THE WARSAW TREATY ORGANIZATION

Transcription

1 THE WARSAW TREATY ORGANIZATION

2 The Warsaw Treaty Organization A Political and Organizational Analysis Neil Fodor Palgrave Macmillan

3 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Neil Fodor 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, Sl Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y First published in the United States of America in 1990 ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fodor, Neil, Warsaw Treaty Organization: a political and organizational analysis I Neil Fodor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN Warsaw Treaty Organization. 2. Europe, Eastern - Foreign relations Europe, Eastern - Military policy. I. Title. JX1393.W2F '2' dc CIP

4 Contents List of Figures and Tables Abbreviations Preface ix xi xiii 1 The Early Post-war Period 1 Introduction 1 The Roots Prior to The End of the Wartime Alliance 3 The Creation of 'Armies of a New Type' 3 The Conclusion of the Network of Bilateral Treaties 5 The Politics of the Post-war Years The Specific Origins of the Warsaw Treaty Introduction The German Question and European Security Soviet Security Concerns in 1954 The London Nine-Power Conference, 28 September - 3 October 1954 The Paris Conference, October 1954 Soviet European Policy, November 1954 The Soviet Note and the Moscow Conference, November 1954 The Wartime Treaties The Warsaw Conference Post Hoc Explanations Concurrent International Issues Conclusions The Structural Development of the WTO Basic History Introduction The Bodies of the WTO The Political Consultative Committee The Permanent Commission and the Joint Secretariat v

5 vi Contents The Joint Command of the Joint Anned Forces 48 The Joint Anned Forces 51 The Staff of the Joint Anned Forces 52 The Committee of Ministers of Defence 56 The Military Council of the Joint Anned Forces 57 The Technical Committee of the Joint Anned Forces 58 The Budapest Reforms 59 The General Secretary of the Political Consultative Committee 61 The Legal Convention 62 The Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 63 The Deputy Foreign Ministers 64 The Joint Secretariat 65 Extra-structural Factors in the WTO 66 Other Bodies of the WTO 66 Economic Co-operation and the CMEA 67 Military Co-operation 68 Political Co-operation 71 The Parliamentarians 72 The Party and State Leaders 73 The Communist Parties 74 Conclusions on the WTO Structure 77 4 Analysis of the Documents and Materials Part A: The Documents and Materials 79 Documents of Notification 79 The Foreign Ministers 80 The Political Consultative Committee 82 The Khrushchev Years 83 The Pre-Helsinki Years 85 The Post-Helsinki Years 89 Ideological Confrontation 93 Internal Security 94 Part B: The Joint Foreign Policy 97 Socialist Foreign Policy 97 WTO Foreign Policy 99 The WTO and 'Militant Capitalism' 104 WTO Unity and Cohesion 105

6 Contents vii The WTO's World Role 108 Conclusions 109 Other External Factors The Thirtieth Anniversary 113 Introduction 113 Analysis of the Soviet Articles 116 The Origins 116 Ideological Origins 118 The Defensive Posture 118 Structure 119 Political Initiatives 120 Military Structure 121 The Role of the Party 122 Anti-Western Diatribe 124 The Efficacy of the First Thirty Years 125 The WTO in Practice 127 Central European Assessments 129 Conclusions 132 Anniversary Bibliography Conclusions 134 Summary of Chapters 134 Placing the WTO in Context 136 The WTO in the Gorbachev Period 139 Gorbachev's 'New Security Concept' 145 'Unity and Cohesion' with Gorbachev 148 Central Europe and the WTO 149 Soviet Relations with Central Europe 150 NATO and the WTO 153 Final Conclusions 155 Appendix 1: Selected Documents 158 The Warsaw Treaty (1955) 158 Formation of Joint Command (1955) 162 Legal Convention (1973) 163 Protocol of Extension (1985) 167 Appendix 2: Chronology of Meetings 169 Appendix 3: Documentary History 177

7 viii Contents Appendix 4: The Bilateral Treaties Appendix 5: A Note on Albania and Romania Appendix 6: Note on the Leading Military Staff Notes Bibliography lndex

8 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 WTO Formal Structure, January 1956 Figure 2 WTO Formal Structure, March 1969 Figure 3 WTO Formal Structure, November 1976 Figure 4 WTO Formal and Informal Structure, 1985 Figure 5 WTO Formal and Informal Structure, Table 1 The Bilateral Treaties 189 ix

9 Abbreviations ABM Treaty Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty APL Albanian Party of Labour BCP CBMs CC CDM CECSPSE CFM CMEA CPC CPCz CPSU CSCE CzR CzSR C-in-C C-of-S EDC FMs FRG GDR GSFG HPA HPR HSWP INFs JAFs Bulgarian Communist Party Confidence-Building Measures Central Committee Committee of Ministers of Defence Conference of European Countries for Safeguarding Peace and Security in Europe Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist Party of China Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Communist Party of the Soviet Union Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Commander-in-Chief Chief of Staff European Defence Community Foreign Ministers (meeting prior to the CFM) Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic Group of Soviet Forces Germany Hungarian People's Army Hungarian People's Republic Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Joint Armed Forces xi

10 Xll KGB MC MPA NATO PCC PRA PRB PRC PUWP RCP RPA RPR RSFSR RWP SED SRR SWB TNFs UK UN US/USA USSR WEU WTO Abbreviations 'Committee of State Security'; the Soviet secret service Military Council Main Political Administration North Atlantic Treaty Organization Political Consultative Committee People's Republic of Albania People's Republic of Bulgaria People's Republic of China Polish United Workers' Party Romanian Communist Party Romanian People's Army Rumanian People's Republic Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic Rumanian Workers' Party Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschland - the 'Socialist Unity Party of Germany' Socialist Republic of Romania BBC Monitoring Service's Summary of World Broadcasts Theatre-range Nuclear Forces United Kingdom United Nations United States of America Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Western European Union Warsaw Treaty Organization

11 Preface I first studied the Warsaw Treaty Organization in an honours option on 'International Communism' at Dundee University, as part of my degree course in Political Science. Full acknowledgement must go to my then tutor, Alex Reid, for allowing me to pursue this topic, and generously aiding and encouraging my interest in it. In that early reading I was fascinated that open academic sources presented such a different view of the WTO from that seen in the West's media. In particular they did not adopt the image of a 'war-fighting, war-winning' military machine used by the West's political leaders. In my resolve to develop my understanding of the subject beyond the undergraduate level, I was happily awarded a Social Science Research Council (now Economic and Social Research Council), grant to take to the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies (ISEES), Glasgow University, which had offered me the expertise and resources to carry out advanced research into this topic. Under the guidance and supervision of Professor William V. Wallace, the Director of ISEES, and Dr Stephen L. White, that research was carried out and completed. This book has developed and updated that doctoral research. While my conclusions do not necessarily show the opposite of the image of the WTO commonly seen in the West, my researches do show a political-military alliance that is very different from such an image. While I cannot claim to have produced the ultimate handbook on the WTO, I hope I throw some light on many of the things that seemed so puzzling and contradictory to me when I first looked at the Organization, and I trust that this book offers insight into practical aspects of the body. I would like to think that I have provided at least some of the groundwork for the further study and assessment of the WTO. In the course of my studies, I was steadily drawn to the conclusion that the political rather than the military aspects of the WTO were the more important, and the more fruitful for research. This is not to deny substance to the military factors. Rather I have been forced into dividing between what I have found to take place within the formal structure of the WTO, and what takes place in the name of the WTO. Of the two, the political and the military, it is my analysis that the former takes precedence over the latter in the formal context of the Organization. Where there are formal xiii

12 XIV Preface military ties, I have indicated their scope and significance. My conclusion is that the actual miltary relationships within the formal alliance are extremely limited. The content of this book reflects such an analysis. My policy throughout has been to base my research on open original sources, not just from the Soviet Union but where possible from the non-soviet members of the alliance. While I have consulted Western sources, they have played a peripheral part in my analysis. The aim has been to explain the WTO in the words of its own documents; I have generally quoted Western sources only to add substance to my own conclusions based on the original sources. I have adopted the term 'Central Europe' to denote the European allies of the USSR. My contacts in those countries confirmed a preference for this description, considering 'East' Europe to refer geographically to the Soviet Union's European territories. During the period of my doctoral research the opportunity arose for me to visit the Hungarian People's Republic, on a British Council scholarship. I was thus able to consult several published sources not available in Britain, but above all had the opportunity to talk at length with a variety of academics from several disciplines (and also not just from Hungary). This will explain why Hungarian sources may be seen to figure disproportionately in this work. I also greatly benefitted from conversations with academics from many of the Warsaw Treaty states who visited Glasgow during the period of my study. While often providing me with useful unpublished information, these people, together with research in Hungary, served to confirm many of the conclusions I had reached from my reading of the published materials. In the text, when I have quoted these sources, I have marked them with a superscript N. I have also used this method to show non-attributable remarks gained from situations similar to those governed by Chatham House rules. All responsibility for the interpretation I have placed on my sources, both published and confidential, remains with me. The book is accurate to the end of The effect of the events of 1989 on the WTO must await further study Apart from the continuous help and support I received from Professor Wallace and Dr White as my supervisors, I must acknowledge the further academic help and encouragement I received from the rest of the staff at ISEES. The secretaries were also of immense support in the supply of sundry assistance and humour. External to the Institute, Gerard Holden, Boris Meissner, Dan Nelson, and Condoleezza Rice also helped my research. The National Library of Scotland and the Newcastle Polytechnic Library provided sources not available at ISEES. Thank you also to Mrs C. Tyler for compiling the index to this volume. In personal terms, I must not forget the many other students at the

13 Preface xv Institute and beyond. Amongst them, Richard Berry was of inestimable support, both in Glasgow and Budapest. Peter Anghelides also made an appearance in Glasgow, only this time he did not have to lend me his typewriter. A special mention must go to Susan Lamb, who entered my life early in the proceedings and has not yet left it. Whilst revising and Updating the original research, Vicki Griffey provided unforgettable encouragement, and the Griffey-Rose attic unprecedented seclusion. Hello also to the Kirkby family for their continuing diversions during and after the revision, and to Liz for her own special contribution.