Unit 4: Age of isms Rise of European Dominance

Transcription

1 Unit 4: Age of isms Rise of European Dominance

2 Renaissance the word renaissance means rebirth this is Europe s rebirth of culture and thought begins ~ 1400 in Italy, and spreads northward resurgence of Classical (Greek & Roman) thought, art, culture, architecture, etc. marked by increased urbanization, trade, and secularization

3 Italy while other areas of Europe developed strong monarchies, Italy did not: they developed independent city-states (similar to the Greeks) 3 major Italian city-states: Milan, Venice, Florence

4 Italy City-States all become wealthy due to trade & taxation all are ruled by a powerful family (most notably the Medici family in Florence) all become VERY interested in art and architecture, and encouraging patronage for these things

5 Renaissance Society at the top: nobility (land-holding, wealthy) expected to be educated and become a patron of the arts expected to contribute responsibly to public life vast majority of the population is free, though money and power vary widely (from wealthy merchants at the top, to beggars at the bottom) role of women: run the household

6 Renaissance Thought: Humanism Humanism: based on the study of Classical Greek and Roman texts; rooted in the liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and history) what we now call the humanities Petrarch Italian who went in search of forgotten Latin manuscripts to print & make public; also a writer himself Humanities + study of mathematics, astronomy, and music = a complete Renaissance education

7 The Renaissance Man a person who masters all of these subjects is considered a Renaissance Man someone who excels in many areas quintessential Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci

8 Leonardo da Vinci

9 Language: Printing Press & Vernacular printing press: Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, ~1450 (the Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced in Europe with moveable type, in 1455)

10 Language: Printing Press & Vernacular printing press: Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, ~1450 (the Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced in Europe with moveable type, in 1455) by 1500, there were ~1,000 printers in Europe with ~40,000 published titles what are the effects of the availability of printed material? things to read worth the time to learn to read demand for more things to read efficient way to spread information vernacular: regional language (ie not Latin); becomes more wide-spread and defined

11 Protestant Reformation We ll cover this in greater detail later today. But for now: just know that it was helped GREATLY by the presence of the printing press, and it was a split of the Catholic Church into Catholic and non-catholic (what we now call Protestant ).

12 th By the late 16 Century France: has a series of wars over religion France is officially Catholic, but very tolerant of other denominations Spain: ruled by Philip II, VERY Catholic England: ruled by Elizabeth I, strongly Protestant

13 th By the late 16 Century 1588: Philip II tried to attack/invade England complete failure

14 30 Years War: Years War: in the Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire; France v. Holy Roman Empire for religious freedom (and, by extension, power in Europe) Result: all German states are free to choose their own religion (basically a victory for France)

15 English Revolution 1642: start of civil war in England (supporters of the king vs. supporters of Parliament) supporters of Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, win 1649: King Charles I is beheaded

16 English Revolution Parliament isn t functioning Parliament is disbanded, and Cromwell sets up a military dictatorship 1658: Cromwell dies, Charles II crowned King restoration of the monarchy

17 Absolutism concept that political power (one person) has absolute, complete, total authority and Divine Right to have that power. best exemplified by Louis XIV (that s 14) of France, aka the Sun King

18 Absolutism: Louis XIV officially become king in 1643, at the age of 4 actually begins governing in 1661 (age 23), taking over from Cardinal Mazarin (Mazarin dies)

19 Absolutism: Louis XIV reign is the longest of any European monarch extraordinarily extravagant and expensive Versailles: moved the palace out of Paris Link to slideshow: uversailles.f r/the-palace -

20 Absolutism concept that political power (one person) has absolute, complete, total authority other countries with Absolutism: Prussia, Austrian Empire, Russia

21 Absolutism: Russia Ruled by a tsar (also: czar, tzar) 17th century: peasants become serfs : Peter the Great visits western Europe, and (sort of) westernizes Russia

22 Absolutism: Russia reorganized the army created a navy divided Russia into provinces to be more easily managed created a new governing body for the Russian Orthodox Church adopted Western mercantile practices & raised taxes required the nobles to look Western (cut their hair, shave their beards, wear shorter coats) expanded options/rights for women: could mingle with men, allowed to choose whom they married, didn t have to wear a veil built St. Petersburg, a window to the West year-round ice-free port w/ access to Europe

23 Exploration everybody wants more, but Europe isn t very big EXPLORATION! Later, you ll create a map