ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS

Transcription

1 ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS

2 Other titles already published in this series ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS (Ken Powell and Chris Cook) BRITISH HISTORICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and John Stevenson) BRITISH HISTORICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and Brendan Keith) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and John Paxton) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and John Paxton) EUROPEAN POLITICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and John Paxton) CoMMONWEALTH POLITICAL FACTS (Chris Cook and John Paxton) Other books by Chris Cook THE AGE OF ALIGNMENT: ELECTORAL POLITICS IN BRITAIN A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LIBERAL PARTY BY-ELECTIONS IN BRITISH POLITICS (ed. with John Ramsden) THE POLITICS OF REAPPRAISAL ( ed. with Gil/ian Peele) THE DECADE OF DISILLUSION (ed. with David McKie) CRISIS AND CONTROVERSY: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF A. J.P. TAYLOR (ed. with Alan Sked) SoURCES IN BRITISH POLITICAL HISTORY (with Philip Jones eta/.) THE LONGMAN ATLAS OF MODERN BRITISH HISTORY (with John Stevenson) THE SLUMP: SOCIETY AND POLITICS DURING THE DEPRESSION (with John Stevenson) TRENDS IN BRITISH POLITICS SINCE 1945 (ed. with John Ramsden) Other books by John Wroughton CROMWELL AND THE ROUNDHEADS PLOTS, TRAITORS AND SPIES SMUGGLING (With John Paxton) DOCUMENTS ON BRITISH POLITICAL HISTORY, DoCUMENTS ON WORLD HISTORY, (With Denys Cook) BATH IN THE AGE OF REFORM, THE CIVIL WAR IN BATH AND NORTH SOMERSET, DOCUMENTS AND DEBATES- SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BRITISH HISTORY

3 ENGLISH HISTORICAL FACTS Chris Cook and John Wroughton M MACMILLAN

4 Chris Cook and John Wroughton 1980 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First edition 1980 Reprinted 1989 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cook, Chris English historical facts, I. Great Britain - Politics and government I. Title II. Wroughton, John 320.9'42'06 JN191

5 CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements vii I The Monarchy I Biographical Details of Rulers I Regnal Years 3 Contemporary European Rulers 5 2 Selected Holders of Major Public Office 8 Lord Chancellors and Lord Keepers of the Great Seal 8 Lord Treasurers and Lord Commissioners of the Treasury 9 Secretaries of State II Lord Presidents of the Council II Lords Privy Seal 12 Chancellors of the Exchequer 13 Lord Lieutenants and Chief Governors of Ireland 13 Lord Admirals and First Lords of the Admiralty 14 Masters of the Mint 15 Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster 16 Chief Justices of the King's Bench 16 Masters of the Rolls 17 Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer 17 Chief Justices of the Court of Common Pleas 17 Attorney Generals 18 Solicitor Generals 18 3 A Glossary of Central Government 19 The Central Executive 19 The Royal Household 25 Finance 26 Other Departments of State 34 Central Government, : Glossary of Terms 35 Glossary of Legal Terms 54 4 Selected Biographies 57 5 Parliament 83 Composition 83 Franchise and Qualifications 86 Officers of the House 86 Dates of Parliaments, Attendance at Parliament, Composition of Parliament 89 v

6 ~ CONTENTS 6 Local Government 90 The County 90 The Parish 94 Municipal Corporations 97 7 The Church I 00 The Established Church I 00 Puritanism and Nonconformity 102 Roman Catholics I 04 Biographies and Glossary of Terms 107 Chronology, List of Archbishops and Bishops, The Armed Forces 141 Parliament and the Army 141 Chronology of the Civil Wars 144 Outline of Principal Campaigns 154 Battles 158 British Treaties Overseas Trade and the Colonies 165 Main Territories under British Rule by Landmarks in British Colonial Policy 166 Trading Companies 169 Colonial Governors Education and Learning 182 Education 182 Censorship 196 Newspapers and Journals 199 Prose: General, Religious, Philosophical, Political 201 Historical Writing 206 Drama 209 Poetry (excluding Poetic Drama) 215 Art, Music and Architecture 220 Science 222 II Population and the Towns 226 The Larger English Towns c Urbanisation in England, : Increase in Population in Selected Towns 226 Comparative Degrees of Urbanisation in European Countries c Provincial Towns: Rank Order of Size, Incorporation of Boroughs, Select Bibliography 230

7 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume attempts to present, within the space of a single medium-sized book, a reference work on English history from 1603 to 1688 that will be of value to teachers, to students and to research workers. Within this book we have attempted to bring together as many of the important historical facts as can be reasonably assembled here. Inevitably, however, no book of this type can be entirely comprehensive. In some areas the data is unreliable or indeed nonexistent. Reasons of space also dictate the amount of information that can be presented. In any book of this sort, the compilers owe a deep debt both to existing published works and to individual scholars who have offered help and advice. The chapter on the armed forces was compiled by Stephen Brooks, and the chapter on the Church by Anne Lawrence. Throughout this book the modern style of dating has been used. Finally, we should like to appeal to scholars and others working in this field to point out any omissions or errors in this book, so that the volume may be expanded or enlarged in future editions. June 1979 Chris Cook John Wroughton vii