The most important geostrategic issue for the UK? Pakistan with friends like these.
|
|
- Abel Sutton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RS 57 The most important geostrategic issue for the UK? Pakistan with friends like these. By Professor Shaun Gregory PSRU, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford This paper is taken from an address by Professor Gregory to the UK Defence Forum on Monday 7 th July Introduction My subject today is With Friends Like These Pakistan and the War on Terrorism and in speaking about Pakistan I am referring primarily to the military-political elite which rules Pakistan, dominated by the Army. I want to concentrate my remarks in four areas: (a) Pakistan s relationship with the Taliban; (b) Pakistan s relationship with al-qaeda; (c) the nuclear weapons dimension; and (d) Pakistan s role in the WoT. Before I can do this I think it s important to remind ourselves of some of the constants in Pakistan s defence and security thinking because these give us insight into why Pakistan behaves as it does and the degree to which the interests of Pakistan and the West by which I mean primarily the US and UK are at odds. Four issues I think are fundamental: 1) that faced with an conflictual and powerful India to its east, Pakistan s security demands a friendly Afghanistan to its west both to provide it with strategic space and to ensure that Pakistan is not trapped between two adversaries; 2) that faced with a more power rival India and subject to sanctions through the 1990s following the Soviet-Afghan war, Pakistan created and/or supported numerous extremist and terrorist organisations as instruments of state policy, both in relation to its international security objectives within the region and across the Islamic world as far afield as Algeria; and for internal purposes, particularly in relation to Kashmir, opposition to domestic secular pluralist political forces, and to perceived Shia threats to Pakistan s Sunni majority. Page 1 of 9
2 3) that having been through the trauma of the break up of east and west Pakistan in 1971 with defeat by India and the creation of Bangladesh, Pakistan has become obsessed about further threats to the integrity of what remains of the original Pakistan; 4) that since the Zia ul-haq years [ ], Pakistan has been undergoing a process of Islamization which has moved Pakistan away from the pluralist secular vision of its founding fathers towards an Islamized polity in which sharia asserts an ever stronger role, and in which the centre of gravity in Pakistan s politics and within the Pakistan military and intelligence services - has become ever more Islamic. With these issues in mind I want to move on to the themes I outlined above: Pakistan and the Taliban Firstly, Pakistan s relations with the Taliban. As is well known Pakistan supported and empowered the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan between about 1994 and 1996 as a means of imposing some order and stability on the chaos of post Soviet Afghanistan, and was one of only three states to give diplomatic recognition to the Taliban government. Pakistan did this because the Taliban are a Pashtun group and Pakistan has always sought to assert its control of Afghanistan through the Pashtuns who constitute about 35% of the Afghan population and are dominant in Afghanistan s most important political regions. Following 9/11 Pakistan was put under intense pressure and offered lavish rewards by the US to turn against the Taliban and although Pakistan had little choice but to comply with this, the crucial point is that the underlying fundamentals of Pakistani security policy did not change. The Karzai government which emerged in Afghanistan is antipathetic to Pakistan and is indulgent of Indian influence, much to Pakistan s alarm. Pakistan thus wants an end to the Karzai government and it also wants the US and NATO out of the Afghan theatre. The Taliban remain Pakistan s best instrument for achieving both objectives because they are able to sustain with some Pakistani support a grinding insurgency which Pakistan expects to force eventually both a political accommodation with the Taliban in Afghanistan and a western deal with the Taliban to find a face-saving exit from Afghanistan. Page 2 of 9
3 Thus Pakistan flew many senior Taliban figures out of Afghanistan as Kabul fell in 2001 to the Northern Alliance, and Pakistan has since provided a safe haven for the Taliban as well as logistics, training and recruitment for the Taliban not least in Pakistan s South Western province of Balochistan. The added bonus of having the Taliban in Balochistan where throughout the Musharraf years they were hosted by the Islamist MMA which, with Musharraf s support, dominated the Balochistan provincial assembly is that the Taliban and MMA have played an important role in suppressing Balochi nationalism which, as one senior Pakistani military figure remarked, threatens Pakistan s territorial integrity in a way that the Taliban at the time did not. This explains why the Taliban were and still are - free to operate from Balochistan, in particular from around Quetta, despite the presence of huge numbers of Pakistan military in the province and much to the anger of NATO and UK commanders, particularly after the UK deployed to Southern Afghanistan in 2005 and found itself taking casualties from the Taliban who then simply retreated to safety across the Pakistan border. The picture of the Taliban in Pakistan s northern NWFP and FATA is similar but even more complex. These areas have always been beyond the direct control of Pakistan but have been managed successfully through the exploitation of tribal power structures, which Pakistan understands well. In the aftermath of 9/11 the Taliban has been tolerated in the NWFP and has been de facto allowed through a series of peace deals - to attack Afghan and NATO forces across the border provided they did not threaten Pakistan itself. This situation has become complicated because the relations between Pakistan and the Taliban have mutated to some degree because of the impact of tribal militants, the emergence of the Tehreek-e-Taliban of Pakistan [TTP], and because of the presence of al-qaeda. To understand something of this we have to turn to Pakistan s relations with al-qaeda. Pakistan and al-qaeda Pakistan, and in particular Pakistan s lead intelligence agency the ISI has had a close relationship with Osama Bin Laden and thus with al-qaeda - since the Soviet Afghan war. At the end of that war in 1989 and 1990 the ISI tried to use Bin Laden for its jihad in Kashmir in which Pakistan transited thousands of Afghan veterans to Kashmir to try to finally wrest control of the region from India. To do this Pakistan Page 3 of 9
4 created or took over terrorist groups like Lashkar-I-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed as the means to control and direct the jihadis and in the process the ISI built the infrastructure of terrorist training camps in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, where at a future date at least two of the London 7/7 bombers were to receive some of their training. The ISI also tried to co-opt Bin Laden for an attempt to remove Benazir Bhutto who was Prime Minister for the first time between 1988 and 1990, and this was the ground of Benazir s claim that ISI veterans still influential in Pakistan were complicit in the first attempt on her life in Karachi in October 2007, just a few months before she was so tragically assassinated. It was the ISI which introduced Bin Laden to the Taliban in 1996 when he returned to Afghanistan, thereby gifting al-qaeda a secure base from which to emerge as a genuinely global threat, and it was the ISI which tipped off Bin Laden about a series of attempts on his life in the late 1990s by the US in retaliation for al-qaeda attacks in East Africa. In case anyone is interested I understand a copy of a paper I wrote about the ISI which was published in Washington in December 2007, and which provides much greater detail about the ISI-al-Qaeda relationship, has been posted on the UKDF website. The long and complex relationship between the ISI and al-qaeda must I think inform any analysis of Pakistan s response to al-qaeda post 9/11. There is come evidence, though it is disputed, that Pakistan allowed the al-qaeda leadership to escape Tora- Bora in late 2001, but there is little dispute that Pakistan s wild tribal areas of the NWFP and FATA have since 9/11 been the most likely safe haven of al-qaeda leadership, or that Pakistan, as John Negroponte said last year, is now the hub of al- Qaeda from where he said it is cultivating stronger operational connections and relationships which radiate throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Before I go on to discuss the resultant contradictions of Pakistan s position in the war on terrorism I want to put one final element in place and that is the nexus between terrorism and nuclear weapons which is nowhere more significant that in Pakistan. Page 4 of 9
5 Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons The story of the development of Pakistan nuclear weapons programme is well known and Pakistan today probably has at least nuclear weapons in its arsenal. Equally well-known is the story of A Q Khan, the so-called father of the Pakistan bomb, who was at the centre of a clandestine proliferation network which spread nuclear know-how and technology to a number of rogue states through the 1980s and 1990s, including Iran, North Korea and Libya. AQ Khan was arrested by the Pakistan government in 2003, following disclosures to the UK by Iran and Libya, he was then pushed into a public confession on Pakistani TV and subsequently pardoned by Musharraf in 2004 since when he has been held under semi-formal house arrest, resolutely out of reach of western intelligence. My own view, having researched Pakistani nuclear issues for more than a decade, is that AQ Khan was not working without the knowledge and support of the ISI and Pakistan military, that some of the latter were complicit in his activities, and that indeed Pakistan may very well still be involved in nuclear proliferation activities. Certainly this is the thrust of two excellent and recent studies by Levy and Scott- Clarke in the UK and by Frantz and Collins in the US. The critical issues here though are the links between Pakistan s relations with al- Qaeda, Pakistan s use of terrorism as an instrument of state policy, and what has been termed a porous nuclear weapons context in Pakistan. Many analysts believe that if there is a nuclear 9/11 carried out in the West, it will have its origins in Pakistan. I think there are at least two sets of issues here: one is that unscrupulous technocrats such as Khan - from within Pakistan s nuclear weapons programme could provide assistance to terrorists enabling them to cross the nuclear threshold. In this connection we already have the well documented case of two recently retired Pakistani nuclear weapons scientists Sultan Mahmood and Chaudiri Majeed, who met Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan in August Pakistan has tried to dismiss this event as of marginal importance and Mahmood and Majeed as minor figures, but in fact these were quite senior and privately radical figures who, although not weapons designers themselves, were certainly knowledgeable about networks of nuclear contacts within Pakistan and beyond, and as the AQ Khan story had illustrated, it is these networks which are of pivotal importance in terms of nuclear transfer. Page 5 of 9
6 The second set of issues arise around the possibility of direct collusion between terrorists, and Islamists within the Pakistan military and intelligence services who have access to nuclear weapons and/or nuclear components. Having myself worked closely with Pakistan s SPD on nuclear safety and security issues I take the view that these are serious concerns. Indeed I have published an analysis of these issues in a report for my research unit and again I understand a copy of this has been posted on the UKDF website. Pakistan and the WoT. With the nuclear issue now in our minds, and with some background elements in place, I want to say something about Pakistan s role in the War on Terrorism. Two sets of tensions those between Pakistan s need to be responsive to the US in particular and the need to be responsive to the generally anti-western sentiment at all levels in Pakistan, and those between differing Western and Pakistan interests in the region have led to what may be called the double narrative of Pakistan s role in the WoT. The first of these the story Pakistan wants to West to hear is that Pakistan is an indispensable ally in the WoT. Certainly in the early years after 9/11 Pakistan did provide a great deal of support for the WoT, assisting the West in hunting down many al-qaeda members, arresting or killing many senior figures such as Al-Libbi, Ghailiani, Farooqi, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and so forth, and closing down many indigenous terrorist organisations. Pakistan has also taken heavy casualties in the tribal areas battling tribal militants. The second narrative, however, is that Pakistan has released many terrorist suspects, allowed many indigenous terrorist organisations to reform, some under different names, has redeployed some of these groups to its northern areas and even to Bangladesh to escape international attention, that the Taliban are back in force along virtually the entire length of the Pakistan-Afghan border and that its leaders, including Mullah Omar himself, are still at large and almost certainly under the protection of the ISI. Yes Pakistan has found itself - under intense US pressure - fighting tribal militants, al-qaeda, and the TTP in the tribal areas, and in the aftermath of the storming of the Lal Masjid in July 2007 has found itself subject to escalating violence in its cities, including Islamabad and Rawalpindi, but there are few signs that Pakistan has given up support for terrorism as an instrument of state policy, that it is prepared to move Page 6 of 9
7 hard against the Taliban within Pakistan, or that it has given up the support of the Taliban for its objectives in Afghanistan. In relation to al-qaeda, Pakistani perhaps no longer support and protects al-qaeda in the way it once did though some ISI operatives may still do so but the tribal areas do provide a safe haven, al-qaeda is resurgent, its leadership is still at large, and Pakistan s co-operation in the WoT has declined since the high point of /4. Critics on both sides of the Atlantic provide a pretty consistent critique of the ISI s role, in particular that: the ISI tends to act on US and/or UK intelligence but not to be proactive in bringing its own intelligence to the West, and that there are huge gaps in the intelligence the ISI does provide to the West which Western agencies believe they are able to fill should they wish; the ISI is unhelpful in relation to specific investigations most notably of 7/7 and 21/7 where the trail has gone cold, particularly where these investigated abut against Pakistani sensitivities such as ISI terrorist training camps; the ISI has restricted or denied the US/UK access to many alleged terrorists as well as to many of its own operatives and assets [key individuals here include Omar Saeed Sheik implicated in the murder of Daniel Pearl; Dawood Ibrahim, Pakistan s no 1 gangster/fixer with known connections to the ISI and al-qaeda; Rashid Rauf allegedly involved in the summer 2006 Heathrow bomb plots]; the ISI manipulates intelligence for its own internal and geopolitical reasons, and misdirects US and UK intelligence services. The real point here of course is not whether Pakistan and its ISI are for us or against us, but rather whether the benefits the UK and US derive from the support of the Pakistan military and ISI are worth the costs and present and future risks. I take the view that the answer to that question has changed markedly for the negative over the past few years and that we can no longer afford a business as usual relationship with the Pakistan military. Not at least while Pakistan itself is in crisis, while NATO falters in Afghanistan, while the number of UK casualties in Afghanistan rises, while the number of UK terrorist plots with links to Pakistan continues to rise, or while the risks of a nuclear terrorist attack with its origins in Pakistan remains. Page 7 of 9
8 Policy Constraints I am under no illusions however about the difficulties of adjusting policy towards Pakistan in relation to the War on Terrorism. Any policy revisions must face up to at least five substantial obstacles: 1) that despite the nominal transition to democracy in Pakistan post February 2008, the Pakistan military remains in control of defence policy, foreign policy, nuclear policy, internal security, and will defend their expanded interests in the Pakistan economy which mushroomed under Musharraf. Iin the context of the WoT, and in the context of vast direct US aid to the Pakistan military this leaves the divided elected government a pretty small portfolio of issues to squabble about; 2) that Pakistan has proven extremely resistant to external sanctions and pressure. Indeed the lessons of the decade or so of the Pressler sanctions through the 1990s, and the post-test sanctions in 1998, is that Pakistan will not budge an inch in the face of such pressure and that the solutions it seeks to circumvent those pressures have had, if anything, even more negative consequences for the West; 3) that we should never lose sight of Pakistan s capacity for coercive options, by which I mean its capacity to deny the West what support it presently offers and/or to step up support for the Taliban, for terrorists, for proliferation, and so on. I have myself heard several senior Pakistani diplomats and military figures make precisely this threat, albeit veiled in polite language; 4) that the narrow focus of the Bush administration and Cheney s office in particular over the past six years on Musharraf and the Pakistan Army has greatly limited the policy options and denied the West a broader front of engagement with Pakistan. Over Musharraf s term democracy has declined in Pakistan and Islamic extremism and terrorism have flourished. It will not be easy to find that broader front or to reverse the consequences of Bush s policy myopia; 5) that direct US military intervention in Pakistan is a hugely risky policy option with the potential to inflame the situation, undermine what western support still exists in Pakistan, trigger precisely the coercive options Pakistan has warned of, and perhaps even threaten the existence of Pakistan itself. I am reminded of Zbigniew Brezinski s recent entreaty that the US could soon find Page 8 of 9
9 itself at war in Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan and, in his words, if it were that would spell the end of US hegemony. Nevertheless I believe the West must change policy towards Pakistan, and I believe the UK has a window of opportunity to work for that change once a new administration comes into office in the United States. Disclaimer The views of authors are their own. The UK Defence Forum holds no corporate view on the opinions expressed in papers or at meetings. The Forum exists to enable politicians, industrialists, members of the armed forces, academics and others with an interest in defence and security issues to exchange information and views on the future needs of Britain s defence. It is operated by a non-partisan, not for profit company. UK Defence Forum papers are archived at - the last three years being accessible only to members and subscribers. Prior to that they are in the public domain subject to usual conventions. Members wishing to comment on papers can access a noticeboard via the members area of the website July 2008 Page 9 of 9
Weekly Geopolitical Report
August 17, 2009 Pakistan and the Death of Baitullah Mehsud Reports indicated that on Aug. 5, Baitullah Mehsud, the notorious leader of the Taliban in Pakistan, died from a U.S. missile strike. In this
More informationThe Geopolitical Importance of Pakistan
The Geopolitical Importance of Pakistan A Country Caught between the Threat of Talibanisation and the Return to Democracy by Dr. Heinrich Kreft The murder of Benazir Bhutto on 27 December focused world
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RS21584 Updated August 4, 2003 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Summary Pakistan: Chronology of Events K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense,
More informationfragility and crisis
strategic asia 2003 04 fragility and crisis Edited by Richard J. Ellings and Aaron L. Friedberg with Michael Wills Country Studies Pakistan: A State Under Stress John H. Gill restrictions on use: This
More informationconfronting terrorism in the pursuit of power
strategic asia 2004 05 confronting terrorism in the pursuit of power Edited by Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills Regional Studies South Asia: A Selective War on Terrorism? Walter K. Andersen restrictions
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RS21584 Updated November 3, 2003 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Summary Pakistan: Chronology of Events K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense,
More informationReport- Book Launch 88 Days to Kandahar A CIA Diary
INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES web: www.issi.org.pk phone: +92-920-4423, 24 fax: +92-920-4658 Report- Book Launch 88 Days to Kandahar A CIA Diary March 11, 2016 Compiled by: Amina Khan 1 P a g e Pictures
More informationCRS Report for Congress
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS21658 November 3, 2003 Summary International Terrorism in South Asia K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense,
More informationGR132 Non-proliferation: current lessons from Iran and North Korea
GR132 Non-proliferation: current lessons from Iran and North Korea The landmark disarmament deal with Libya, announced on 19 th December 2003, opened a brief window of optimism for those pursuing international
More informationBush, Pakistan And The Bomb
Bush, Pakistan And The Bomb Prakash Nanda* Introduction The dastardly assassination of Benazir Bhutto, former prime minister of Pakistan, by terrorists has exposed once again the fragility of that country
More informationPOLICY BRIEF. Engaging Pakistan. W h a t i s t h e p r o b l e m? W h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e? December 2008
POLICY BRIEF December 2008 CLAUDE RAKISITS claude.rakisits@canberra.net.au W h a t i s t h e p r o b l e m? Pakistan is a critical player in international efforts to counter global and regional terrorist
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RS21584 Updated February 5, 2004 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events Summary K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs,
More informationone time. Any additional use of this file, whether for
one time. Any additional use of this file, whether for Islamabad and The Taliban sales, alterations or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission and fair compensation to BENAZIR BHUTTO,
More informationThe top leaders of the Movement of the Taliban in Pakistan:
Downloaded from: justpaste.it/1b04 Pakistani Taliban - Leaders // Ethnic Groups Map of northwestern Pakistan. By BILL ROGGIO May 17, 2010 After the failed car bomb attack in New York City's Times Square,
More informationSharif Out: What s Changed in US-Pakistan Relations?
THE NAVIGAT R Weekly Analysis of Muslim Geopolitics No. 4 Sharif Out: What s Changed In U.S.-Pakistan Relations? Center for Global Policy Aug 2, 2017 Sharif Out: What s Changed in US-Pakistan Relations?
More informationAFGHANISTAN. The Trump Plan R4+S. By Bill Conrad, LTC USA (Ret) October 6, NSF Presentation
AFGHANISTAN The Trump Plan R4+S By Bill Conrad, LTC USA (Ret) October 6, 2017 --NSF Presentation Battle Company 2 nd of the 503 rd Infantry Regiment 2 Battle Company 2 nd of the 503 rd Infantry Regiment
More informationC. Christine Fair 1. The Timing of the Study
Islamist Militancy in Pakistan: A View from the Provinces Companion to Pakistani Public Opinion on the Swat Conflict, Afghanistan and the U.S. July 10, 2009 C. Christine Fair 1 In Pakistan s struggles
More informationUS-LED WAR AGAINST TERRORISM
Published on South Asia Analysis Group (http://www.southasiaanalysis.org) Home > US-LED WAR AGAINST TERRORISM US-LED WAR AGAINST TERRORISM Submitted by asiaadmin2 on Tue, 09/25/2012-13:28 Paper No. 386
More informationAn assessment of NATO s command of ISAF operations in Afghanistan
GR129 An assessment of NATO s command of ISAF operations in Afghanistan In August 2003, NATO took command of ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) operations in Afghanistan. This was the first
More informationThe motivations behind Afghan Taliban leaders arrest in Pakistan. Saifullah Ahmadzai 1 15 th March 2010
The motivations behind Afghan Taliban leaders arrest in Pakistan Saifullah Ahmadzai 1 15 th March 2010 The Christian Science Monitor reported that Pakistani officials had arrested seven out of fifteen
More informationAmericans to blame too August 29, 2007
Americans to blame too August 29, 2007 India has celebrated the 60th anniversary of its independence. Sixty years is a long time in the life of a nation. On August 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru announced
More information59. Relations with South and Central Asia
59. Relations with South and Central Asia Policymakers should acknowledge that although the United States should seek to prevent Pakistan from descending into chaos in the short term, the Musharraf regime
More informationHusain Haqqani. An Interview with
An Interview with Husain Haqqani Muhammad Mustehsan What does success in Afghanistan look like from a Pakistani perspective, and how might it be achieved? HH: From Pakistan s perspective, a stable Afghanistan
More informationCRS Report for Congress
CRS Report for Congress.Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS21584 Updated June 22, 2005 Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events Summary K. Alan Kronstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense,
More informationEngaging Regional Players in Afghanistan Threats and Opportunities
Engaging Regional Players in Afghanistan Threats and Opportunities A Report of the CSIS Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project author Shiza Shahid codirectors Rick Barton Karin von Hippel November 2009 CSIS
More informationRS 84B Iranian Insights : Helping Iran to help itself towards freedom and democracy
RS 84B Iranian Insights : Helping Iran to help itself towards freedom and democracy By Peter Temple-Morris What to do with Iran, or more appropriately what should Iran do with itself? How do we find ourselves
More informationAGORA ASIA-EUROPE. Regional implications of NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan: What role for the EU? Nº 4 FEBRUARY Clare Castillejo.
Nº 4 FEBRUARY 2012 AGORA ASIA-EUROPE Regional implications of NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan: What role for the EU? Clare Castillejo The US and NATO may have a date to leave Afghanistan, but they still
More informationANNEX 5. Public. Chronology of relevant events
ICC-02/17-7-Anx5 20-11-2017 1/6 NM PT ANNEX 5 Public Chronology of relevant events ICC-02/17-7-Anx5 20-11-2017 2/6 NM PT CHRONOLOGY OF RELEVANT EVENTS In accordance with Regulation 49(3), the Prosecution
More informationStatement of Dennis C. Blair before The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate January 22, 2009
Statement of Dennis C. Blair before The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate January 22, 2009 Madam Chairman, Mr. Vice Chairman, Members of the Committee: It is a distinct honor
More informationUSA s Pak Strategy Blown - A New Round of Challenges for the Region
Published on South Asia Analysis Group (http://www.southasiaanalysis.org) Home > USA s Pak Strategy Blown - A New Round of Challenges for the Region USA s Pak Strategy Blown - A New Round of Challenges
More informationAfghanistan has become terrain for India-Pakistan proxy war
Afghanistan has become terrain for India-Pakistan proxy war Ramananda Sengupta* March 2010 Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974-4930181 Fax: +974-4831346 jcforstudies@aljazeera.net www.aljazeera.net/studies
More informationDrug Lords and Domestic Terrorism in Afghanistan [NAME] [DATE]
1 Drug Lords and Domestic Terrorism in Afghanistan [NAME] [DATE] 2 Outline Synthesis 1. Drug lords are able to become productive and profitable through successfully recruiting the poor people to work for
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated March 6, 2006 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated February 6, 2004 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional
More informationAFGHANISTAN: TRANSITION UNDER THREAT WORKSHOP REPORT
AFGHANISTAN: TRANSITION UNDER THREAT WORKSHOP REPORT On December 17-18, 2006, a workshop was held near Waterloo, Ontario Canada to assess Afghanistan s progress since the end of the Taliban regime. Among
More informationPROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
COUNTER TERRORISM EXPERIENCE OF PAKISTAN PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BADAKSHAN MINTAKA NURISTAN CHITRAL AFGHANISTAN PAKTIA KHOWST PAKTIKA ZABUL KUNAR NANGARHAR NWA SWA BANNU KHYBER PESHAWAR
More informationUnit 7 Station 2: Conflict, Human Rights Issues, and Peace Efforts. Name: Per:
Name: Per: Station 2: Conflicts, Human Rights Issues, and Peace Efforts Part 1: Vocab Directions: Use the reading below to locate the following vocab words and their definitions. Write their definitions
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated April 27, 2005 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional
More informationThe Future of Extremism in Pakistan
The Future of Extremism in Pakistan A Twenty Year Forward Look to 2028 is a Private Limited Company registered in England and Wales www.jan-consulting.com VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN PAKISTAN Extremism is politically
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated December 14, 2004 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional
More informationCongressional Testimony
Congressional Testimony FOREIGN ASSISTANCE, SUPPORT FOR EXTREMISM AND PUBLIC OPINION IN MUSLIM MAJORITY COUNTRIES Written Testimony of Kenneth Ballen President Terror Free Tomorrow: The Center for Public
More informationUS NSA s visit to South Asia implications for India
Author: Amb. Yogendra Kumar 27.04.2016 CHARCHA Photograph: Kevin Lamarque/Reuters US NSA s visit to South Asia implications for India An indication of the Administration s regional priorities has been
More information12 Reconnecting India and Central Asia
Executive Summary The geopolitical salience of Central Asia for India was never in doubt in the past and is not in doubt at present. With escalating threats and challenges posed by religious extremism,
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated October 13, 2005 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional
More informationWhite Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan INTRODUCTION
White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan INTRODUCTION The United States has a vital national security interest in addressing the current and potential
More informationAfter bin Laden, Still No Choice for U.S. with Pakistan
After bin Laden, Still No Choice for U.S. with Pakistan An Interview C. Christine Fair By Graham Webster May 26, 2011 The U.S.-Pakistan relationship has received renewed attention in both countries after
More informationBriefing. Counterterrorism and Nuclear Security in Pakistan
Briefing Counterterrorism and Nuclear Security in Pakistan February 2011 The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent
More informationINDIA AND PAKISTAN: STEPS TOWARDS RAPPROCHEMENT
Prepared Testimony of STEPHEN P. COPHEN Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution Before the SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE January 28, 2004 INDIA AND PAKISTAN: STEPS TOWARDS
More informationCRS Issue Brief for Congress
Order Code IB94041 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated May 26, 2005 K. Alan Kronstadt Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research
More informationINFOSERIES. Afghanistan: The challenge of relations with Pakistan. A troubled history MOST OBSERVERS AGREE THAT NO OTHER COUNTRY
INFOSERIES Afghanistan: The challenge of relations with Pakistan MOST OBSERVERS AGREE THAT NO OTHER COUNTRY has had or will have a greater impact on the situation in Afghanistan than Pakistan. Some view
More informationThe Terror OCTOBER 18, 2001
The Terror OCTOBER 18, 2001 Philip C. Wilcox Jr. Font Size: A A A The author, a retired US Foreign Service officer, served as US Ambassador at Large for Counterterrorism between 1994 and 1997. The Bush
More informationThreat Convergence Profile Series. The Haqqani Network
Threat Convergence Profile Series The Haqqani Network October 2011 The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that works to prevent violent
More informationDomestic policy WWI. Foreign Policy. Balance of Power
Domestic policy WWI The decisions made by a government regarding issues that occur within the country. Healthcare, education, Social Security are examples of domestic policy issues. Foreign Policy Caused
More informationPakistan: Political and Foreign Relations Outlook
12 28 February 2017 Pakistan: Political and Foreign Relations Outlook Lindsay Hughes Research Analyst Indian Ocean Research Programme Key Points Pakistani politics have been influenced by the country s
More informationCover Story. - by Shraddha Bhandari. 24 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2016 FSAI Journal
- by Shraddha Bhandari 24 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2016 FSAI Journal Following the spate of terror attacks in Paris, Beirut, and downing of the Russian Metrojet liner in November 2015, concerns have been raised
More informationNational Security Policy. National Security Policy. Begs four questions: safeguarding America s national interests from external and internal threats
National Security Policy safeguarding America s national interests from external and internal threats 17.30j Public Policy 1 National Security Policy Pattern of government decisions & actions intended
More informationSTRATEGIC LOGIC OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
STRATEGIC LOGIC OF NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Nuno P. Monteiro, Alexandre Debs Sam Bleifer INTRODUCTION Security-based theory of proliferation This interaction is shaped by the potential proliferator s ability
More informationPakistan-U.S. Relations
Order Code RL33498 Pakistan-U.S. Relations Updated February 2, 2007 K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Pakistan-U.S. Relations Summary A stable,
More informationIn the weeks following the September 11
25 Part III: Afghanistan and Pakistan After 9/11/2001 In the weeks following the September 11 attacks, the United States confirmed that Osama bin Laden s al Qaeda network was responsible for the violence.
More informationThe following text is an edited transcript of Professor. Fisher s remarks at the November 13 meeting. Afghanistan: Negotiation in the Face of Terror
1 The following text is an edited transcript of Professor Fisher s remarks at the November 13 meeting. Afghanistan: Negotiation in the Face of Terror Roger Fisher Whether negotiation will be helpful or
More informationPakistan, Afghanistan and the US Withdrawal
Transcript Pakistan, Afghanistan and the US Withdrawal Ahmed Rashid Author, Pakistan on the Brink Chair: Xenia Dormandy Senior Fellow, US International Role, Americas, Chatham House 20 April 2012 The views
More informationThe Future of China-Pakistan Relations after Osama bin Laden
8 August 2011 The Future of China-Pakistan Relations after Osama bin Laden Dr Jabin T. Jacob Future Directions International Associate Key Points Despite its high profile, the killing of Osama bin Laden
More informationSecuring Indian Interests in Afghanistan Beyond 2014
Securing Indian Interests in Afghanistan Beyond 2014 C. Christine Fair Asia Policy, Number 17, January 2014, pp. 27-32 (Article) Published by National Bureau of Asian Research DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2014.0016
More informationPakistan and the Great Game: Have the Rules Changed?
Transcript Pakistan and the Great Game: Have the Rules Changed? Ali Chishti (via videolink) Investigative Reporter Mustafa Qadri Pakistan Researcher, Amnesty International Chair: Owen Bennett-Jones BBC
More informationAustralian Institute of International Affairs PAKISTAN: SECURITY CHALLENGES
PAKISTAN: SECURITY CHALLENGES By Ian Dudgeon, November 4, 2010 Introduction My presentation today is based on a visit I made to Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore in Pakistan during 4-12 October 2010. The
More informationA Historical Timeline of Afghanistan
A Historical Timeline of Afghanistan Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan The land that is now Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strife among internally warring factions.
More informationAny response to Uri must factor in the Pakistani state s relationship with non-state actors.
Inside, outside Any response to Uri must factor in the Pakistani state s relationship with non-state actors. Soldiers guard outside the army base which was attacked suspected militants in Uri, Jammu and
More informationScott D. Sagan Stanford University Herzliya Conference, Herzliya, Israel,
Scott D. Sagan Stanford University Herzliya Conference, Herzliya, Israel, 2009 02 04 Thank you for this invitation to speak with you today about the nuclear crisis with Iran, perhaps the most important
More informationPakistani Public Opinion on Democracy, Islamist Militancy, and Relations with the US
Pakistani Public Opinion on Democracy, Islamist Militancy, and Relations with the US A Joint Study of WorldPublicOpinion.org and the United States Institute of Peace January 7, 2008 C. CHRISTINE FAIR CLAY
More informationTerrorist Groups: Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ud-Dawa:
Pakistan Pakistan has long been accused by its neighbours India and Afghanistan, and western nations like the United States and the United Kingdom of its involvement in terrorist activities in the region
More informationDissuasion and Regional Allies: The Case of Pakistan; Strategic Insights, v. 3 issue 10 (October 2004)
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications 2004-10-04 Dissuasion and Regional Allies: The Case of Pakistan; Strategic Insights, v. 3
More informationPakistan After Musharraf
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE Pakistan After Musharraf Q&A with: Frederic Grare, visiting scholar, Carnegie South Asia Program Wednesday, August 20, 2008 What are the implications of Musharraf
More informationAMERICAN MILITARY READINESS MUST INCLUDE STATE-BUILDING by Roger B. Myerson and J. Kael Weston November 2016
AMERICAN MILITARY READINESS MUST INCLUDE STATE-BUILDING by Roger B. Myerson and J. Kael Weston November 2016 In recent decades, America's armed forces have proven their ability to prevail in virtually
More informationThe Nuclear Crescent
The Nuclear Crescent Pakistan and the Bomb Joel Sandhu If India builds the bomb, we will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry. But we will get one of our own Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Former Pakistani President
More informationPANEL #1 THE GROWING DANGER OF NUCLEAR WAR POTENTIAL FLASHPOINTS: HOW A WAR MIGHT START
PANEL #1 THE GROWING DANGER OF NUCLEAR WAR POTENTIAL FLASHPOINTS: HOW A WAR MIGHT START South Asia by Zia Mian Co-Director, Program on Science & Global Security, Princeton University Toward a Fundamental
More informationProspects of Hostilities on Western Border For Pakistan
2012 Prospects of Hostilities on Western Border For Pakistan By Ammarah RabbaniRao The Conflict Monitoring Center Center I-10 Markaz, Islamabad Phone: +92-51-4448720 Email: conflictmonitor@gmail.com website:
More informationCHAPTER S. The history of US-Pak relations has been quite chequered and marked by ups and downs.
CH!Jl!l!J!E/R.:; 5 CHAPTER S Conclusion The history of US-Pak relations has been quite chequered and marked by ups and downs. The relations between the United States and Pakistan constitude one of many
More informationPakistan and Terrorism: A Summary
name redacted Specialist in South Asian Affairs March 27, 2007 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress 7-... www.crs.gov RS22632 Summary This
More informationWhat has Changed, What hasn t and What is unlikely to Change? International Strategic and Security Studies Programme
NIAS Strategic Forecast 21 Trends. Threats. Projections US-Pak Relations: What has Changed, What hasn t and What is unlikely to Change? D. Suba Chandran January 2018 International Strategic and Security
More informationCenter for Strategic & Regional Studies
Center for Strategic & Regional Studies Kabul Weekly Analysis-Issue Number 272 (Oct 20-27, 2018) Weekly Analysis is one of CSRS publications, which significantly analyses weekly economic and political
More informationPakistan, our paradoxical partner in the war on terror by Raspal Khosa
19 Pakistan, our paradoxical partner in the war on terror by Raspal Khosa 22 February 2008 Pakistan is experiencing a failure in governance brought about by eight years of unpopular military rule, decaying
More informationECOSOC I Adam McMahon (Deputy Chair) MY-MUNOFS VI Feb 28 Mar
ECOSOC I Adam McMahon (Deputy Chair) MY-MUNOFS VI Feb 28 Mar 01 2015 Introduction: Pakistan is a country that continuously finds itself caught up in the middle of a lot of tricky situations as it faces
More informationAn Unarguable Fact: American Security is Tied to Afghanistan and Pakistan
Statement before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific on After the Withdrawal: The Way Forward in Afghanistan
More informationPakistan: The Myth of an Islamist Peril
45 February 2006 S U M M A R Y The risk of an Islamist takeover in Pakistan is a myth invented by the Pakistani military to consolidate its hold on power. In fact, religious political parties and militant
More informationWikiLeaks Document Release
WikiLeaks Document Release February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report RS22632 Pakistan and Terrorism: A Summary K. Alan Kronstadt, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division March 27, 2007
More informationMid-Term Assessment of the Quality of Democracy in Pakistan
SoD Summary Mid-Term Assessment of the Quality of Democracy in Pakistan 2008-10 Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDAT) Pakistan, 2010 Ingress Since the end of the military
More informationNotes of the conference given by His Excellency Ghalib Iqbal, Ambassador of Pakistan in France February 17, 2014
Notes of the conference given by His Excellency Ghalib Iqbal, Ambassador of Pakistan in France February 17, 2014 France-Amériques and Forum du Future were privileged to host his Excellency for a talk.
More informationUNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMITTEE Under the United Nations Charter, the Security Council is charged with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. While
More informationQ2. (IF RIGHT DIRECTION) Why do you say that? (Up to two answers accepted.)
Q1. Generally speaking, do you think things in Afghanistan today are going in the right direction, or do you think they are going in the wrong direction? 2005 2004 Right direction 40 54 55 77 64 Wrong
More informationCipher Brief on Afghanistan, Pakistan, LeT, India Lashkar-e-Taiba Wreaks Havoc in South
Cipher Brief on Afghanistan, Pakistan, LeT, India Cipher Brief on Afghanistan, Pakistan, LeT, India Lashkar-e-Taiba Wreaks Havoc in South Asia, Threatens the U.S. Lashkar-e-Taiba Wreaks Havoc in South
More informationThe Scouting Report: Afghanistan and Pakistan
The Scouting Report: Afghanistan and Pakistan Over seven years after the 9/11 attacks, the border region between Pakistan and Afghanistan remains the front line in the war on terror. President Barack Obama
More informationIt was carried out by Charney Research of New York. The fieldwork was done by the Afghan Centre for Social and Opinion Research in Kabul.
This poll, commissioned by BBC World Service in conjunction with ABC News and ARD (Germany), was conducted via face-to-face interviews with 1,377 randomly selected Afghan adults across the country between
More informationWhat are the two most important days of your life? First answer is obvious: the day you were born. The answer: it is the day you realise why you were
What are the two most important days of your life? First answer is obvious: the day you were born. The answer: it is the day you realise why you were born. Not everyone experiences that day; many of us
More informationDenying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan
Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan Lisa Curtis The recent upsurge in Taliban attacks against coalition forces in Afghanistan and continuing links of global terrorist networks to groups based in
More informationPakistan on the Brink: The Future of America, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. By Ahmed Rashid. New York, N.Y.: Viking, 2012.
Volume 5 Number 4 Volume 5, No. 4: Winter 2012 Article 5 Pakistan on the Brink: The Future of America, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. By Ahmed Rashid. New York, N.Y.: Viking, 2012. Mark J. Roberts Follow this
More informationPAKISTAN S NUCLEAR SECURITY
PAKISTAN S NUCLEAR SECURITY Matthew Rojansky and Daniel Cassman - October 2009 - The Partnership for a Secure America (PSA) is dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security
More informationGuided Reading Activity 32-1
Guided Reading Activity 32-1 DIRECTIONS: Recalling the Facts Use the information in your textbook to answer the questions below. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. 1. What conservative view did many
More informationPutin s Predicament: Russia and Afghanistan after 2014
Putin s Predicament: Russia and Afghanistan after 2014 Mark N. Katz Asia Policy, Number 17, January 2014, pp. 13-17 (Article) Published by National Bureau of Asian Research DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2014.0009
More informationPakistan and China: cooperation in counter-terrorism
Pakistan and China: cooperation in counter-terrorism Rashid Ahmad Khan * Introduction T he Pakistan-China strategic relationship is based on multi-faceted bilateral cooperation in diverse fields. During
More informationPakistan-China Relations: Bumps on the Road to Shangri-La
13 November 2012 Pakistan-China Relations: Bumps on the Road to Shangri-La Dr Claude Rakisits FDI Senior Visiting Fellow Key Points Three issues, notably attacks on Chinese citizens, the presence of Uighur
More information