SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY,

Transcription

1 SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY,

2 STUDIES IN SOVIET HISTORY AND SOCIETY General Editor: R. W. Davies The series consists of works by members or associates of the inter-disciplinary Centre for Russian and East European Studies of the University of Birmingham, England. Special interests of the Centre include Soviet economic and social history, contemporary Soviet economics and planning, science and technology, sociology and education. John Barber SOVIET HISTORIANS IN CRISIS, Philip Hanson TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOVIET-WESTERN RELATIONS Jonathan Haslam SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY, Nicholas Lampert THE TECHNICAL INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE SOVIET STATE Robert Lewis SCIENCE AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE USSR Neil Malcolm SOVIET POLITICAL SCIENTISTS AND AMERICAN POLITICS David Mandel THE PETROGRAD WORKERS AND THE FALL OF THE OLD REGIME THE PETROGRAD WORKERS AND THE SOVIET SEIZURE OF POWER Roger Skurski SOVIET MARKETING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT J. N. Westwood SOVIET LOCOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY DURING INDUSTRIAL ISATION,

3 SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY, The Impact of the Depression Jonathan Haslam Lecturer in Soviet Dzplomatic History University of Birmingham in association with Palgrave Macmillan

4 Jonathan Haslam 1983 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1983 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 In memory of E.A.H.

6 Contents Preface A bbreviatz'ons and Acronyms IX XI 1 The Bases of Foreign Policy under Stalin 1 2 The Conduct of Soviet Diplomacy : Crises at Home and Abroad 21 4 The USSR Faces a Campaign against Dumping 38 5 Attempts to Counter the Threat from France 46 6 The Place of Germany in Soviet Policy: The Manchurian Crisis: The Threat from Japan Takes Priority 83 9 The Impact of the Far Eastern Crisis upon Soviet Policy in Europe: A Temporary Setback in Relations with Britain False Optimism on the Eve of Hitler's Victory Conclusion 118 Appendix 1 The State of the Red Army and the Retreat from Forced Collectivisation of Agriculture 121 Appendix 2 The Search for US Recognition 123 Notes and References A Bz'blz'ographz"cal Note Bz'blz'ography Index

7 Preface This is envisaged as the first of four volumes in a history of Soviet foreign policy from the onset of the Great Depression until the Great Patriotic War, covering the period 1930 to As the reader will note, there is no serious attempt to cover the history of the Comintern during these years. Its activities have only been touched upon where they appear to answer the tactical needs of Soviet diplomacy. This cavalier treatment should not be taken to mean that the Comintern had no raison d'etre of its own. It is because the late E.H. Carr has completed a history of the organisation during this period and there was no sense in trying to duplicate his efforts. It will also be apparent that there are certain countries whose relations with the USSR receive scant treatment, but my priority has been to highlight the most important events which inevitably has cast some states into the shadows. Wherever possible primary sources have been used. These include documents selected and published from the archives of the Soviet Foreign Ministry. Unfortunately western scholars are still denied direct access to the archives themselves. This has necessitated extensive use of the contemporary Soviet press and consultation of material in British, French, German and Italian archives, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of events. Obtaining access to these and other sources required the help of many individuals and institutions. A considerable debt of gratitude is therefore owed to the following: the British Academy, the Italian Cultural Institute and Birmingham University (including its Centre for Russian and East European Studies) for the funds which facilitated research both here and abroad; to Dr Benedikz (Birmingham University Library); Jenny Brine (librarian at CREES); Angela Raspin (British Library of Political and Economic Sciences); the staffs of the British Library; the Bibliotheque de Documentation International Contemporaine (Nanterre); Cambridge University Library; the Marx Memorial lx

8 X Preface Library; the Institute of the History of the USSR Library in the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Moscow); the Lenin Library (Moscow); the Central State Archive (Rome); the Italian Foreign Ministry Archive; the French Foreign Ministry Archive; the French National Archives (Overseas Section); the Public Record Office at Kew; to Mr Reid of the Imperial War Museum and the late Mr Hiscock of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library and Records, for access to books and documents in their care; to Renate Barany and Janet Evans for checking my German translations; to Francesco Benvenuti (Bologna University), Judith Bloomfield, Professor Ian Nish (LSE), and Mr Arfon Rees (Keele University) for their help in obtaining material; to Dr Taki Hara for the translation of Japanese memoirs; to Dr Julian Cooper for his criticisms, and to others at the Soviet Industrialisation Project Seminar at CREES in Birmingham for the often unseen but none the less vital influence they have exerted on the progress of my work; to Professor J.A.S. Grenville (Birmingham University) for kindly reading the penultimate draft and suggesting helpful amendments; and, last but not least, a special mention is required for the late E.H. Carr, and also Professor R.W. Davies, for their ready guidance, generous attention and constant encouragement, without which the book would have been much the poorer, though this in no way diminishes my responsibility for any flaws in the work as a whole. Birmingham University JONATHAN HASLAM

9 Abbreviations and Acronyms AA AD Amtorg AN ASD CAB CCP CER CFAID Comintern Cong Sang/ Cong San Dang DBFP DDF DDI DVPSSSR FO IMTFE IVMV JCP KPD A uswiirtz"ges A mt (German Foreign Ministry) Archzves Diplomatz"ques (Diplomatic Archives) Amerikano-Russkaya Torgovaya Palata (Russo American Chamber of Commerce) Archives Nationales (National Archives) Archivio Storico Dzplomatico (Diplomatic History Archives) Cabinet Minutes Chinese Communist Party Chinese Eastern Railway Comite Franco-Allemand d' Information et Documentation (Franco-German Committee of Information and Documentation) Kommunisticheskii Internatsional (Communist International) Indochinese Communist Party Documents on British Foreign Polz"cy Documents Diplomatiques Franfazs (French Diplomatic Documents) Documentz' Dzplomaticz' Italz"ani (Italian Diplomatic Documents) Dokumenty Vneshnei Polz'tiki SSSR (Foreign Policy Documents of the USSR) Foreign Office International Military Tn'bunal Far East Istoriya Vtoroi Mirovoi Voiny (History of the Second World War) Japanese Communist Party Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (German Communist Party) XI

10 Xll Abbreviations and Acronyms N arkomindel N arkomvneshtorg NC NSDAP OGPU PCF Politburo Polpred PV SSSR Rabkrin Revvoensovet RSDLP RSFSR Sovnarkom SPD TASS Vesenkha Narodnyi Komissariat Inostrannykh Del (People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs) Narodnyi Komissariat Vneshnei Torgovly (People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade) Neville Chamberlain National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (National Socialist German Workers' Party) 0 b "edinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie (Unified State Political Administration - political police) Parti Communiste Fran~ais Political Bureau of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Polnomochnyi Predstavitel' (Plenipotentiary) Pogranichnye Voiska SSSR (Border Forces of the USSR) Narodnyi Krest'yanskoi Commissariat Inspection) Komissariat Raboche- Inspektsii (People's of Workers' and Peasants' Revolyutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet (Revolutionary Military Council) Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Rossiiskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov (Council of People's Commissars) Sozial-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (German Social Democratic Party) Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza (Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union) Vysshii Sovet Narodnogo Khozyaistva SSSR (Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR)