Transformation of Europe Politics, Economy, and Rationality

Transcription

1 Lecture 13 Transformation of Europe Politics, Economy, and Rationality

2 Study Guide At the end of the lecture

3 Cultural Studies M& W Center :00-11:50am

4 LTWL: Iranian Cinema Winter 2016

5 DVDs On Course reserve

6 Four Dimensions 1. Alterity: sense of otherness; non-self a. not a mere encounter! But cultural construction of others 2. Knowledge: 3. Sovereignty 4. Capital

7 French Revolution 1789: Institutionalization of a new political discourse A new political order based on human maturity, breaking down dependencies from the monarchy and the church

8 Political rationality A new order of political reason

9 Where to find the roots of the new discourse on political order?

10 Let s go back to Florence

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14 mid 16 th century Jesuists

15 New Politics Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli ( )

16 It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both. Politics has no relations to morals

17 Anamorphoses perspective distortation for revealing a recognizable image

18 Politics and language

19 Virtù Civic reason Pride Bravery Ruthlessness WARRIOR-POLITICAL LEADER

20 Realpolitik

21 Perspective versus single space

22 Third Estate

23 Singularity of sovereignty

24 Political space as a vanishing point The art of politics is not just about administration and governance, but the ability to design effective representation of power Power cannot be separated from the display of its legitimacy Objective: (geometric and calculated) Management of appearance

25 Perspective

26 King Henry VIII

27 Elizabeth I (

28 Charles I ( )

29 Louis XIV ( )

30 Humanism and politics Sovereignty in the hands of Man And justice Desiderius Erasmus ( ) The Education of a Christian Prince (1518

31 Renaissance humanism Anti-scholasticism movement: harmonious relations of things that appear contradictory De libero arbitrio tolerance Universalism

32 Thomas Moor ( )

33 Royal and Church authorities

34 Unholy marriage Give me Anne Bolyen!

35 Claim authority by the grace of God alone Kill Wolsey! Kill Thomas Cromwell!

36 Tudor Parliament

37 All power to the states! Peace of Westphalia (1648)

38 All power to the states! Peace of Westphalia (1648)

39 European State-building 16 th to the 17 th centuries. 1) TAXATION: Levied on subjects and citizens: Sales tax (e.g. salt, silk ) a) Moving away from tributary practices. b) First instances of democratic political economy. 2) Standing military. 3) Sovereignty Protestant Reformation: Increasing independence from the Church

40 Intimate relationship between Protestant Reformation, State-building and rise of rationality.

41 Politics and Religion FAITH not institutional Church Kings can rule without Popes. Example: Calvin Church free from politics. Papal authority renounced. State as a community of believers

42 The formation of Early Modern States led to the following developments Dynastic states reliant on society. Yet formation of sovereign states. Military-civil distinction. Competition between European states: New wave of (small-scale) wars and conflict. Much stronger states than those of their medieval predecessors.

43 States 1. Absolutist states 2. welfare states 3. constitutional monarchies-republics

44 Absolutist Monarchies Divine right of kings or God s lieutenants upon earth. Royal centralization. Cardinal Richelieu Chief minister to King Louis XIII from Undermined the nobility and enhanced the authority of the king by building a large bureaucracy operated by commoners loyal to the king.

45 Louis XIV ( ) The Sun King L état, c est moi. Ruled as an absolutist king. 1670s: built Versailles.

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48 Beginnings of the end of Absolutist state 1789 French Revolution

49 2. Proto-Welfare states?

50 Louis XI (reigned ) Sales tax: salt. Tax on Household. With an expanded state, new Institutions that provided assistant to the poor.

51 3. Constitutional States 3. Constitutional States. England and the maritime Dutch Republic. * Governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights of the citizens and representative institutions, such as a parliament or a council.

52 Glorious Revolution ( ) Bloodless change of power when parliament deposed the Catholic King James II and replaced him with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William the Orange. Agreement: Mary should rule only in cooperation with parliament and the consolidation of representative government.

53 State competition Thirty Year Wars ( ) Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, fragmented collection of independent states. Destruction, famine, disease.

54 Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Holy Roman Emperor, Habsburgs, Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, Dutch Republic. First modern diplomatic Assembly..

55 Early Modern Capitalism A rapidly expanding population and market-based economy led to the development of capitalism. Distant trade: trans-regional Markets. Stock market (shareholders)

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57 Merchants as leading economic actors Economic growth led to private parties (merchants and entrepreneurs) making their goods and services available in the free market. Financial networks of transportation and communication. Example: Dutch merchants buy grain from Poland, store it in Amsterdam, and when famine hits Mediterranean, they would then sell it to southern France or Spain.

58 The Rise of Risk Society Organized institutions and services to support early capitalism. Banks: granted loans to merchants or entrepreneurs. Join-stock companies: expensive business enterprises and took advantage of extensive commercial activities around the globe.

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60 LIOYDS Bank First Insurance

61 Adam Smith ( ) on the Capitalist Market What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can, in his local situation, judge much better than any statesmen or lawgiver can do for him To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or a hurtful regulation.

62 Medieval Guilds & Bankers

63 Putting Out System The new entrepreneur paid workers from rural regions for their services. Circumvent the Guilds. Rural Labor: spent little On wages and made huge profits.

64 Protoindustralization

65 Exploitation of Labor

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67 Slave labor

68 Mercantile capitalism Definition: State control of foreign trade (against free-trade) 1) Protectionist: importation of gold, silver; no importation of goods already at home. 2) Limited foreign merchants activities and workers rights. 3) Expansion of military and naval ships for trade and protection of merchants. ---Caused war: in order to promote prosperity. ---And colonial expansion.

69 Economy of the Americas Monoculture, an economy dependent on the production and export of one chief commodity Triangular trade: Americas; Europe; Americas 1) Tobacco (Cuba; North America) 2) Furs (North America) 3) Silver (central America. 4) Sugar (Brazil, Hispaniola, etc)

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71 Plantation zone A group of societies with economies that relied on enslaved African labor; it stretched from Virginia and Kentucky southward through the West Indies and the east coast of Central America to Central Brazil and the Pacific coast of Colombia.

72 Plantation Societies Tropical and subtropical regions island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). Brazil and the Caribbean. Products: a) Sugar; (b) tobacco; (c) cotton; (d) coffee. Plantations: a distinct culture.

73 Sugar factories The plantations of the Caribbean islands; southeastern North America and coastal South America. Relyed on mass production of raw sugar by enslaved workers. without sugar, no Brazil; without slaves, no sugar; without Angola, no slaves.

74 Why Sugar? Rum (from West Indies for northern America). Diet for new cuisine.

75 African and Creole languages (cultures) African slaves: speaking their own language, though mixed with European languages. Combined different cultures and created syncretic faith, though hardly these traditions became established religions (popular religion). South Carolina and Georgia.

76 Capoeira

77 Rise of African Slavery as a source of labor Not the natives: disease and not sedentary cultivators. Portuguese plantation managers imported slaves as early as 1530s. 1580s height of Portuguese slavery. Average age of a slave at a planet: 5 to 6 years.

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79 Slavery in Africa An institution dating back to antiquity. War captives, criminals and people expelled from their clans. (Gladiator). Islamic slave trade: African slaves for sale since the 8 th century. European sub-saharan Africa (15 th & 16 th centuries): slave traffic was a well-established feature of African society.

80 European Slavery Trans-Atlantic. Human Cargoes. Began in Portuguese began to purchase slaves. A demand for labor in the western hemisphere. Worked as miners, porters or domestic servants. Later in the sugar plantations. Triangular Trade: (1) Europe: carried horses and European manufactured goods; (2) Africa: took enslaved Africans to Caribbean and American destinations; (3)Americas: upon arrival merchants sold (or traded for sugar) their human cargoes to plantation owners.

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82 Trans-Atlantic Slavery: The Middle-Passage Enslaved passengers Travelled below Decks in the worst conditions Imaginable. Sick slaves: thrown off the vessel.

83 Kingdom of Kongo: Slave trade network 15 th to the 17 th centuries. Relations with Portugal (1483). King Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo (reigned ) : Christianity as the official religioin of the state. Textiles, weapons, artisans in exchange of Copper, ivory and slaves. Kongolese relied on local authorities for the supply of slaves, mostly from east Africa.

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85 Slavery in North America 1619 Virginia Virginia law recognized all blacks as slaves. 1680s slaves worked on tobacco and cotton plantations. Northern states benefited from building slave vessels.

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87 Slave markets

88 New York & Ben Affleck