas of intervention were: institutional aspects of the system, drugs and medicines, institutional strengthening (National Institutes, ministries, networks of city authorities, health communities), management and health care improvement, quality control, accreditation and pre- and post-authorization of medicines. 62 Additionally, there were emblematic projects carried forward to improve the health of two priority groups (mothers and children), through support for breastfeeding (in particular, Human Milk Banks) and nutrition programs, as well as projects to reduce maternal and infant morbidity. 63 When analyzing the health sector, it is important to point out that, on the one hand, there is a high level of specialization by country providers which have accumulated valuable experience and good practices in the field; and, on the other hand, there is a high demand coming from the less developed countries as it is considered to be one of the priority sectors by most. SSC projects in this sector are in line with objectives 4, 5 and 6 of the Millennium Development 61 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica. Madrid: SEGIB, Ibid,63 63 Ibid, 63 21

31 Goals (MDGs) 64. Brazil has been a great contributor on this sector, which will be studied in chapter 4. Regarding the economic sector, taking 53% of the total projects, agriculture is an activity that is of an utmost significance. 65 On the other hand, a main recurring theme in social policies and services was the strengthening of social inclusion, in particular, of the most vulnerable groups, i.e. children, young adults and the elderly, and people with disabilities. 66 Ecuador has demonstrated in the last years a leadership in dealing with projects related to disabilities. It must be pointed out that countries such as Brazil have demonstrated special strengths on the health sector, as it will be shown on chapter Cooperation flows Cooperation flows of top providers and recipients This section explores the cooperation flows between the top providers (Brazil and Argentina) 67 and the top recipient countries (El Salvador and Bolivia) 68 in Brazil With 166 projects executed in 2013, Brazil leads the list of providers and has demonstrated higher diversification in its interventions. It has provided cooperation to all the countries that are part of the SEGIB analysis Argentina With 140 projects, it has cooperated with 15 potential partners El Salvador As a recipient country El Salvador carried out 80 projects with Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay as main cooperation providers in From a sectorial perspective, below a summary of the 64 United Nations Develpment Programme. "Millennium Development Goals." United Nations Develpment Programme. (accessed July/15 65 Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica, Ibid, Ibid, Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica. Madrid: SEGIB, 2015., Ibid Ibid, 60 22

32 main projects per area, according the 2015 SEGIB report on SSC 72 : 37% projects on capacity building, 17,5% other social services and policies, 10 % on health projects, 5% on education, and 5% on water supply. The report also highlights the relevance of projects focused on strengthening the social protection system, social inclusion policies, promotion on nutrition and support for the implementation of public health institutions (in countries where there is none?) 73 as health plays a crucial role in public policy building Bolivia Bolivia shows a highly concentrated distribution of recipients (7 countries), where three of them (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) represent around 80% of the total number of projects. These findings are based on the Report on SSC published by the SEGIB Profile per diversification and specialization When it comes to sectorial diversification, countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Colombia are the leaders, according to SEGIB Brazil The SEGIB report on SSC 2015 has documented that Brazil has demonstrated a socioeconomic profile with strong capabilities on the following sectors: Social (31.9%), productive (30.1%), economic capacities (43.4%), institutional strengthening (16.9%), and infrastructure and economic services (13.3%). 77 On the other side, countries such as Cuba and Argentina have shown a high degree of specialization Ibid, Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid, 68 23

33 Argentina As Brazil, Argentina has been focused on the social and economic sectors, as 75% of the projects are focused on this area. In fact, agricultural projects lead the sectorial interventions with 22,1% of the projects. 79 Argentina has a wide experience in Agriculture and various Industrial sectors. In this sense, projects related to livestock farming, such as Pro-Huerta, are amongst the most successful agricultural programs in the region. Further studies on this project are detailed in chapter Cuba This Caribbean country has demonstrated strong capacities in the social sector with 91.2% of projects being carried out in this area 80, especially health and education. As stated on the 2015 SSC Report by SEGIB, Cuba was biased towards Education (61.8% of projects), in particular, its widely acknowledged literacy and mainstream education programs 81, such as Yo sí puedo, which will be studied in chapter 4. On the other side, amongst recipient countries, Ecuador and Uruguay are in third and fourth place Ecuador From a recipient standpoint, Ecuador s projects focused on the social sector, from where health registered (21.3%) of the projects in Uruguay Uruguay s projects in 2013 focused on agriculture (15,6%) and health (13,3%) 84. Health projects included social policies, especially on disability. This case will be analyzed in chapter 4. The following chapter now turns to an examination of case studies in Latin America and the argument made here will be picked up in chapter 5 that analyses the main thoughts on SSC. 79 Ibid Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid,

34 4. Latin American South-South cooperation in practice The first section explains the method of selection of these four case studies. The next point explores these cases in the light of the factors and criteria identified as applicable to SSC projects. This dissertation considers the experience of Latin America in South-South Cooperation, and to what extent it has contributed to the development agenda of the countries in the region. Through the analysis of the experience of representative countries, and further review of an emblematic cooperation case-study, it aims to demonstrate the positive contribution to SSC practice and to the development of the region. In order to support this statement, this section explores the experience of 4 countries: Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador and Cuba. Having identified one of the most representative SSC projects carried out by each of these countries it will be highlighted that the positive impact on national public policies has contributed to the development of each country Multiple Case Study: Methodology and criteria for country and case study selection Country selection The main criteria considered for the country selection is analyzed below. Table 2 Criteria for country selection Cooperation flows of top providers Degree of specialization Specialization from a donor s perspective Specialization from a recipient s perspective Geographical criteria Cooperation flows of top providers Source & Elaboration: The author 25

35 a) Cooperation flows of top providers Top SSC providers: 85 - Brazil: 166 projects executed - Argentina: 140 projects executed One of the country selection criteria is based on cooperation flows where Brazil and Argentina contend as top SSC providers in This selection will provide an overview of the most experienced countries in the practice of SSC. b) Degree of specialization The 2015 Report on SSC states that Argentina and Cuba have shown high degree of specialization. 87 c) Specialization from a donor s perspective Argentina has shown a disposition towards socio-economic projects, 75% of which are focused in this field 88 (agricultural projects taking the lead at 22,1%). However, Cuba, it is more prone to social projects (with 91,2%), education being by far the most important at 61,8% of the total. 89 d) Specialization from a recipient s perspective As stated in the 2015 Report on SSC, El Salvador and Bolivia are considered to be the mayor recipients (coming at first and second place respectively). 90 e) Geographical criteria For the selection of the case-studies, the present study considers two main geographical subregions: - North, Central America and the Caribbean 91 : represented by Cuba 85 SEGIB, Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica. Madrid: SEGIB, 2015., Ibid, ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, 76 26

36 - South America: considering Brazil, Argentina and Ecuador Meanwhile, Ecuador and Uruguay (third and fourth place in the recipient countries list) have particularly demonstrated a high level of specialization. 92 Due to its level of specialization, Ecuador has been selected for the present analysis. Even when these countries have a double role as SSC donors and recipients, for this study they are examined on their role as donors. It is important to mention that while Ecuador does not have the track record of cooperation of Brazil, Argentina or Cuba, and its economy does not compare to the macroeconomic results of the latter, it has been selected for its importance as an example of how minor economies in the region have become donors of cooperation despite their economic and technical limitations Case Study Selection In order to select the cases to be studied, a theoretical review on case study and best practices selection of Latin American SSC projects has been done. Lengyel and Malacalza 93 have developed a methodology for SSC country and case study analysis. Additionally, PNUD and the Chilean International Cooperation Agency (AGCl) have created a methodology of case study selection 94 applicable to the study of SSC projects. The Ibero American Program on South- South cooperation proposes a methodology for SSC experiences systematization as well these methodologies will be used as a reference in order to identify the main criteria used for the case-study selection. These methodologies will be used as a reference in order to identify the main criteria that will be used to select the cases of study. 91 As this study focuses on Latin America, the only North American country that is part of this study is Mexico. 92 SEGIB, Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica, On the paper What do we talk when we talk about South-South Cooperation?, The construction of a concept from empirical basis, Miguel Lengyel and Bernabé Malacalza, the authors propose a country selection methodology, based on the principles and definition on SSC, that will be used as a reference for this study. This methodology will be complemented and improved in this dissertation by additional criteria to improve the selection for country and case of study, and achieve the objectives of this study. 94 (AGCI. Buenas Prácticas En Cooperación Sur-Sur Triangular De Chile, 31 27

37 Table 3 Criteria for case selection Modality: Bilateral and Triangular SSC through technical assistance Compliance to SSC principles Type of donor Sectorial profile: Socio-economical sector Relevance of the project: for the donor and recipient country Contribution to a public policy and or to the national development plan Contribution to the MDG s Positive results and impact Sustainability Replicability Scope Information availability Elaboration: The author a) Modality: Bilateral and Triangular SSC will be the criteria of selection. Compliance to SSC principles: The projects analysed comply with the following principles, previously stated in Chapter 2. b) Type of donor: For this analysis, the country experience on offering SSC will be evaluated. In this case 3 countries have a tradition of decades of providing SSC, that is the case of Brazil, Argentina and Cuba, while Ecuador has a shorter experience in this field. Sectorial Analysis: The Ibero-American activity sectors classification will be considered as a basis for this study: a) Social: including health and education 28

38 b) Economic: including agriculture c) Institutional strengthening d) Environment e) Other multisectoral According to the 2015 Report on SSC, social and economic projects represented more of the half of the projects. In fact, 35% of the projects focused on the social sector while 29% of the projects were implemented in the economic projects (including productive sectors such as agriculture). 95 For this reason the projects selected are of a social and economic nature. c) Relevance of the project 1.From the donor s point of view The project should have been implemented in the donor country successfully with a high impact on public policy and on the national development plan. It should be considered as an emblematic project. 2. From the recipient s point of view The project should demonstrate impact on the public policy, national development plan and beneficiary population. d) Contribution to a public policy and or to the national development plan: The projects should demonstrate how they have complemented the national efforts towards the achievement of the national development plan or the implementation of an specific public policy in the sector of intervention. e) Contribution to the MDG s Information availability: As previously stated, one of the main obstacles and weaknesses of South-South Cooperation is the lack of information, reports and registration of the experiences. This issue has represented a considerable obstacle in the development of this 95 Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015,

39 study, making information availability one of the main criteria considered for both country and case-study selection. f) Positive results and impact: There is evidence of the benefits to the beneficiaries after the implementation of the project. g) Sustainability: Analyze if the project will keep on working without the donor. It also evaluates building and institutional strengthening in the recipient country. h) Replicability: It determines if the project has been implemented in more than one country. i) Scope: Number of countries where the initial project has been implemented. j) Information availability: This is one of the problems that this research has faced, as this has been identified as one of the main issues in SSC. In fact, this criteria has been considered as relevant for the case study selection. The information collected for the matrix of criteria selection as well as the information of the case studies allow an analysis on the empirical level of SSC. This list of criteria includes the main characteristics considered relevant for this study. While it does not include all the SSC donors it provides an overview of the implementation of the main projects in the region. The final findings based on the selection criteria for case studies are illustrated in Table 4. Table 4 Final findings based on the selection criteria for case studies Criteria for case study selection Modality Bilateral SSC - Technical assistance Projects from partner countries in the role of "donors" BRAZIL ARGENTINA ECUADOR CUBA Bilateral SSC - Bilateral SSC - Technical Technical assistance assistance 30 Bilateral SSC - Technical assistance Compliance to SSC principles High High High High Sectorial profile Socioeconomicaeconomicaeconomical Socio- Socio- Socioeconomical Relevance High High High High Contribution to a public policy / High High High High national development plan Contribution to the MDG s High High High High Positive results High High High High

40 Impact High High High High Sustainability High High High High Replicability potential High High High High Scope High High High High Information availability High High High High Elaboration: The author Annex 1, Annex 2 and Annex 3 in the Appendix include the list of projects that was analyzed and used as a reference basis in order to identify the case studies that meet the criteria defined in the case selection methodology. 4.2 Cases of Study on SSC One project per country has been identified. The projects selected are considered as representative and emblematic to these countries due to: the impact, results and replicability, among the main criteria. For this analysis, information was collected from the annual reports of the SEGIB on SSC, as well as information published by the cooperation agencies of the countries involved in the study. Complementary bibliography was consulted from the national institutions that executed the projects, as well as from journal articles and academic papers on the topic Brazil South-South Cooperation strategy of Brazil Brazil has a long tradition in SSC with over 40 years in this field. South-South Cooperation in Brazil is implemented by the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC). Its creation in 1987 gave an important boost to its international cooperation strategy. 96 Brazil s interventions are based on both its foreign policy and the national development priorities, defined in sectorial plans and programmes 97 of the beneficiary countries and has an SSC strategy focused on 96 LENGYEL, M. & MALACALZA, B. (2010. " De Qué Hablamos Cuando Hablamos De Cooperación Sur Sur?, (57) ABC 31

41 institutional strengthening which aims to share successes and best practices in the areas demanded by the partner countries. 98 Brazilian cooperation follows the principles of SSC as its technical cooperation is based on solidarity and responsibility. Non-profit and unlinked from business interests; it aims to implement projects that are effective in promoting social and economic development, looking to benefit all parties involved in the cooperation process. 99 Its scope of action is not limited to Latin America and the Caribbean as it also provides SSC to Africa, Asia (East Timor, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan), the Middle East (Lebanon and the Palestinian territories) and the Pacific. 100 The main areas of action of Brazil are: agriculture, health, education, environment, information technology, urban development, biofuel, air transport, tourism, as well as human rights and trade. 101 As stated in chapter 3, Brazil has been the main country responsible for cooperation projects in Latin America. In fact, health and agricultural sectors have been the most relevant topics for Brazilian technical cooperation towards the region. 102 Brazilian cooperation has been critizised by authors as Gino Pauselli, as it has been considered as an important international foreign mechanism that aims to ensure a commercial presence in the beneficiary countries. 103 The Brazilian Network of Human Milk Banks: A Model for South-South Cooperation This case aims to study the promotion of breastfeeding in hospitals and communities through the implementation of the human milk banks (HMB) in Ecuador, Honduras and Guatemala with the support of Brazil ABC "South-South Cooperation.", ABC. (accessed June/12, 2015). 99 "South-South Cooperation." ABC. (accessed June/12, 2015). 100 Ibid 101 Ibid 102 Artible by Leticia Pinheiro and Gabrieli Gaio Cooperation for Development, Brazilian Regional Leadership and Global Protagonism, Volume 8, Number 2, Braziian Political Science Review BPSR, A Journal of the BrZILIAN Political Science Association, Pauselli, Gino. "La Cooperación Sur-Sur En América Latina, Task Team on South-South Cooperation. "Apoyo a La Red Iberoamericana De Bancos De Leche Humana (BLH)." (accessed June/10, 2015). 32

42 In summary, as stated on the Task Team systematized projects bank, below an explanation of the main objective of this project: Milk banks enable working woman to provide babies with the best nutrition and the most affordable one. Hence, they make it easier for families to thrive preventing them from diverting important income to less beneficial foods. Milk banks have developed as research has provided better understanding of the benefits of breast milk and the preservation of breast milk. Milk banks benefit babies in outpatient and inpatient clinics when either the baby or the mother are unavailable for regular breastfeeding. 105 This project is based on the Brazilian experience on the implementation of milk banks and was implemented with the coordination of the local government, international cooperation agencies, health ministers and other complementary governmental institutions and instances mainly in the healthcare sector. It aims to reduce infant mortality which is part of the priorities of public health policies in the beneficiary countries. Furthermore, it contributes to the achievement of objective 4 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on Reducing Child Mortality. 106 The contribution of this project is also reflected in the support of the creation of public policy in the healthcare sector by providing knowledge exchange on the best practices and institutional strengths, not only to government institutions but also to communities in order to promote breastfeeding and reinforce the role and responsibility of the state on this public policy. 107 As described in the case study of the Task Team, this project was first implemented successfully in Brazil by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation by creating a national network of milk banks in Brazil. Since 2005 this project started to be replicated in Latin American countries. In 2007, the Ibero American Network of banks of human milk was created as a SSC strategy. The efficiency, impact and achievements of the Brazilian model were recognized by the World 105 Panamerican Health Organization. "Investigación En Movimiento: El Documental." Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (accessed May United Nations Develpment Programme. "Millennium Development Goals." 107 Task Team on South-South Cooperation. "Apoyo a La Red Iberoamericana 33

43 Health Organization (WHO) who awarded Dr. João Aprigio Guerra de Almeida, Coordinator of the Brazilian Network of human milk banks, with the Sasakawa Price on Health. 108 Achievements and impact The main objectives achieved are summarized below: Updating of the breastfeeding public policy; the creation, implementation and socialization of standards of practice of BHM in the hospitals of Ecuador, Guatemala and Honduras; trained human resources; support, monitoring and evaluation on the progress on implementation of the project. In order to achieve these goals, various activities and strategies took part in this project: including the BHM as part of the national public policy on health and breastfeeding; organization of seminars and trainings on the topic to the community and to hospital employees; adapt the norms and methodology to the reality of each country; organize visits to Brazil and other Latin American countries in order to exchange criteria and learn from other countries experiences; exchange of lessons learned; and, the design of monitoring and evaluation plans. 109 As a result of this project, the existent human banks were straightened and new ones were created (5 HMBs in Ecuador, 6 in Guatemala and 1 in Honduras) as stated on the case study document of the Task Team. This document also highlights the efforts on the awareness of authorities and the attempts to position this topic on a political level in order to reinforce the support to the national public policy. In this sense, the main impact is reflected in the institutional strengthening of national institutions as well as the updating and support to national public policies, and the design of plans of action on breastfeeding in Ecuador, Guatemala and Honduras. 110 In a parallel effort, the WHO/PAHO, UNICEF, and SEGIB have also developed projects and strategies based in this model that complement the work of the Brazilian Human Milk Banks in 108 Ibid 109 Ibid 110 Ibid 34

44 the region. 111 In fact, through SEGIB, the Ibero American network of Human Milk Banks 112 was created on 2007, based on the Brazilian experience. The countries involved in this network are: Andorra, Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Uruguay, Spain and Venezuela, among others, which proves the impact and scope of action of this project. Annex A.4 in the appendix summarizes the status of HMB in Latin America in Human Milk Banks in Ecuador Ecuador and Brazil have been partners for cooperation since 1982for around 30 years. Both countries signed a Basic Agreement on Technical Cooperation on 9 February Based on a first Memorandum signed on 25 August 2004, Brazil and Ecuador agreed on designing a program on HMB. 114 Recently, on 20 May 2015 took place in Quito the V Meeting of the Working Group of Cooperation 115 where a new Bilateral Cooperation Program was signed including two complementary projects on HMB due to its relevance and impact on public policy: Technical support for the expansion and consolidation of the network of the Ecuadorian human milk banks, and Technological strengthening of the network of human milk banks in Ecuador. 116 The interventions based on the Brazilian experience on HMB started in with the support of WHO and UNICEF. As a result, the first HMB in Ecuador was implemented and 125 doctors received training on the topic For additional information on the project, see (Task Team on South-South Cooperation. "Apoyo a La Red Iberoamericana 113 SEGIB, Informe SEGIB 2014 Bancos de Leche Humana, SEGIB, Informe SEGIB 2014 Bancos de Leche Humana 115 Ecuador y Brasil negocian su Programa de Cooperación Técnica , Boletín de Prensa, Quito, 18 de mayo de (68) Minutes 117 Task Team on South-South Cooperation. "Apoyo a La Red Iberoamericana 118 (Ecuadorian Secretariat of International Cooperation (SETECI), Boletín de Prensa: Ecuador tiene su red de bancos de leche materna gracias a la Cooperación Sur Sur, 2015, 35

45 As stated on the report of the Ecuadorian Secretariat of International Cooperation (SETECI) 119, on 2015 there are 7 Human Milk Banks in the public hospitals of the main cities. 120 All these hospitals have implemented the experience thanks to the Technical Cooperation Program between Brazil and Ecuador, as well as the complementary support of the Ibero American Network of Human Milk Banks. In Ecuador, this project contributes to the reduction of natal morbidity and mortality and is a key part of public policies on children and mothers promoted by the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador (MPHE). As a monitoring and evaluation procedure, the MPHE sends an annual report to the Ibero American Network of Human Milk Banks on the progress of the implementation of the strategy in the country. 121 Table 4.6 summarized the results in Ecuador. The article by SETECI highlights the fact that, after the implementation of the project, own capacities have been developed. In this sense, the Coordinator of the HMB of Ecuador mentions that, after years of implementing the project, the Ecuadorian doctors and hospitals have developed their own methodologies and process, based on the Brazilian experience, and that now they consider themselves having similar level of professionalism and knowledge on the topic as Brazilians. Complement to development policy of Ecuador This project is a complement to the Ecuadorian public policy on health; it strengths the capacities of human resources and institutions; it promotes the improvement of science and technology; it is aligned with the Ecuadorian National Development Plan on Buen Vivir (specifically objective 3) 122 ; and it also supports the achievement of Objectives 4 and 4 of the MDGs. SETECI.pdf 119 Ecuadorian Secretariat of International Cooperation (SETECI), Boletín de Prensa: Ecuador tiene su red de bancos de leche materna gracias a la Cooperación Sur Sur, 2015, Ibid 121 Ibid 122 National Plan on Good Living, ecuador,

46 4.2.2 Argentina South-South Cooperation strategy of Argentina Argentina considers its foreign policy as an essential tool to preserve and defend the sovereignty and interests of the State and the rights of their inhabitants in the regional and global level. 123 In this sense, South-South cooperation is a pillar of the international actions of the developing world. 124 Argentina created the Argentinian Fund for South-South and Triangular cooperation (FO.AR) in order to promote the implementation of bilateral and triangular technical cooperation projects. With a history of more than 20 years of the experience, the FO.AR is the main instrument for providing SSC. The aim of Argentinian cooperation is to work with country partners together exchanging knowledge and best practice in order to implement public policies for inclusive development, democratic governance, the scientific and technical progress and respect for human rights. 125 Argentina has a dual role on SSC as a donor and as recipient. Pro-Huerta: A public policy on agriculture Pro-Huerta is a program that is part of the public policy agenda of Argentina that promotes productive agro-ecological practices for self-sufficiency, food education, the promotion of fair and alternative markets with an inclusive look of the producing families. 126 It is implemented by the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the Ministry of Social Development through the National Plan for food security. 127 The aim of the project is to promote agro-ecological production, both for self-sufficiency, food education, commercialization in fairs and alternative markets and the rescue of species, knowledge and popular customs, with an inclusive look that values and strengthens the 123 Cooperación Argentina, Cooperación Argentina, Cooperación Argentina (INTA Prohuerta Ibid 37

47 diversity 128 from a territorial and integral perspective. This project promotes the use of local resources and the use of appropriate technologies friendly to the environment that improve the habitat and the quality of life of the families. 129 The project started in Argentina 20 years ago. Argentina has cumulated a great experience in this field, and has improved the methodologies and techniques that have allowed it to transfer the know-how to other countries in the region. As a result, according to the Argentinian Cooperation Agency, this project has developed more than gardens, gardens in schools, and in different communities. Thus, it has contributed to improve the nutritional status of more than 3.5 million Argentineans, that is to say, almost 9% of the population of the country 130, which provides an overview of the impact of the project in this country. Pro-Huerta: Program for Fresh Food Self-sufficiency in Haiti Background on Haiti Haiti is a country in the Caribbean that has been isolated even from Latin America. Its particular historical process as well as differences in origin (descendants of slaves), language (Creole, and French spoken by a small percentage of the population), and culture have had a great influence on its development level. 131 The integration of Haiti has become one of the main goals and challenges for Latin America. However, as it has been an aid dependent country, its territory is in dispute by international aid organizations that aim to impose programs and projects on a North-South modality which have failed in the past. 132 Haiti is considered a fragile State, with weak government institutions and a growing number of international organizations that have not succeeded in the objective of developing capacities 128 Ibid 129 Ibid 130 FOAR, Reflexiones en torno al caso de Haití, Enviado por RS el Lun, 10/31/ :00, Ibid 38

48 in the government. Additionally (and unfortunately), adverse natural phenomena have worsened living conditions for most of its population. The earthquake of January 12, 2010 has greatly exacerbated this situation since it has grown to almost exclusive the weight of the international community, led by traditional donors of foreign aid. 133 Pro-Huerta in Haiti The program in Haiti started in 2005 on the basis of the Bilateral Scientific and Technical Agreement signed in 1982 by both countries. In order to start the project, in 2005 a specific agreement was signed. 134 Its main objective is to strengthen the Haitian social network and the capacities of the State through the promotion of food security of the population by developing and enhancing the production of food on small organic gardens. 135 It was firstly implemented in the city of Gonaives with the support of the Ministry of agriculture, natural resources and Rural development (MARNDR) in Haiti. 136 The project was accepted by the community and local associations. Training was provided to volunteers, families and other members of the community in order to implement the gardens and multiply the results of the program. Community leaders have the role of promoters of the project and work together with Haitian agronomists who are part of the training provided by Argentina. Even though it started as a bilateral SSC project, it became a triangular SSC project thanks to financial support of other partners that have a history of aid-giving such as: the Inter-American Institute for cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the American NGO NDI (2006), Brazil (2006), Spain (2006), Canada (2008), UNASUR (2012), among others. 137 Results and impact of the intervention According to the information published by the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGCIN), below some of the main results of the project that reflect the impact of 133 Ibid 134 Revista Comunica. "Programa Autoproducción De Alimentos Frescos En Haití Pro-Huerta Segunda Etapa ", FOAR, Ibid, 137 FOAR, 39

49 the cooperation in Haiti in 2008: family, school and community gardens were created, which provided quality food to participants. In 2009, there were promoters, gardens and more than participants. The goal for 2013 was creating gardens in order to increase the number of beneficiaries to One of the main strengths of the project, besides the creation of the gardens, is the construction of a network of developers, technicians and families. This means that, even though this country has suffered the effects of earthquakes and hurricanes, the knowledge shared and the networks built have allowed the project to continue. 139 This project has demonstrated its flexibility and adaptation to the requirements of the population of Haiti. Due to this characteristic, it has benefited to more than people and has trained more than local promoters (most of which are women). 140 In fact, it has been considered as a a true example of South-South cooperation practices Ecuador South-South Cooperation strategy of Ecuador The Technical Secretariat for International Cooperation (SETECI) is the national governing body on cooperation public policy in Ecuador. 142 Historically, Ecuador has been a recipient of cooperation, but in 2010, since the publication of the first Ecuadorian technical assistance catalog for South-South Cooperation, it became officially a donor of SSC. This dual role represented a challenge for both the cooperation agency and the Ecuadorian Government. 143 Ecuador started to negotiate SSC with Latin American countries including projects where Ecuador is the donor of technical assistance, with the modality of shared costs. 138 Ibid 139 Ibid 140 Malacalza, Bernabé. "Modelos De Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo En Haití. Discursos, Prácticas y Tensiones." Relaciones Internacionales, no. Febrero Mayo 2014 (2014), Revista Socialista.. Reflexiones En Torno Al Caso De Haití, SETECI, 143 SETECI. Ecuadorian Technical Assistance Catalog. 40

50 The National Agenda on International cooperation of Ecuador, identifies the priority interests of cooperation, mainly focused on strengthening national human talent through the promotion of science, technology and innovation in order to implement a change on the productive matrix of Ecuador. The Agenda, published in May 2015, states that cooperation is a complement to national policies. 144 Manuela Espejo Mission: A project on disabilities that became public policy This project first began in Cuba, as a result of the interest of the country members of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) to initiate a comprehensive care program of study and impact of disabilities in the region. In 2006, a program on disabilities was implemented in Cuba, while in 2008, the project was implemented in Venezuela under the name of Solidarity Mission José Gregorio Hernández. In 2009, countries such as Nicaragua and Bolivia also implemented the project and in 2010 it was implemented in Saint Vincent and Grenadines. 145 Antigua Barbuda and Dominica put the project into practice as well. In the case of Ecuador, this project has been implemented under the name of Manuela Espejo Mission since José Antonio Monje in his article Manuela Espejo Mission, a paradigm of solidarity that became public policy in Ecuador, provides an overview of the implementation and impact of the project. He explains the main stages of intervention, that are: diagnosis, response, prevention and inclusion. On the basis of the findings of this first stage, the government of Ecuador, it created the program Ecuador without barriers in order to face immediately the situation of the disabled population and improve its conditions. Additionally, a relevant budget was allocated on the project, the government ratified the UN Convention on disabilities and a legal framework was designed an implement in order to protect the rights of this vulnerable population. 146 Impact 144 "Gobierno De Ecuador Presenta La Agenda Nacional De Cooperación Internacional. 145 Monje Vargas, Antonio José. "Misión "Manuela Espejo", Paradigma De La Solidaridad Convertida En Política De Estado En Ecuador 146 Ibid 41

51 Ecuador has signed agreements with Colombia, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Peru, and Uruguay. This project was also implemented in Haiti in 2012 with the financial support of the World Bank. 147 The project has had great impact on public policies as it has allowed governments to be aware of the reality and requirements of this vulnerable population that has been historically relegated. One of the main findings was that disabilities were highly related to poverty. Its implementation has allowed states to prioritize actions and allocate budget to projects on disability as a mechanism to fight poverty and promote the development agenda, as well as inclusion and solidarity. Implementation of the project in Uruguay Uruguay and Ecuador signed a Basic Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation on 22 April Within the framework of this agreement, both countries celebrated the III Meeting of the General Coordination Commission on Cooperation on December 4, 2012 in which a project on disabilities was included as a SSC program. Ecuador offered technical assistance on this topic with the project Bio-Psycho-Social and Clinical-Genetic treatment of disabled people In fact, this collaboration was taken one step further with a pilot project called Artigas without barriers, developed in the department of Artigas (Uruguay). 149 This project was the basis for the Uruguay without barriers project implemented later. The SSC received from Ecuador has provided Uruguay the knowledge and tools required for an effective definition of public policies on disabilities through the Ministry of Social Development of Uruguay (MIDES) and the National Program on Disabilities of Uruguay (PRONADIS). The 147 Ibid 148 SITRAC and MMRREE Ecuador. "Acta De La III Reunión De La Comisión General De Coordinación Uruguayo-Ecuatoriana. 149 Radio Habana Cuba. "ALBA-TCP: Cooperación De Cuba Con Los Países Miembros." Radio Habana Cuba

52 public policies implemented in Ecuador were considered as a basis and were adapted to the reality of Uruguay, according to its priorities Cuba South-South Cooperation strategy of Cuba The value of the Cuban SSC is that its projects are focused on the priority areas of any country, such as education and health. In fact, Cuba s professionals have a great impact in countries with deficits in social areas due to their high level of specialization. 151 Yo sí puedo (Yes, I can) The Ibero American Program for Strengthening SSC, published the working document Sistematizing for Learning, which illustrates the cooperation case study of Cuba when implementing the Program Yo sí puedo in Nicaragua and Panamá. The Yo sí puedo project was developed in Cuba with the aim of providing international cooperation to nations that still have illiterate people. Cuba has implemented this project in 28 countries, and its results have been recognized by governments and also by the UNESCO. It has been successfully implemented in Nicaragua and Panama. 152 It consists of a seven weeks methodology that combines audio-visual materials and requires the accompaniment and support of a facilitator. The method is complemented by: 'I can already read', which seeks to consolidate the initial learning and 'I, yes I can follow' that allows participants to obtain equivalent training to basic education in a country. 153 Cooperation is provided under a shared cost scheme, where Cuba contributes with the materials, methodology and experts, and the recipient country contributes by covering the travel expenses of the Cuban professionals. Cuban experts first evaluate the conditions of the population and characteristics of the country 150 Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur. Una Visión Desde Uruguay." (accessed May/7, 2015), Secretaría General Iberoamericana (SEGIB). "II Informe De La Cooperación Sur-Sur En Iberoamérica." Estudio SEGIB no. 3 (2008): June , Programa Iberoamericano para el fortalecimiento de la Cooperación Sur-Sur. Sistematizar Para Aprender: Lecciones De Nueve Experiencias De Cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular, Ibid, 36 43

53 in order to adapt the methodology to its particular requirements. Technical support is given to the recipient country during all the process of implementation. 154 Implementation in Nicaragua As stated on the Sistematizing for learning work document, the project started to be implemented in Radio was used as a complementary tool for having a broader scope. In 2005, people received literacy training. 155 Impact As a result of the successful implementation of the project, in 2009 the UNESCO declared the country free of illiteracy as the illiterate rate was reduced to 3.5% 156, which had a great impact on public policy in education and contributed to poverty reduction. Implementation in Panama The project was implemented through the Ministry of Social Development of Panama (MIDES) under the name Muévete por Panamá (move for Panama), based on the Cuban method and technical assistance. 157 Impact The project is part of the strategy for fighting poverty, as the MIDES identified that poverty was linked to high illiteracy rates. Initiated in 2007 by people were literate. Thanks to this project, the MIDES was provided with the methodology and training was provided to 230 people, 16 regional coordination offices and volunteers 158 received information on the method, in order to reproduce it in other regions. In chapter 3, an extensive analysis of SSC flows has been done. Based on this analysis, as well as on the 2015 Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America, published by the Ibero- American General Secretariat (SEGIB), Chapter 5 will analyse and summarize the main findings of the analyzed cases. 154 Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, 38 44

54 5. Remarks and Thoughts on South-South Cooperation 5.1 Main findings The literature review has provided the evidence that allows highlighting the advantages of SSC in cost-effectiveness, capacities strengthening, ownership and transference of knowledge. In fact, as discussed by Gerardo Bracho, Southern countries apply the Paris principles of ownership and alignment more consistently than the traditional donors themselves. 159 From the perspective of Southern providers, Northern countries have a historical responsibilities for redressing colonial and post-colonial exploitation, as its old commitments are still pending, which means that these countries have a moral duty of sharing a part of their surplus and wealth. 160 In this sense, SSC practitioners have clearly stated that it cannot reduce or replace the commitments and historical responsibilities of the North. 161 Indeed, Southern countries would not be in a position to assume the responsibility of providing 0.7 per cent of their GNI as development cooperation 162. Thus, they might not be cable to commit to specific goals of targets of contribution to international cooperation, but they could commit to increase their cooperation gradually under favourable conditions. 163 From the perspective of Antonio Sanahuja, SSC is not exempt from critics. This author mentions the example of Latin America, where SSC is also motivated by foreign policy objectives. In order to support this, Sanahuja highlights the case of Brazil, that reflects a wider agenda for regional stability, security, trade and investment goals, and is also a means of upholding Brazil s aspirations as a regional leader and global actor Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers. the Challenge of the Emerging Economies to the Development Cooperation Agenda." (accessed June/20, 2015), Besharatti, Neissan A. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments. the Role of Emerging Economies in Global Development." (accessed May 30, 2015), Ibid, Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers., Ibid, Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean." Poverty in Focus nº 20, Brasilia, IPC-UNDP, 19 45

55 5.2 Positive Remarks of SSC One of the positive remarks from SSC perspective is the fact that the words aid, donor and recipient of aid have change their meaning in a positive way. In SSC context cooperation and partner countries have replace the traditional donor figure which means that all countries involved are considered as partners, as equals, which is known as the principle of horizontality and equality, basis of the South-South Cooperation. Under this principle, donors and recipients work together in order to identify their strengths and necessities to thereby implement projects that could benefit all the partners involved. Even though one of the countries has the role of donor, both countries learn and share their experiences, according to its own possibilities and limitations. Finally, according to the North-South and South-South experiences, analyzed previously, projects have resulted successful triangular cooperations in which a significant number of middle-income countries, such as Chile, Mexico, South Africa, Brazil and Colombia, have played an important role partnering with traditional donors in the provision of assistance to other third developing countries Negative Remarks of SSC The lack of standardized procedures for submission, monitoring and evaluation of SCC projects is evident. Currently, most of the Southern countries have been criticized by the different partners because of their weak evaluations center on qualitative and subjective aspects including anecdotes, perceptions and center mainly on political ideals giving less or null importance to aspects such as quality, sustainability, efficiency and effectiveness. 166 Even if many of the practical experiences of SCC have demonstrated so far the existence of an enthusiastic attitude from the traditional donors in terms of the assumption of their international development obligations with the new emerging economies which have been facing slow growth or recession. The middle-income countries insist that they continue facing 165 Besharatti, Neissan A. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments, Ibid, 22 46

56 poverty, inequality and domestic issues characteristic of developing economies, aspects which they need to address before worrying about global public goods. For this reason they insist that SSC should be free from any form of conditionality and should be implemented on a voluntary and solidarity basis Challenges for SSC in Latin America Signed by nineteen Latin American countries part of the South-South Cooperation Program of the SEGIB, is the Position Paper on South-South Cooperation that states that these countries: will continue to encourage reflection on international cooperation, especially SSC practices and methodologies, and the strengthening of national mechanisms and systems for more inclusive, sovereign, coordinated, effective and sustainable cooperation. 168 The above statement demonstrates the compromise that Latin American countries have towards improving the mechanisms that will allow SSC to be effective and efficient in supporting national agendas for development. Financing interventions is one of the major outstanding issues. As SSC is based on solidarity and horizontality depending on each country s capabilities (technical and economic), new mechanism of financing interventions and impact evaluations should be proposed and developed in each country and amongst countries. More importantly, projects should be adequately and constantly registered for the purpose of extracting not only best practices, but also lessons learned (positive and negative) in order to promote the construction of knowledge from the South and provide visibility to all the efforts and work being carried out by Latin American countries Ibid, Programa Iberoamericano para el fortalecimiento de la Cooperación Sur-Sur, Position Paper on South-South Cooperation of Nineteen Ibero-American Countries in the Framework of International Development Cooperation. SEGIB Sanin, Maria Clara and Nils-Sjard Schulz. "Fundación Para Las Relaciones Internacionales y El Diálogo Exterior FIDE, Madrid, La Cooperación Sur-Sur a Partir De Accra." (2009), 4 47

57 6. Conclusions The reviewed literature has stated the main differences between NSC and SSC. However, from the outcome of this research, common points and alternative mechanisms have also been identified that show that both modalities could work together, such as in Triangular South- South interventions, when a third actor (from the North) could provide not only the financial resources but contribute with its technical knowledge to the execution of projects. Further study of triangular SSC and regional SSC would be of interest. There is still political pressure put on Southern providers by Northern economies as developed countries promote the universality of methodologies and norms as a framework for international cooperation. It is relevant to point out the long history and experience already cumulated by the North; on the other hand, the South is still constructing its identity, trying to overcome poverty, and developing a SSC theory and practice adapted to its reality. Indeed, experience on the field of development can be identified of one of the strengths of traditional cooperation. The analysis evidenced that SSC aims not to replace NSC, but to be a complement to it. The historical responsibility that Northern countries have with developing countries has been clearly stated by the South in international Fora and academic papers on the topic. South-South cooperation is not new in the international development arena. However, its concepts and methodologies are still in the making as it requires being adapted to the changing needs of the actors at stake, contexts and to the reality of partner countries that are part of the Global South. As a result of this analysis it can be concluded that South-South cooperation is a complement to North-South Cooperation. SSC does not aim to replace NSC. In fact, there is a lot to learn from traditional cooperation as it has accumulated relevant experience through the decades of implementation. SSC should also identify the best practices and methodologies from traditional cooperation to be implemented without affecting its basic principles. It would be of 48

58 great benefit if a higher level of coordination could be achieved so as to avoid duplication of efforts and resources. The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has been part of the development agenda of most States during the past 15 years. SSC has demonstrated to be a mechanism that has contributed to allow countries reach its targets. Today, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pose new challenges and SSC seems to keep on being an adequate option for developing countries to improve the conditions of their own population. However, SSC practitioners should be aware that there needs to be an evolution in which SSC becomes more pragmatic and articulated with NSC for the benefit of humanity. It is necessary to highlight that the different modalities of SSC (bilateral, triangular or regional SSC) and the multiple combination therein) provide a broader scope of action. Recipient countries could then benefit of the advantages of each one and identify the one that best suits to their needs. In particular, triangular South-South cooperation seems to be an option for developed countries to support Southern initiatives under SSC principles. As for regional SSC, it is a mechanism that allows projects to be implemented under the support of organizations that are interested in promoting both regional and development through knowledge sharing of good practices. The generation of knowledge and registration of best practices are fundamental for institutional transformation and empowerment and is a key element of SSC. Latin American countries should develop its own methodology as well as registration of good practices, in accordance to its needs and capacities. This would define a valuable mechanism of useful information that could delimit the effectiveness and quality of the interventions. It is important to promote regional cooperation as it plays a key role towards its development. South-South cooperation appears to be an adequate mechanism to enhance technical and knowledge exchange amongst Latin American countries which will aim support their 49

59 development goals and complement the government s efforts to improve the economic and social conditions of its population. Regarding the real effectiveness, impact and scope of SSC in Latin America, a lot has been said and discussed, but a little has been documented. This does not mean that it is not effective, but evidence is required. In fact, one of the main issues is that systematization has not been part neither of the projects design, nor institutionalized in cooperation agencies and government institutions. Even thought that practitioners on SSC are witness of the positive results and impact of the interventions, this is not enough to defend the advantages and distinctive qualities of this mechanism. 50

60 Bibliography "Acta De La III Reunió De La Comisión General De Coordinación Uruguayo-Ecuatoriana. "December 2012, ABC. Manual De Gestão Da Cooperação Técnica Sul-Sul. 1ª Edição. Brasilia: ABC, Ministério Das Relações Exteriores, "South-South Cooperation." ABC. (accessed June/12, 2015). AGCI. Buenas Prácticas En Cooperación Sur-Sur Triangular De Chile: Criterios y Metodologías De Selección De Casos. Documento De Trabajo no. 3. Santiago: Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional and Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. "La Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo Del Sur. Una Visión Desde Uruguay." (accessed May/7, 2015). Amador, Abarca Ethel. "El Nuevo Rostro De La Cooperación Técnica Entre Países En Desarrollo (CTPD) y Las Nuevas Tendencias Internacionales." Ciencias Sociales 94, (2001): Besharatti, Neissan A. "Common Goals and Differential Commitments. the Role of Emerging Economies in Global Development." (accessed May 30,. Bracho, Gerardo. "In Search of a Narrative for Southern Providers. the Challenge of the Emerging Economies to the Development Cooperation Agenda." (accessed June/20,. Cabrol, Cynthia. "La Cooperación Sur-Sur De Argentina. El Caso De Cooperación Técnica Hacia Haití En El Sector Alimentario." Revista Integración y Cooperación. Publicación Trimestral De La Maestría En Integración y Cooperación Internacional 9, no. Octubre/Diciembre (2011), Conectas. "La Bonanza De Daniel Ortega Se Llama Venezuela." (accessed May/25, 2015). Cooperación Argentina. "Cooperación Argentina. Cooperación Técnica Internacional Argentina En El Mundo." Dirección General de Cooperación Internacional. (accessed June/19,. Penny Davies,. "South-South Cooperation: Moving Towards a New Aid Dynamic." Eldis. (accessed July/3,. Domínguez, Rafael. "El Tamaño Importa: La Financiación Reembolsable En La Cooperación Sur- Sur De China, India, Venezuela y Brasil Documentos De Trabajo Sobre Cooperación y Desarrollo." Cátedra de cooperación internacional y con Iberoamérica. (accessed June/30,. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 51

61 Preliminary Overview of the Economics of Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile, Ecuadorian Secretariat of International Cooperation (SETECI). "Ecuador Tiene Su Red De Bancos De Leche Materna Gracias a La Cooperación Sur Sur." (accessed July/4, 2015). Feinsilver Julie. "Cuba s Health Politics: At Home and Abroad.Nforme Preparado Por El Consejo De Estudios Hemisféricos." (2010): July 24, Foar.." Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela.. Cobertura En Programas Integrales Para La Atención De La Población Discapacitada En Países Del ALBA. Ministerio Del Poder Popular Para La Comunas y Protección Social. GTZ, GTZ glance on the 110 case stories of the Task Team on South-South cooperation, GTZ, ne2010.pdf Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28,.. Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica. Madrid: SEGIB, Institute of Development Studies (IDS). "Rising Powers in International Development. Brazil s Engagement in International Development Cooperation: The State of the Debate." IDS. Engagement%20in%20International%20Development%20Cooperation%20The%20'State%20of %20the%20Debate'.pdf?sequence=4 (accessed July/15,. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. "Prohuerta." prohuerta (accessed July/9,. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. "Poverty in Focus. South-South Cooperation. the Same Old Game Or a New Paradigm?" International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Poverty Practice, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP no. 20 (, Kirk, John. "El Internacionalismo Médico De Cuba, Dónde Está El Secreto? " La Haine.Org (2012), Ladd, Paul. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: LDCs in a G-20 World. in Poverty in Focus. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, UNDP." UNDP Bureau for Development Policy no. 20 (2010), Lengyel, M. & Malacalza, B. (2010. " De Qué Hablamos Cuando Hablamos De Cooperación Sur Sur? Conceptos, Actores y Agenda De Investigación NUD%20Lengyel%20Malacalza% Pdf." FLACSO/Argentina, Buenos Aires, Abril. (, 52

62 NUD%20Lengyel%20Malacalza% pdf. Lengyel, Miguel and Bernabé Malacaiza. " De Qué Hablamos Cuando Hablamos De Cooperación Sur Sur? Conceptos, Actores y Agenda De Investigación." FLACSO/Argentina, Buenos Aires (2010), eraci%c3%b3n_sursur_conceptos_actores_y_agenda_de_investigaci%c3%b3n._un_estudio_ de_casos. Lengyel, Miguel and Bernabé Malacalza. "What do we Talk when we Talk about South-South Cooperation?, the Construction of a Concept from Empirical Basis." Joint Conference IPSA- EPCR, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Whatever Happened to North-South?, February 16 to 19, 2011, Malacalza, Bernabé. "Modelos De Cooperación Internacional Para El Desarrollo En Haití. Discursos, Prácticas y Tensiones." Relaciones Internacionales, no. Febrero Mayo 2014 (2014), Mides. ""Artigas Sin Barreras". (31/01/2013, "Artigas Sin Barreras." Pronadis, Unión de Pueblos Libres Bicentenario. (accessed June/17,. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, República de Argentina. "Autoproducción De Alimentos Frescos Pro Huerta. Desarrollo Sustentable Caribe-Haití." Cooperación Técnica Internacional Argentina en el mundo. (accessed May/26, 2015). Monje Vargas, Antonio José. "Misión "Manuela Espejo", Paradigma De La Solidaridad Convertida En Política De Estado En Ecuador." Revista Cubana De Salud Pública, Ciudad De La Habana 39, no. 3 (2013), Morais de Sá e Silva, Michelle. "How did we Get here? the Pathways of South-South Cooperation." (2008), National Plan on Good Living, Ecuador. "National Plan on Good Living, Ecuador." Panamerican Health Organization. "Investigación En Movimiento: El Documental." Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (accessed May 4,. Pauselli, Gino. "La Cooperación Sur-Sur En América Latina: Explicaciones Teóricas Desde Las Relaciones Internacionales." Argentina, july 2013, "Theories of International and the Explanation of Foreign Aid." Revista Iberoamericana De Estudios De Desarrollo /Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 1 (2013):

63 Pino Ayllón, Bruno. "Cooperación Sur-Sur: Innovación y Transformación En La Cooperación Internacional." blogceiri.com.br/cooperacion-sur- -sur-innovacion-y-transformacion-en-lacooperacion-internacional/ (accessed May/28,. Programa Ibero-americano de bancos de leche. "Programa Ibero-Americano De Bancos De Leche. Apoyo Técnico Para Implementación De Bancos De Leche Humana En Ecuador." Programa Ibero-americano de bancos de leche. (accessed June/7, 2015). Programa Iberoamericano para el fortalecimiento de la Cooperación Sur-Sur. Sistematizar la Cooperación Sur-Sur para construir conocimiento desde la práctica. Documento de Trabajo no. 3. Montevideo: PIFCSS-SEGIB, Sistematizar Para Aprender: Lecciones De Nueve Experiencias De Cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular. Documento de Trabajo no. 1. Montevideo: PIFCSS-SEGIB, Position Paper on South-South Cooperation of Nineteen Ibero-American Countries in the Framework of International Development Cooperation. SEGIB Sistematizar la Cooperación Sur-Sur para construir conocimiento desde la práctica(2013) Pronadis. "Uruguay Sin Barreras" (2014), Radio Habana Cuba. "ALBA-TCP: Cooperación De Cuba Con Los Países Miembros." Radio Habana Cuba. Revista Comunica. "Programa Autoproducción De Alimentos Frescos En Haití Pro-Huerta Segunda Etapa " no. Año 4 Segunda etapa (2008), Revista Socialista.. Reflexiones En Torno Al Caso De Haití, Rivero Martín, Illa and Van Rompaey, Karen. "La Cooperación Sur-Sur en América Latina." (accessed June/20, 2015). Sanahuja Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean." Poverty in Focus nº 20, Brasilia, IPC-UNDP (: Sanahuya Antonio, José. "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean." Complutense Institute for International Studies (ICEI). "Post-Liberal Regionalism: S-S Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean." Complutense Institute for International Studies (ICEI) (. Sanin, Maria Clara and Nils-Sjard Schulz. "Fundación Para Las Relaciones Internacionales y El Diálogo Exterior FIDE, Madrid, La Cooperación Sur-Sur a Partir De Accra." (2009). 54

64 Secretaría General Iberoamericana (SEGIB). "Red Iberoamericana De Bancos De Leche Humana (IBERBLH). Bancos De Leche Humana." Secretaría General Iberoamericana. (accessed June/5, 2015).. "II Informe De La Cooperación Sur-Sur En Iberoamérica." Estudio SEGIB no. 3 (2008): June , Secretaría Técnica de Cooperación Internacional. "Ecuador y Brasil Negocian Su Programa De Cooperación Técnica " (accessed June 20, 2015). SEGIB, Informe SEGIB 2014 Bancos de Leche Humana, (accessed June 1, 2015). SEGIB. La Cooperación De Los Países Iberoamericanos Con Haití., Informe SEGIB Bancos De Leche, SETECI. Ecuadorian Technical Assistance Catalog. Quito: Imprenta Ediecuatorial, "Gobierno De Ecuador Presenta La Agenda Nacional De Cooperación Internacional. Boletín De Prensa, Quito, 7 De Mayo De " (accessed June 7, 2015).. "Valores Institucionales." (accessed June 3, 2015). Simplicio, Francisco. "Beyond Best Practices." UNDP Special Unit for South-South Coorperation in Poverty in Focus (. SITRAC and MMRREE Ecuador. "Acta De La III Reunión De La Comisión General De Coordinación Uruguayo-Ecuatoriana, Montevideo 3 y 4 De Diciembre De 2012." Surasky, Javier. "Estado y Cooperación Sur-Sur: Una Proyección Decolonial." (accessed July/17, 2015). Task Team on South-South Cooperation. "Apoyo a La Red Iberoamericana De Bancos De Leche Humana (BLH)." (accessed June/10, 2015).. Cases of Study in Latin America. (accessed July/17, 2015).. "Reactivando La Promoción De La Lactancia Materna En Hospitales y Comunidades a Través De La Implementación De Los Bancos De Leche Humana (BLH) En Ecuador, Honduras y Guatemala Con El Apoyo De Brasil." (accessed June/2, 2015). 55

65 Teresa Maria, Tapada Bertelli.. La Reconstrucción Haitiana Cinco Años Después Del Terremoto. Blogs El País. The World Bank. "Country and Lending Groups." The World Bank. (accessed July 20,. UNASUR. Minutes of the V Meeting of the Working Group of Cooperation between Ecuador and Brazil: UNASUR, UNDP, Bureau for Development Policy, Brazil. "South-South Cooperation the Same Old Game Or a New Paradigm?." Number 20 International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Poverty Practice, (, United Nations. "Secretary-General Appoints Lenín Voltaire Moreno Garces of Ecuador Special Envoy on Disability and Accessibility." Meetings Coverage & Press Releases,2013. United Nations Develpment Programme. "Millennium Development Goals." United Nations Develpment Programme. (accessed July/15, Vicepresidencia de la República del Ecuador. "Memorias De La Misión Manuela Espejo. Primer Estudios Biopsicosocial Clínico Genético De Las Personas Con Discapacidad." Misión solidaria Manuela Espejo. (accessed June 30, "La Misión Solidaria Manuela Espejo Llegó a Uruguay Para Implementar El Programa Artigas Sin Barreras, Artigas, Uruguay." (accessed June/30, Xalma, Cristina. "Iberoamérica y La Cooperación Sur-Sur." Instituto Universitario De Investigacin Ortega y Gasset 17, (2008). United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation. What is South-South cooperation?. < 56

66 Appendices List of Appendices Annex A.1. Experiences of horizontal bilateral South-South cooperation Apoyo uruguayo al desarrollo del Plan Estratégico Institucional del Ministerio de Hacienda de El Salvador Tejer cooperación de calidad entre Perú y Argentina Un fondo conjunto para promover la Cooperación Sur-Sur entre México y Chile Colombia y Bolivia comparten sus experiencias para consolidar modelos de turismo comunitario Experiencia ecuatoriana en el diseño, constitución y funcionamiento de un Fondo de Liquidez del Sistema Financiero en El Salvador El aporte mexicano a la construcción de un enfoque integral de la salud mental de la niñez y la psiquiatría infantil en Costa Rica El aporte de Colombia al desarrollo y mejora de los servicios bibliotecarios en Honduras Costa Rica y El Salvador mejoran el servicio al ciudadano para el trámite de la apostilla Asistencia estratégica entre Ecuador y El Salvador para el control de organizaciones delictivas-pandillas (Maras) Aplicar la tecnología para impulsar la capacidad exportadora de las regiones: un aporte peruano a una ciudad colombiana La transformación de la gestión del agua potable y alcantarillado de Quito con aporte mexicano. Colombia y Panamá: transferencia de tecnología cafetera para sistemas de agricultura sostenible Chile y Alemania apoyan a República Dominicana en la promoción de la empleabilidad juvenil Medir la gestión de los municipios: una práctica que comparten Alemania, Colombia y Guatemala Proyecto de entrenamiento sobre Sistema de Producción Agrícola en Zonas de Montaña para Técnicas Agrícolas y Forestales: una transferencia de conocimiento de la República Dominicana a la República de Haití con el apoyo de la cooperación de Japón, a través de JICA Source: Programa Iberoamericano para el fortalecimiento de la Cooperación Sur-Sur. Sistematizar la Cooperación Sur-Sur para construir conocimiento desde la práctica. Documento de Trabajo no. 3. Montevideo: PIFCSS-SEGIB,

67 Annex A.2. Cases of Study from the Task Team on South-South Cooperation Argentina-Bolivia - Managing genetic resources in the Tucuman Rainforest.pdf Argentina-Haiti - Improving public expenditure on childhood.pdf Argentina-Paraguay - Promoviendo clinicas de derechos humanos en Universidades.pdf Argentina-Peru - Invirtiendo en la salud agraria.pdf Argentina - Compartiendo mutualismo.pdf Brasil-Colombia - Capacidades distritales de reciclaje.pdf Brasil-Colombia - Energizacion Rural.pdf CARICOM - On-the-job training support for key senior officials.pdf Center for Digital Inclusion - Investing in Networks.pdf Chile-Argentina - Innovando el sistema de compras y contrataciones publicas.pdf Chile-Paraguay - Modernizando parlamentos con nuevas tecnolog&iacuteas.pdf Colombia-Brasil - Fomentando exportaciones a trav&eacutes de operador postal oficial.pdf Colombia-Chile - Transmilenio como opci&oacuten de transporte p&uacuteblico.pdf Colombia - Compartiendo experiencias en la gesti&oacuten de la deuda p&uacuteblica.pdf Colombia - Compartiendo mapas de cooperaci&oacuten.pdf Colombia - Deepening Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration.pdf Colombia - Estrategia Caribe.pdf Costa Rica-Chile - Mejorando la evaluaci&oacuten de la gesti&oacuten presupuestaria.pdf Costa Rica-Colombia - Promoviendo el turismo rural comunitario.pdf Cuba-Colombia - Aprendiendo los beneficios de la sericultura.pdf Ecuador-Bolivia - Luchando juntos contra el dengue.pdf El Salvador-Guatemala-Honduras - Gestionando agua en el Trifinio.pdf Espa&ntildea-Chile-Paraguay - Creando asociaci&oacuten triangular en el sector p&uacuteblico.pdf EuroSocial - Apostando por las defensor&iacuteas sociales.pdf Guatemala-Colombia - Gestionando la calidad de la Defensor&iacutea P&uacuteblica.pdf Guatemala-Colombia - Implementando la firma electr&oacutenica.pdf Guatemala-Colombia - Mejorando la defensa p&uacuteblica.pdf IDB - Coming together in the Trifinio region of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.pdf IDB - Cooperating on citizens security and violence prevention in LAC.pdf IDB - Exchanging practices on managing public debt.pdf IDB - Jointly surveilling diseases in the Caribbean.pdf IDB - Joint data base for MERCOSUR social security institutions.pdf Mexico-Ecuador - Sharing electoral systems.pdf Mexico - Promoviendo intercambios universitarios con Centroam&eacuterica.pdf M&eacutexico-Chile - Fondo Conjunto de Cooperaci&oacuten.pdf M&eacutexico-Paraguay - Capacidades para el sector maquilador.pdf Nicaragua - Manejando informaci&oacuten, promoviendo apropiaci&oacuten.pdf OAS - Boosting small tourism enterprises.pdf OAS - Midiendo caudales de agua.pdf OEA-Chile-Caribbean - Promoting social protection.pdf OEA - Red Interamericana para la Administraci&oacuten Laboral (RIAL).pdf 58

68 PAHO - Vacunaci&oacuten en las fronteras de Argentina y Brasil.pdf PAHO - Vigilando la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.pdf Per&uacute-Argentina - Haciendo crecer los olivos.pdf PROCASUR - Tomando rutas de aprendizaje.pdf SEGIB - Ibero-American South-South Cooperation Report.pdf SEGIB - Programa Iberoamericano de Cooperaci&oacuten Sur-Sur.pdf UN-INSTRAW - Aprendiendo de la representaci&oacuten de las mujeres en los Gobiernos locales.pdf Uruguay - Building institutions for horizontal partnership.pdf Viva Rio Brasil-Haiti - Honra e Respeito por Bel Air.pdf Source: Task Team on South-South Cooperation. Cases of Study in Latin America. (accessed July/17, 2015). 59

69 Annex A.3. List of projects that are part of the 110 case stories of the Task Team on South- South cooperation Code Name institution and project [LAC-1] SEGIB Ibero-American South-South Cooperation Report [LAC-2] Colombia Sharing cooperation maps [LAC-3] CARICOM On-the-job training support for key senior officials [LAC-4] OEA Inter-American Network for Labor Management (RIAL) [LAC-5] OEA Inter-American Network for Labor Management (RIAL) [ [LAC-6] El Salvador-Guatemala-Honduras Water management in the Trifinio region [LAC-7] OAS Boosting small tourism enterprises [LAC-8] IDB Jointly surveilling diseases in the Caribbean [LAC-9] IDB Exchanging practices on managing public debt [LAC-10] IDB Cooperating on citi [LAC-11] IDB Coming together in the Trifinio region of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras [LAC-12] IDB Joint database for MERCOSUR social security institutions [LAC-13] El Salvador-Mexico-Japan TAISHIN (earthquake-resistant popular housing) project [LAC-14] OAS Triangulation of efforts for natural gas metrology [LAC-15] Germany-Mexico-Guatemala Managing solid waste [LAC-16] OEA-Chile-Caribbean Promoting social protection [LAC-17] España-Chile-Paraguay Building triangular partnerships in the public sector [LAC-18] SEGIB Ibero-American Program of South-South Cooperation [LAC-19] Colombia Caribbean Strategy [LAC-20] Uruguay Building institutions for horizontal partnership [LAC-21] México-Chile Joint Cooperation Fund [LAC-22] Argentina-Bolivia Managing genetic resources in the Tucuman rain forest [LAC-23] Argentina-Peru Investing in agrarian health [LAC-24] Colombia Deepening disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration [LAC-25] Ecuador-Bolivia Fighting together against dengue [LAC-26] Mexico-Ecuador Sharing electoral systems [LAC-27] Brazil-Colombia Rural energization [LAC-28] Colombia-Chile Transmilenio as a public transport option LAC-29] Chile-Argentina Innovating the system of public purchases and contracts [LAC-30] Costa Rica-Chile Improving the assessment of budget management [LAC-31] Argentina-Haiti Improving public expenditure on childhood [LAC-32] Peru-Argentina Olive growing (preliminary) [LAC-33] OAS Measuring water courses (preliminary version) [LAC-34] Costa Rica Colombia Promoting community rural tourism [LAC-35] Colombia-Brazil Promoting exports through the official postal service 60

70 [LAC-36] [LAC-37] [LAC-38] [LAC-39] [LAC-40] [LAC-41] [LAC-42] [LAC-43] [LAC-44] [LAC-45] [LAC-46] [LAC-47] [LAC-48] [LAC-49] [LAC-50] [LAC-51] [LAC-53] PAHO Overseeing food and nutritional security PAHO Vaccination on the Argentina- Brazil border Guatemala-Colombia Improving public defence (preliminary version) Guatemala-Colombia Improving the quality of the ombudsperson institution Mexico Paraguay: Maquila sector capacities (preliminary) Mexico Promoting university exchanges with Central America (preliminary) Guatemala-Colombia Implementing the electronic signature Brazil-Colombia District recycling capacities EuroSocial Promoting ombudsperson institutions PROCASUR Taking paths to learning UN-INSTRAW Learning from women s representation in local governments (preliminary version) Nicaragua Managing information, promoting ownership Argentina-Paraguay Promoting human rights and public interest clinics in universities Rio Vivo, Brazil Haiti Respect for Bel Air, Port-au-Prince Chile-Paraguay Modernizing parliaments with new technologies Argentina Sharing mutualism [LAC-52] Center for Digital Inclusion Investing in networks Cuba-Colombia Learning the benefits of sericulture (silk farming) Source: GTZ, GTZ glance on the 110 case stories of the Task Team on South-South cooperation, GTZ,

71 Annex A.4. Results of the implementation of the HMB in Latin America until 2014 Source: Programa Ibero-americano de bancos de leche (2007). Programa Ibero-Americano De Bancos De Leche. Apoyo Técnico Para Implementación De Bancos De Leche Humana En Ecuador [Online]. Available from: 62

72 Annex 5. Distribution of BHSSC projects provided and received, by country and role, 2013 Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

73 Annex 6. Map of subregion s participation in bilateral HSSC projects, by role and provider, Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015)

74 Annex 7. Map subregion s participation in Bilateral HSSC projects, by role and recipient, 2013 Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

75 Annex 8. Distribution of Bilateral HSSC by dimension and by activity sector, 2013 Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

76 Annex 9. Matrix of bilateral horizontal South-South Cooperation projects Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

77 Annex 10. Matrix of bilateral horizontal South-South Cooperation actions Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." (accessed July/28, 2015),

78 Annex 11. Map of countries`share in cooperation projects, by role Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." (accessed July/28, 2015),

79 Annex 12. Map of countries color coding according to percentage of cooperation projects received in 2013 Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." (accessed July/28, 2015),

80 Annex 13. Profile of main provider`s capacities, by dimension and activity Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

81 Annex 14. Brazil percentage of activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

82 Annex 15. Argentina by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

83 Annex 16. Argentina percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

84 Annex 17. Uruguay by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28,2015),

85 Annex 18. Uruguay percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015). 76

86 Annex 19. El Salvador by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

87 Annex 20. El Salvador percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

88 Annex 21. Bolivia by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

89 Annex 22. Bolivia percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015). 80

90 Annex 23. Ecuador by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

91 Annex 24. Ecuador percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015). 82

92 Annex 25. Uruguay by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

93 Annex 26. Uruguay percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015). 84

94 Annex 27. Cuba by dimension and activity sector Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015),

95 Annex 28. Cuba percentage of the activity sectors Source: Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB). "Executive Summary 2015 Report on South South Cooperation in Iberoamerica." ingles-n?e= / ; (accessed July/28, 2015). 86

96 Annex 29. List of middle income countries in Latin America Source: Pinheiro, L. and Gaio, G. (2014). Cooperation for Development, Brazilian Regional Leadership and Global Protagonism. Braziian Political Science Review BPSR, 8(2). 87

97 Annex 30. Offering and receptor countries, projects and economic status of projects Source: Pinheiro, L. and Gaio, G. (2014). Cooperation for Development, Brazilian Regional Leadership and Global Protagonism. Braziian Political Science Review BPSR, 8(2). 88

98 Annex 31. Offering and receptor countries, shared projects and economic status of them Source: Pinheiro, L. and Gaio, G. (2014). Cooperation for Development, Brazilian Regional Leadership and Global Protagonism. Braziian Political Science Review BPSR, 8(2). 89

99 Annex 32. The Millenium Development goals Source: United Nations Develpment Programme (2015). Millennium Development Goals [Online]. Available from: 90