The big world experiment: the mobilization of social capital in migrant communities Peters, L.S.

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The big world experiment: the mobilization of social capital in migrant communities Peters, L.S. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Peters, L. S. (2010). The big world experiment: the mobilization of social capital in migrant communities General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 20 Nov 2018

2 Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1. Voluntary Organizations and the Political Participation of Migrant Communities Civic culture and why voluntary organizations are promoting political participation Quality of governance Multicultural democracies and the participation of ethnic minorities and immigrants Voluntary organizations and migrant political participation Ethnic communities, ethnic organizations and political participation: the relationship explained The black box: what is in it? The black box: the first rays of light Problematic features of the assumptions about the organizational level Opening up the black box: the primary step Social Capital The relationship between a civil society, a civic community and social capital Defining social capital Social capital in the current study: a general definition The measurement of social capital; some initial insights Individual vs. collective social capital The providing and receiving sides of social capital Four outlooks on social capital Assessing organizational networks Bonding and bridging social capital Linking social capital Political Opportunity Structures in Amsterdam and Berlin The influx of immigrants: same challenges, different responses Political opportunity structure; what is it, why is it important and what does it look like in the relevant cases? General typologies of POS in the Netherlands and Germany Points of attention The political opportunity structure in Amsterdam The political opportunity structure in Berlin Political opportunity structure social capital mobilized social capital To the empirical parts 89 v

3 4. Collecting Social Capital Network Data Towards an appropriate questionnaire Current study: the questionnaire Recall bias: problem and solution Implementation of the questionnaire Response rates in Amsterdam Response rate in Berlin Assessing networks of interlocking directorates Final remarks for the analyses The analyses and how the results are presented Social Capital in Amsterdam The subjective classification by community members High social capital with respect to the type of alters Connections to non-turkish organizations: ethnically bridging and bonding social capital A horizontal community The umbrella organizations of religious movements The importance of personnel and personality The relevance of locality Linking social capital The media and the message Comparing the network of interlocking directorates and the contact network Social capital in Amsterdam summarized Social Capital in Berlin The ideological divides in Berlin A first introduction to the TGB and TBB The TGB and TBB on second sight The position of religious organizations On larger and smaller organizations: the positions of organizations of different sizes Larger organizations I: the Kurdish sub-group Larger organizations II: women s organizations Larger organizations III: the TDU All the small things: the smaller players The importance of collaborative bodies The positive effect of collaborative bodies on social capital Bonding and bridging over ethnic boundaries The fact and the factual: boards and managers Professionalism Use and usefulness of linking social capital Media associations The network of interlocking directorates and the contact network compared Summary and how does it work? 155 vi

4 7. The Big World Experiment Defining mobilization at its narrowest: welcome to the jungle Mobilizing the collective? Kinds of mobilization Testing mobilization: why an experiment is the best way to do the job The Big World Experiment Back to the roots: the Small World Experiment Design of the Big World Experiment Analyzing the BWE data Dates of the experiments in Amsterdam and Berlin Samples in Berlin and Amsterdam Missing data and non-response in Amsterdam and Berlin: chains versus actors Non-response and non-contact Mobilized Social Capital in Amsterdam What does the mobilization network look like? Leading organizations in the mobilization process The persistence of the mobilization: chain length Mobilization of ethnic bonding and bridging social capital Addressing bonding and bridging social capital with respect to organizational type Bonding in the neighborhood: the use of local connections Moving up: on mobilizing strategies Linking social capital The role of the individual in organizations How do social capital and mobilized social capital relate? Comparing the networks In case of urgency Ethnically bonding and bridging social capital The role of collaborative bodies Neighbors are convenient for the paperwork, not for the real deal? The role of governmental organizations In summary Mobilized Social Capital in Berlin The mobilization network in Berlin How much social capital is brought into action? The cut points The position of collaborative bodies in the mobilization process Ethnic bonding and bridging social capital: it s a Turkish affair The role of umbrella organizations Division of labor How do social capital and mobilized social capital relate? Comparing the networks Bridging ideological cleavages while sticking together Keep it in the family The use of bridging social capital regarding organizational type Stability over networks I: the prominent positions of the umbrella organizations 211 vii

5 9.13 Stability over networks II: the Kurdish organizations The role of religious (umbrella) organizations A city-wide community? The role of collaborative and consultative bodies Ambivalent relationships: the local government The media and the message Summary Comparing Amsterdam and Berlin Comparing the structural aspects The dominance of ideological cleavages and the case of urgency reflex Mobilization strategies The role of umbrella organizations The role of collaborative bodies, working groups and consultative bodies Linking social capital Mixing with other organizations I: ethnic bonding and bridging social capital Mixing with other organizations II: bonding and bridging social capital over organizational type Two peculiar groups: the Kurdish and the Islamic organizations The meaning of locality Media use The individual and the organization In conclusion 239 Conclusion 241 The importance of doing experimental research 241 Real life Big World Experiments 242 Variations of the BWE: suggestions for future studies 244 Implications for the theory of the relationship between social capital and political participation 247 On the outlooks on social capital: I network, therefore 250 Appendices 253 Appendix 1. Questionnaire 255 Appendix 2. Categories of ethnicities, types of organizations, and localities 264 Appendix 3. Lists of Respondents in Amsterdam and Berlin 266 Appendix 4. Key concepts and precautions in social network analysis 270 Appendix 5. Aggregated measures of the social capital and mobilized social capital indicators in Amsterdam and Berlin 273 Appendix 6A. Results from the network analyses on the network of interlocking directorates in Amsterdam 274 Appendix 6B. Results from network analyses on the contact network in Amsterdam 275 Appendix 6C. Results from network analyses on the mobilization network in Amsterdam 276 Appendix 7A. Results from the network analyses on the network of interlocking directorates in Berlin 277 viii

6 Appendix 7B. Results from network analyses on the contact network in Berlin 278 Appendix 7C. Results from network analyses on the mobilization network in Berlin 279 Appendix 8. Chain data on the mobilization networks 280 References 281 Summary (English) 295 Samenvatting (Nederlands) 303 ix