Modern Political Thinkers and Ideas

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1 B Modern Political Thinkers and Ideas An historical introduction Tudor Jones ' * Fran cvi London and New York

2 Contents LIST OF BOXED BIOGRAPHIES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION xiii xv xvii 1 Sovereignty 1 SECTION A Historical development of the concept Essential aspects of sovereignty: meanings and usages Legal sovereignty Political sovereignty Internal sovereignty External sovereignty Conclusion SECTION B Machiavelli on the Prince's power Hobbes: the sovereignty of the Leviathan state Historical context: political and intellectual The case for absolute government The power and authority of the sovereign Locke on sovereignty as trusteeship Historical context: political and intellectual Underlying theoretical assumptions Distinctive features of Locke's theory Rousseau and popular sovereignty Historical context: political and intellectual

3 The sovereign community 27 The preconditions of popular sovereignty 29 SECTION C 31 Contemporary debates 31 Further reading 33 Political obligation 35 SECTION A 37 Historical development of the concept 37 Voluntaristic theories 37 Teleological theories 38 Other 'duty' theories 39 Limits to political obligation 39 General justification for political obligation 40 SECTION B 41 Hobbes's theory of political obligation: social contract and security 41 Historical context: political and intellectual 41 Hobbes's views of human nature and the state of nature 42 Hobbes's 'covenant' 43 Conclusion 45 Locke's theory of political obligation: social contract, consent and natural rights 46 Historical context: political and intellectual 46 Locke's view of the state of nature 47 Locke's two-stage social contract 48 Locke's notion of consent 49 Conclusion 50 Rousseau's theory of political obligation: the general will and an ideal social contract 51 Historical context: political and intellectual 51 Rousseau's ideal social contract 52 Rousseau's concept of the general will 53 Conclusion - 55 SECTION C 56 Contemporary debates 56 Further reading 57

4 3 Liberty 59 SECTION A 61 Historical development of the concept: different traditions of interpreting liberty 61 Accounts of 'negative' liberty in the history of modern political thought 63 Accounts of 'positive' liberty in the history of modern political thought 64 Conclusion 65 SECTION B 67 Locke on liberty as a natural right 67 Historical context: political and intellectual 67 Natural and civil liberty: the distinction and connection between them 69 Locke's defence of religious freedom 72 Conclusion 73 Rousseau on moral and political freedom 74 Historical context: political and intellectual 74 The erosion of natural liberty 76 The two aspects of 'true' freedom: moral and civil 77 'Forcing' someone to be free 79 The critique of Rousseau's view of liberty 80 Conclusion 81 John Stuart Mill's defence of personal liberty 83 Historical context: political and intellectual 83 Mill's main concerns in On Liberty 86 Mill's view of liberty 87 Mill on the importance of individuality 91 Limits to freedom of expression and action 92 Conclusion 94 T.H. Green's positive view of liberty 97 Historical context: political and intellectual 97 Green's view of the social individual 100 Green's positive conception of liberty 101 Green's positive view of the state 103 Conclusion 104 SECTION C, 106 Contemporary debates 106 Further reading 109

5 4 Rights 111 SECTION A 112 Historical development of the concept of rights 112 Critiques of theories of the natural rights of man 115 Development of the concept of human rights in the twentieth century 118 Problems associated with the concept of human rights 119 SECTION B 124 Locke's theory of natural rights 124 Historical context: political and intellectual 124 Locke's conception of natural rights 126 Locke's account of the right to property 129 Conclusion 132 Burke's case against the 'rights of man' and for 'prescriptive' rights 133 Historical context: political and intellectual 133 Burke's critique of the doctrine of the 'rights of man' 135 Burke's defence of inherited, 'prescriptive' rights 137 Paine's defence of the rights of man 139 Historical context: political and intellectual 139 Paine's distinction between natural and civil rights 142 Paine's status as a radical popularizer of natural-rights theory 144 Paine's long-term influence 145 SECTION C 146 Contemporary debates 146 Further reading Equality 151 SECTION A 152 Formal or foundational equality 152 Equality of opportunity 154 Equality of outcome 157 SECTION B 161 Rousseau's vision of democratic equality 161 Historical co.ntext: political and intellectual 161 The inequality of civil society 161 'Natural' and 'artificial' inequalities 163 The harmful effects of inequality 164

6 Rousseau's egalitarian remedy 165 Conclusion 166 Wollstonecraft on equal rights for women 168 Historical context: political and intellectual 168 The case for equal civil and political rights for women 170 Conclusion 172 John Stuart Mill on equality of opportunity and on equal status for women 173 Historical context: political and intellectual 173 Reward according to desert in industrial society 174 Equality of status for women 178 Conclusion 181 Marx on equality in a communist society 183 Historical context: political and intellectual 183 Marx's critique of liberal ideas of equality 187 Towards communist equality 189 Conclusion 191 SECTION C 192 Contemporary debates 192 Further reading 196 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 199 INDEX 210

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