Behind the Banner of Unity: Nationalism and anticolonialism among Indonesian students in Europe, Stutje, K.

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Behind the Banner of Unity: Nationalism and anticolonialism among Indonesian students in Europe, Stutje, K. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Stutje, K. (2016). Behind the Banner of Unity: Nationalism and anticolonialism among Indonesian students in Europe, General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 25 Feb 2018

2 Behind the Banner of Unity Nationalism and Anticolonialism amongindonesian Students in Europe, Behind the Banner of Unity Nationalism and Anticolonialism among Indonesian Students in Europe, Klaas Stutje Klaas Stutje

3 Cover image: Mohammad Hatta chairing a session at the Kongress gegen Imperialismus, Brussels Source: Gibarti, Das Flammenzeichen vom Palais Egmont, after 140.

4 Behind the Banner of Unity Nationalism and Anticolonialism among Indonesian Students in Europe, ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op woensdag 15 juni 2016, te uur door Klaas Stutje geboren te Amsterdam

5 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Copromotor: Prof. Dr. J.T. Leerssen, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. H.A. Poeze, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Overige leden: Prof. Dr. E.A. Buettner, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. H. Fischer-Tiné, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Prof. Dr. S. Legêne, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. Dr. M.M. van der Linden, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. R. Raben, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. E. van Ree, Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit: Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen

6 Table of contents Acknowledgements Note on Spelling List of Abbreviations Introduction p. v p. vii p. ix p. 1 Ch. 1 From Indische Vereeniging to Perhimpoenan Indonesia : Sociability and mobilisation p XX Ch. 2 Regionalism, nationalism, internationalism: Ratu Langie in Zürich p. 53 Ch. 3 Ambassador without a country: Mononutu in Paris p. 79 Ch. 4 Nationalising a revolt, globalising a struggle: Hatta and Semaoen in Brussels p. 115 Ch. 5 Repression and refuge: Soebardjo in Berlin p. 159 Ch. 6 From national revolutionaries to national reformists: Indonesians in Europe p. 195 Epilogue p. 223 Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index Summary English Summary Dutch Summary Indonesian p. 233 p. 245 p. 255 p. 277 p. 282 p. 287 p. 291

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8 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Joep Leerssen and Harry Poeze, for their relentless support and indispensable comments and critiques. I greatly appreciated their confidence and encouragements, and their academic work offered guidance at various points in time. At the risk of forgetting people, I wish to thank the following for their comments, ideas and assistance: Zely Ariane, Aafke Beukema, Marieke Bloembergen, Amieke Bouma, Kim Christiaens, Tatjana Das, Maaike Derksen, Martijn Eickhoff, Farabi Fakih, Hanna Jansen, Ammeke Kateman, Josip Kesic, Timo Klaassen, Paul Koopman, Kasper van Kooten, Vincent Kuitenbrouwer, Susan Legêne, Michele Louro, Bart Luttikhuis, Enno Maessen, Hugh McDonnell, Karlijn Olijslager, Mirko van Pampus, Jeffrey Petersen, Tymen Peverelli, Bambang Purwanto, Remco Raben, Sanne Ravensbergen, Erik van Ree, Nienke Rentenaar, Umar Ryad, Seng Guo Quan, Taomo Zhou, Ruri Widaningsih, Winnie de Wit, Manon Wormsbecher, and Susanto Zuhdi. Mr. Faiman, Mrs. Hatta, Mr. Somadikarta and Mr. Subardjo deserve special mention for their hospitality in Indonesia and in the Netherlands, and for their willingness to share their personal memories and family histories with me. Thanks as well to the members of the Collective Identities and Radical History reading groups for providing my chapters and papers with invaluable and encouraging feedback. My research trip to Indonesia was an unforgettable experience thanks to the good care and generosity of the teaching staff of Alam Bahasa, and the Heru family, and the great companionship of Carli Cooper and Inez Maessen. Finally, I want to thank my colleagues and fellow-phds in the trenches of the P.C. Hoofthuis, room 6.50 in particular. Stay strong and keep writing, the end is in sight! Financially and institutionally, this thesis was made possible by the department of European Studies, the Huizinga Institute, the Amsterdam School for Regional, Transnational and European Studies (ARTES), and its predecessor, the Institute for Culture and History (ICG) at the University of Amsterdam. These institutes also facilitated research trips to Paris, Berlin, London, the United States and Indonesia. Colleagues within these departments are too numerous to mention, but are equally acknowledged here. Apart from these permanent affiliations, my dissertation also benefitted from my participation in the SEAP conference at Cornell University, the SAGSC conference at Chicago University and the Internationale Willi Münzenberg Kongress in Berlin. These institutions covered part of my expenses and provided a welcoming and stimulating scholarly environment. I would like to thank staff at v

9 various libraries and archives, including the University of Amsterdam, the former Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) in Amsterdam, the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam, the Dutch National Archives in The Hague, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia in Jakarta, the Archive de la Préfecture de Police in Paris, the Centre d Accueil et de Recherche des Archives Nationales in Paris, British Library Archives in London, and the Cornell University Library in Ithaca. On a more personal note, I thank my many friends for their support and (feigned) interest, but above all for reminding me that there is more to life than work. Finally, I owe an immeasurable gratitude to the love and support of my sister, Anna; my parents, Mies and Jan Willem; and my love, Jacqueline. vi

10 Note on spelling One of the disadvantages of transnational history writing is that the sources, and more importantly the names in the sources, are written and transliterated in various traditions of spelling and transliteration. Often, name variants are easy to reduce to more common versions, but in more obscure sources it can be difficult to transliterate names to accepted name systems. Throughout the dissertation, I have used modern, romanised transliteration systems for non-indonesian names whenever I could relate them to existing scholarship (for example, Liao Huanxing instead of Liau Hansin, and Topchubachev instead of Toptchibachi). However, when such scholarship was unavailable, or when a person is best known under his or her historic name (Chiang Kai-shek instead of Jiang Zhongzheng), I left the spelling intact to avoid confusion and to make it possible to retrace and check the sources. Especially with regard to Chinese names, this accounts for a regrettable inconsistency. For well-known personal names I adhere to the old-fashioned Wade-Giles system (for example with Chiang Kai-shek and Sun Yat-sen), while in other cases as well as in geographical names I use the more accepted Pinyin system (such as Beijing, Guomindang and Liao Huanxing). In the case of Chinese Indonesian names or lesser known individuals, I took the names as they appeared in the sources, resulting in the Dutch romanised Hokkien system for Chinese Indonesian names (Chung Hwa Hui, Han Tiauw Kie), and other often unorthodox systems for Chinese persons in France, Belgium and Germany. A consistent transliteration to the Pinyin system would not only bring the risk of hypercorrection, but would also make further archival research impossible. For the same reasons, I decided to use the self-applied contemporary spelling of Indonesian names and organisations in the 1920s. Homogenising or modernising historic Indonesian names is not only undesirable, but also virtually impossible. Over the previous decades, the Indonesian language has gone through several different spelling systems, replacing, for instance, oe with u, and dj with j. Moreover, Indonesians often changed their names in the course of their lives (for example, Suwardi Suryaningrat became Ki Hadjar Dewantara in 1922). Finally, there is great regional variety of names and naming customs, reflecting the multicultural nature of Indonesia. Until recently, most Javanese had only one name (Soekarno, Semaoen) often carrying the name of their father in addition (Tjipto (son of) Mangoenkoesoemo). Bataks, for instance, often used clan names, while Balinese gave names according to birth order and caste. On top of that, nobility titles and honorifics were very common. Consequently, a second name does not always indicate a family name as vii

11 understood in a European context. Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat, for example, cannot simply be abbreviated to Mr. Djojoadhiningrat. To avoid all complexities, I decided to adopt the spelling and use of names applied by the Indonesians themselves, and add extra references in the index. Regarding the name of the area we now know as Indonesia, scholarly literature has not reached consensus on the most preferred variant. Some scholars use Indonesia, also for the colonial period, while others use the Indies, the East Indies, the Dutch Indies, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, and the Netherlands East Indies. Each term has its merits and demerits. Throughout the work I will use Dutch Indies as a compromise between clarity, readability, and historical accuracy, but Indonesian as a substitute for inlander (Native), Indisch, or cultural identifications in the Archipelago. viii

12 List of Abbreviations AECO - Association pour l Étude des Civilisations Orientales ANC - African National Congress AMS - Algemeene Middelbare School, General High Schools ARD - Indies Algemeene Recherche Dienst CCP - Communist Party of China CHH - Chung Hwa Hui CID - Dutch Centrale Inlichtingen Dienst CGTU - Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire Comintern - Communist International CPH - Communistische Partij Holland CPH-CC - Communistische Partij Holland- Centraal Comité CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSI - Centraal Sarekat Islam GMD - Guomindang HBS - Hoogere Burger School, Higher Commoner s School HP - Hindia Poetra IAH - Internationale Arbeiterhilfe IAMV - Internationaal Anti-Militairistische Vereeniging ILP - Independent Labour Party IM - Indonesia Merdeka INC - Indian National Congress ISDV - Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging IV - Indische Vereeniging KPD - Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, Communist Party of Germany LACO - League against Colonial Oppression LAI - League against Imperialism LAI-NL - League against Imperialism-Nederland LSI - Labour and Socialist International PCF - Parti Communiste Française, Communist Party of France PI - Perhimpoenan Indonesia PKI - Partai Komunist Indonesia PNI - Partai Nasional Indonesia PNI Baru - Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia Baru PPPKI - Permoefakatan Perhimpoenan- Perhimpoenan Politiek Kebangsaän Indonesia RME - Rassemblement Mondial des Étudiants pour la Paix, la Liberté et la Culture ROEPI - Roekoen Peladjar Indonesia SDAP - Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDEA - Société des Étudiants Asiatiques SFIO - Section Française de l'internationale Ouvrière SI - Sarekat Islam SKBI - Sarekat Kaoem Boeroeh Indonesia SPLI - Sarekat Pegawai Laoet Indonesia SR - Sarekat Rakjat SVIK - Studentenvereeniging ter Bevordering der Indonesische Kunst VSTP - Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramwegpersoneel ix