John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 1 US Government Spring 2018 / Fall 2018 Power Point 2
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1 John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Political Science 1 US Government Spring 2018 / Fall 2018 Power Point 2
2 Course Lecture Topics 1. Power Theory 2. Transparency Theory 3. Cinemocracy / Manipulation / The Use Of Force 4. American Democracy 5. Government of the Few 6. Fear of Pure Democracy 7. American Elite Consensus / The First Elite Class 8. Elite Repression and the Survival of Democracy 9. Priorities of the Founders 10.Constitutional Elements / Conflict & Compromise
3 Power Theory 1 1. To exert power one must first possess adequate reserves This is defined simply as capacity of power. 2. Achieving higher positions is dependent on various factors that may include: education; wealth; profession; charisma and other talents either developed or engrained from birth. 3. This capacity of power is not determined according to a single resource, ability or possession. 4. It is a combination of different variables that serve to make up the individual. 5. This is just like a battery consisting of energy resources drawn upon when it comes time to draw power in order to achieve a set objective.
4 Like a battery powering a flashlight so does one s individual capacity of power serve to assist one in achieving a set goal or in this case influencing or affecting political behavior to maintain, expand or protect one s standing in order to survive in society. Power Theory 2
5 Power Theory 3 Power equals resources (capacity of power) times compliance squared, divided by force. Every accounting of power theory is taken into consideration in the construction of this formula. We have explored the contention that the pursuit of self-interest encourages man to engage in political behavior. This serves as the foundation for rational choice theory, which in turn has led us to power theory. One may argue that the pursuit of power maintains the never ending cycle of political: conflict; compromise; alliances; and wars.
6 Power Theory 4 Many have countered this argument with a direct assault on the statement that there is no morality in politics. These critics are both right and wrong. It is true that morality has no direct correlation with political science if the pursuit of selfinterests and power resources maintains utmost priority. On the other hand they may be correct if one party sells their pursuit as a moral cause in order to achieve their agenda. For example, one may argue that good may come from conflict even if it leads to the destruction of a nation-state and the slaughtering of thousands or millions of people if the seed of democracy is planted and nurtured to maturity.
7 Transparency 1 America has grown from the days of a colony to major power, superpower, and hegemon, to its present empire status. American power is felt throughout the international community. Playing poker requires one to adopt what is commonly known as a poker face. Players will hide their true emotions, even faking their true intentions to catch other players off guard. Some have even taken to wearing sunglasses. The exact opposite tactic that the United States has adopted is Transparency. This involves disclosing all routes the nation-state will undertake with regards to all forms of public policy pertaining to its political, economic and military strategies.
8 Alexander Hamilton initiated this policy as the chief financial philosopher of the United States even if he did not coin the term. Hamilton is regarded as the chief architect of our economic policy, which in turn was developed in order to win the confidence of domestic US business and financial elites as well as gaining the confidence of international business. Transparency 2
9 Transparency Example 1 America possesses the most technologically advanced military hardware. This video demonstrates one of the first deployable force fields for light armored vehicles (LAVs). Welcome to the 21st Century.
10 Trophy
11 Transparency Example 2 America is not the only nation that utilizes Transparency. This video shows the Israeli Defense Force demonstrating a new type of gun that can shoot around corners. A brief interview with the inventor of this amazing weapon follows the demonstration.
12 Corner Shot
13 Transparency Example 3 Some forms of transparency are both political and military in nature. The military sponsored the development of the Massive Ordinance Aerial Burst (MOAB). It is commonly referred to as The Mother Of All Bombs. It is the largest conventional bomb in our arsenal. There is a psychological component to this bomb. A mushroom cloud forms following successful detonation. It looks somewhat a nuclear detonation.
14 MOAB
15 Transparency Example 4 Javelin is a fire-and-forget missile with lock-on before launch and automatic self-guidance. The system takes a top-attack flight profile against armored vehicles (attacking the top armor which is generally thinner) but can also take a direct-attack mode for use against buildings or fortifications. This missile also has the ability to engage helicopters. Javelin is supplied by Raytheon/Lockheed Martin's JAVELIN Joint Venture.
16 Javelin
17 Various forms of propaganda have been utilized to drum up mass support to better assure elite legitimacy. Cinemocracy, the relationship between motion pictures and government is one way governmental elites sell their agenda. Enjoy this classic cartoon where Popeye The Sailor Man battles the Nazis. Cinemocracy
18 Popeye Versus The Nazis
19 Cinemocracy / Manipulation / Force Cinemocracy Example of power? Manipulation Example of power? The Use Of Force Example of Power?
20 Propaganda Citizen Based Technological advancements have empowered common citizens with creative minds to produce their own propaganda. The War On Terror sparked a great deal of media distributed via the Internet. Elites no longer maintain total control over distribution. Many citizens may deem these video as offensive. Keep in mind that propaganda is meant to produce an Us versus Them mindset. Does this video have any impact over your belief system?
21 Diplomacy
22 American Democracy 1 Elitism in the United States is government by the few. Elites and the Masses in American Political Life. 1. Elites have power to decide who gets what, when, and how. 2. The lives of the masses are shaped by elite decisions. Democracy and the Survival of Democracy 1. Democracy is government by the people. 2. The survival of democracy is in the hands of elites. Evidence About Political Life Supporting Elite Theory 1. The Irony of Democracy explains American political life using elite theory. 2. American / contemporary political history provides evidence of life in a democracy shaped by elites.
23 Government Of The Few Italian political scientist Gaetano Mosca expressed the meaning of elitism. 1. In all societies there is a small ruling class and a more numerous ruled class. 2. French political scientist Roberto Michels stated the iron law of oligarchy. 3. American political scientist Harold Lasswell expressed that government is always by the few. 4. Elites are of society s upper classes that control resources and societal institutions.
24 Fear Of Pure Democracy 1. The Founders feared that government by majority rule would threaten the freedom and property of minorities and individuals. 2. President Abraham Lincoln expressed the impracticality of mass government. 3. Representative democracy inevitably leads to elite government. 4. In Western democracies, elites have multiple institutional bases of power.
25 American Elite Consensus UNITED STATES ELITE CONSENSUS 1. Liberty 2. Respect For Private Property 3. Limited Government NOTE: Elites argue over the MEANS and not the ENDS. NOTE: Respect for private property does not necessarily mean safeguarding one s home or personal possessions like a car. It really means providing adequate security to safeguard a person.
26 Elite Repression 1 Elites primarily concern themselves with maintaining and/or enhancing their positions of power. This requires protecting the power system in which they dominate. Stability of the system is an issue of great concern. If the system is not stable then the mass class may no longer view elites as legitimate. Mass activism inspires elite repression. Elites respond by limiting freedom and strengthening security, banning demonstrations, curtailing speech, etc. One can argue that sexual harassment laws may be a form of elite repression. Why is this so?
27 The majority of the mass class may actually favor elite repression to some degree, especially during times of national conflict (war). Shortly after Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast, which the Supreme Court upheld. Could it happen to another group of citizens again? Elite Repression 2
28 Japanese Internment
29 Technology allows the common individual to cheaply create and distribute propaganda worldwide. Cartoons have a tendency to make light such terrible subjects that include warfare. Little Saddam & Bush and Saddam On The Run were produced and distributed prior to Persian Gulf War II. The intent was to increase mass support for a US led invasion of Iraq. Do these cartoons influence your personal opinion one way or the other? Would they have impact over political leaders? Why or why not? Political Messages
30 Saddam
31 Little Bush & Saddam
32 The First Elite Class 1 The Founding Fathers Were Exceptional Elites 1. The Founding Fathers were wealthy, educated, talented, and resourceful. 2. The Founding Fathers established a survivable and stable federal government. 3. The Founding Fathers established a constitutional government not based on heredity.
33 The First Elite Class 2 1. Elites were merchants, planters, lawyers, and bankers. 2. A small middle class was composed of successful farmers, shopkeepers, and independent artisans. 3. The great mass of White Americans were small farmers and workers in fishing, lumbering, and commerce. 4. The bottom of the white social structure consisted of indentured servants and tenant farmers. 5. Black slaves were an important component of the American economy considered property in the new democratic nation.
34 Priorities Of The Founders The Founding Fathers preferences for constitution forming were government, the economy, and nationalism. 1. The fundamental role of a republican form of government was to protect liberty and property and to suppress threats against dominant economic elites. 2. The strong central government was to open western land to speculation, protect shipping and manufacturing, and ensure the return of runaway slaves. 3. The politically and economically strong central government was to play a respectable role in the international community and exercise power in world affairs.
35 Formative Constitutional Elements The formative elements of a national elite were evident at the Annapolis Convention and the Constitutional Convention. 1. The prestige of George Washington qualified him to preside over the Constitutional Convention. 2. The Founding Fathers had extensive governing experience. 3. The Founding Fathers had attained high educational achievements and were legally trained political decisionmakers. 4. The Founding Fathers formed a major part of the nation s wealthy business and financial leadership. 5. The Founding Fathers viewed political, economic, and military issues from a nationalist perspective, looking beyond their state loyalties.
36 Government Consensus 1. Delegates agreed that the fundamental end of government is the protection of liberty and property. 2. Delegates believed that there was a contractual relationship between the people and their government, and that the ultimate legitimacy of government is popular sovereignty. 3. Delegates believed that a republican government was a representative, responsible, and nonhereditary government. 4. Delegates believed that dividing government power among separate branches capable of checking each other was the greatest assurance against tyranny. 5. Delegates believed that only a strong national government could exercise its will directly on the people.
37 Conciliation & Compromises The Connecticut compromise was that representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population and representation in the United States Senate would be equal with two senators from each state. 1. The compromises on slavery were that three-fifths of the slaves of each state would be counted for the purpose of representation and taxation, and that the slave trade would not end before The compromise on tariffs was that exported articles should not be taxed and only the national government could tax imported articles. 3. The delegates agreed that there would be state, not national, qualifications on voting according to property holdings.
38 The Constitution was an elitist document. Elite Constitution 1. Elites enjoyed constitutional benefits from congressional levy of taxes, regulation of commerce, protection of money and property, creation of the military, protection against revolution, protection of slavery, limitation of states in monetary and business affairs. 2. The elite s support for a strong national government was realized by constitutional arrangements such as national supremacy, republicanism, separation of powers and checks and balances, and judicial review. 3. Elites skillfully used an extraordinary procedure, limited participation, and a Bill of Rights to achieve constitutional ratification.
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