OXFORD READERS. Political Thought. Edited by Michael Rosen and Jonathan Wolff with the assistance of Catriona McKinnon. " ' v\ OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcription

1 OXFORD READERS Political Thought Edited by Michael Rosen and Jonathan Wolff with the assistance of Catriona McKinnon " ' v\ OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Introduction 3 I. Human Nature Introduction I.a. The Natural State of Mankind ARISTOTLE, The State Exists by Nature THOMAS HOBBES, The Misery of the Natural Condition of Mankind n 3. JOHN LOCKE, The State of Nature and the State of War BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, Fear and Peace JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Noble Savage ROBERT OWEN, Man's Character is Formed for Him KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICH ENGELS, Man as a Productive Being CHARLES DARWIN, Natural Selection CHARLES DARWIN, The Advantage of Morality PETER KROPOTKIN, Mutual Aid 30 I.b. Man's Nature and Woman's Nature 34 II. PLATO, Women as Weaker Partners ARISTOTLE, Separate Spheres JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Likeness and Unlikeness of the Sexes MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, The Rights of Women JOHN STUART MILL, The Subjection of Women CAROL GILLIGAN, In a Different Voice ALISON M. JAGGAR, Socialist Feminism and the Standpoint of Women The Justification of the State Introduction 52 Il.a. What is the State? JOHN LOCKE, Political Power MAX WEBER, The State and Coercion 54

3 x CONTENTS Il.b. The Social Contract THOMAS HOBBES, Creating Leviathan JOHN LOCKE, Express and Tacit Consent JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, Natural Freedom and the Freedom of the Citizen IMMANUEL KANT, The Hypothetical Contract 64 II.c. Against the Social Contract DAVID HUME, The Irrelevance of Consent JEREMY BENTHAM, Utility as the True Foundation G. w. F HEGEL, The Priority of the State over the Individual H.L. A. HART, The Principle of Fairness 71 Il.d. The Anarchist Response MICHAEL BAKUNIN, Science and the People ROBERT PAUL WOLFF, The Conflict of Autonomy and Authority 76 II.e. Civil Disobedience PLATO, The Duty of Obedience HENRY DAVID THOREAU, The Duty of Disobedience MARTIN LUTHER KING, An Unjust Law is No Law JOHN RAWLS, Civil Disobedience 85 III. Democracy and Its Difficulties Introduction 89 IH.a. Against Democracy PLATO, Ruling as a Skill FREDERICK THE GREAT, The Enlightened Despot 94 IH.b. Democratic Ideals JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The General Will IMMANUEL KANT, Freedom and Equality JOHN STUART MILL, The Democratic Citizen JOHN RAWLS, Majority Rule 100 III.c. True and False Democracy v.i. LENIN, Bourgeois and Proletarian Democracy CAROLE PATEMAN, Participatory Democracy 104

4 CONTENTS xi Ill.d. Dangers in Democracy ARISTOTLE, Rule of the People and Rule of Law JAMES MADISON, The Danger of Faction ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, Tyranny of the Majority 109 IlI.e. Democracy and Bureaucracy in 45. MAX WEBER, Bureaucratic Administration in 46. VILFREDO PARETO, Rule by Oligarchy 113 Hl.f. Separation of Powers JOHN LOCKE, Legislative, Executive, and Federative Powers BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, The Ideal Constitution 117 IV. Liberty and Rights Introduction 119 IVa. What is Liberty? BENJAMIN CONSTANT, The Liberty of the Ancients and the Liberty of the Moderns ISAIAH BERLIN, Two Concepts of Liberty CHARLES TAYLOR, In Defence of Positive Freedom RONALD DWORKIN, No Right to Liberty 130 IVb. Law and Morality JOHN STUART MILL, One Simple Principle JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN, The Consequences of Liberty PATRICK DEVLIN, The Enforcement of Morals H.L. A. HART, The Changing Sense of Morality 140 IVc. Toleration and Free Expression JOHN LOCKE, The Futility of Intolerance THOMAS SCANLON, Free Expression and the Authority of the State JEREMY WALDRON, The Satanic Verses CATHERINE MACKINNON, Only Words 151 IVd. Virtue and Citizenship PERICLES, The Democratic Citizen ARISTOTLE, The Requirements of Citizenship 156

5 xii CONTENTS 63. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, The Servility of the Moderns ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, The Nature of Modern Servitude QUENTIN SKINNER, The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty 161 IVe. Rights JEREMY BENTHAM, Nonsense on Stilts KARL MARX, The Rights of Egoistic Man ROBERT NOziCK, Rights as Side-Constraints RONALD DWORKIN, Taking Rights Seriously 179 IVf. Punishment JOHN STUART MILL, In Favour of Capital Punishment H.L. A. HART, Punishment and Responsibility ROBERT NOZICK, Where Deterrence Theory Goes Wrong 184 V. Economic Justice Introduction 187 V.a. Private Property JOHN LOCKE, Labour as the Basis of Property JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Earth Belongs to Nobody G. w. F. HEGEL, Property as Expression HERBERT SPENCER, The Right to the Use of the Earth KARL MARX, Money, the Universal Whore KARL MARX, The True Foundation of Private Property SIGMUND FREUD, Property and Aggression R.H. TAWNEY, Reaping without Sowing ROBERT NOZICK, Difficulties with Mixing Labour 210 V.b. The Market ADAM SMITH, The Dangers of Government Interference KARL MARX, Appearance and Reality F. A. HAYEK, Prices as a Code MILTON FRIEDMAN and ROSE FRIEDMAN, The Tyranny of Controls G. A. COHEN, Poverty as Lack of Freedom 222 Vc. Theories of DistributiveJustice AESOP, The Grasshopper and the Ants ARISTOTLE, Reciprocity ARISTOTLE, Equality and Inequality, 226

6 CONTENTS xiii 90. GERALD WINSTANLEY, The Common Stock DAVID HUME, The Impossibility of Equality KARL MARX, From Each According to His Abilities, To Each According to His Needs EDWARD BELLAMY, Looking Backward F. A. HAYEK, The Impossibility of Planning JOHN RAWLS, Two Principles of Justice ROBERT NOZICK, The Entitlement Theory RONALD DWORKIN, Equality of Resources 248' VI. Justice between Groups Introduction 256 Vl.a. Peace and War IMMANUEL KANT, Perpetual Peace RICHARD COBDEN, The Civilizing Influence of Commerce MICHAEL WALZER, Just and Unjust War THOMAS NAGEL, The Limits of Warfare 263 Vl.b. Nationalism ISAIAH BERLIN, National Sentiment ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, Is Patriotism a Virtue? 269 VI.c. Minority Rights THOMAS HILL, The Message of Affirmative Action AvisHAi MARGALIT andjoseph RAZ, National Self-Determination 288 Vl.d. Intergenerationaljustice BRIAN BARRY, Justice between Generations 292 VI.e. Internationaljustice PETER SINGER, Famine, Affluence and Morality ONORA O'NEILL, Lifeboat Earth 304 VII. Alternatives to Liberalism Introduction 319 VII.a. Liberal Theory under Strain JURGEN HABERMAS, Legitimation Crisis 321 no. MICHAEL WALZER, Liberalism in Retreat 323 in. MICHAEL WALZER, The Artificiality of Liberalism 324

7 xiv CONTENTS VH.b. Conservatism EDMUND BURKE, Eternal Society T. s. ELIOT, The Transmission of Culture MICHAEL OAKESHOTT, On Being Conservative 331 VII.c. Communitarianism CHARLES TAYLOR, Identification and Subjectivity ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, Tradition and the Unity of a Life MICHAEL SANDEL, Conceptions of Community 342 Vll.d. Socialism KARL MARX, Workin Communist Society KARL MARX, The Communist Manifesto KARL MARX, The Realm of Freedom OSCAR WILDE, The Soul of Man under Socialism ERNEST MANDEL, Productive Activity G. A. COHEN, Socialism and Equality of Opportunity 354 Vll.e. Post-modernism FRiEDRicH NiETzscHE,The Impulse towards Justice MICHEL FOUCAULT, Power/Knowledge RICHARD RORTY, The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy 362 VIII. Progress and Civilization Introduction JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU, The Effect of the Arts and Sciences ADAM SMITH, Division of Labour FRiEDRicH SCHILLER, Fragmentation and Aesthetic Education KARL MARX, Development of the Productive Forces FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Our Self-Destructive Impulse FRiEDRicH ENGELS, Transition to Communism MAX WEBER, Disenchantment KARL POPPER, The Utopian Method FRANCIS FUKUYAMA, The End of History 387 Appendix: Fundamental Political Documents 136. US Declaration of Independence (1776) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) The Bill of Rights (1789), 396

8 CONTENTS xv 139. The Gettysburg Address (1863) United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 398 Notes 403 Select Bibliography 407 Biographical Notes 407 Source Acknowledgements 419 Index 425