Pre-Enlightenment Europe. Unit 3: Revolution

Transcription

1 Pre-Enlightenment Europe Unit 3: Revolution

2 Central Questions In order to understand the significance of the Enlightenment, we need to answer the following: What was European society like prior to the Enlightenment? What was the European economy like prior to the Enlightenment? What did European politics and government look like prior to the Enlightenment?

3 Economy

4 Mercantilism Early form of capitalism Limited amount of money in the world Money = gold and silver Balance of trade important Exports > imports What s being produced, how it s produced, and who it s sold to is determined by the government

5 Political

6 Absolutism and Monarchy Monarchy: government with a king/queen at the head; usually hereditary Absolutism: a political system in which a ruler holds total power Most European governments were monarchies In the 17th century, absolutism became more popular among rulers Average citizen had no way to affect change in government Aristocracy (hereditary elite) were the only ones that had access to the king/queen

7 France Under Louis XIV Louis XIV takes power 1661 CE Established his seat of power in Palace of Versailles Ruled for 72 years Held absolute power: taxes, foreign policy, religion Louis was a devout Catholic; persecuted Protestants, destroyed churches L Etat, c est moi Pacified aristocracy by distracting them with parties and prostitutes

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17 Louis XIV Louis XIV built palaces, started wars, and financed lavish parties; expenses problematic Raised a standing army of 400,000 Waged four wars in hopes of total domination Louis XIV dies 1715 CE, age 76 Left France surrounded by enemies; citizens in poverty

18 [UP] TO THIS MOMENT I HAVE BEEN PLEASED TO ENTRUST THE GOVERNMENT OF MY AFFAIRS TO THE LATE CARDINAL. IT IS NOW TIME THAT I GOVERN THEM MYSELF. YOU [SECRETARIES AND MINISTERS OF STATE] WILL ASSIST ME WITH YOUR COUNSELS WHEN I ASK FOR THEM. I REQUEST AND ORDER YOU TO SEAL NO ORDERS EXCEPT BY MY COMMAND. I ORDER YOU NOT TO SIGN ANYTHING, NOT EVEN A PASSPORT... WITHOUT MY COMMAND; TO RENDER ACCOUNT TO ME PERSONALLY EACH DAY AND TO FAVOUR NO ONE. YOU ARE ABOUT TO BECOME A GREAT KING. DO NOT IMITATE ME EITHER IN MY TASTE FOR BUILDING OR IN MY LOVE OF WAR. LIVE IN PEACE WITH THE NATIONS.... STRIVE TO RELIEVE THE BURDENS OF YOUR PEOPLE IN WHICH I HAVE BEEN SO UNFORTUNATE AS TO FAIL.

19 The Romanov Dynasty Russia controlled by Mongols until freed by Ivan III (Ivan the Great) Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) continued to centralize power Killed or intimidated nobles Tortured dissidents Death led to anarchy in Russia Later successor Peter the Great restored power and order Forced nobles to educate themselves in Europe Russia began to Westernize Increased size and strength of military

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22 Social

23 Education/Religion European education focused only on producing religious officials, physicians, and lawyers Education was restricted to the wealthy male elite Nobility and merchants Most education was provided via religious institutions Teachers were often monks Education classes covered Biblical studies and Aristotle s liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music)

24 Superstition Superstition: widely held but unjustified belief in supernatural causation In the 15th and 16th centuries, 40,000 people convicted of witchcraft or sorcery and executed Many more (unknown #) killed by mobs/neighbors Witches were blamed for poor harvests, bad weather, illness Often considered to have made a deal with the Devil Superstition especially strong in rural areas Folk magic and medical remedies

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28 Child-Rearing Families had many children for many reasons Used for labor Many died in infancy Relationship between parent and child was distant with little to no emotional attachment Children raised in incredibly harsh environments with little parental support Spare the rod, spoil the child Expected to act and dress as small adults

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30 Exit Ticket (COMPLETE SENTENCES) With a partner, on one half sheet of paper, EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS: 1. Summarize what European society looked like prior to the Enlightenment 2. Summarize what the European economy looked like prior to the Enlightenment 3. Summarize what European politics and government looked like prior to the Enlightenment 4. What was William Harvey s contribution to the Scientific Revolution? 5. What were the causes of the Scientific Revolution? 6. In your own words, as best as you can, explain the philosophy behind: I think, therefore I am.