Italian Military Operations Abroad

Transcription

1 Italian Military Operations Abroad

2 Italian Military Operations Abroad Just Don t Call It War Piero Ignazi Professor of Comparative Politics, University of Bologna, Italy Giampiero Giacomello Assistant Professor of International Relations, University of Bologna, Italy and Fabrizio Coticchia Research Fellow, CDG Laboratory Conflict, Development and Global Politics, Sant Anna School of Advanced Studies, Italy Palgrave macmillan

3 Piero Ignazi, Giampiero Giacomello and Fabrizio Coticchia 2012 Afterword Gianmarco Badialetti 2012 Softcov er reprint of the hardcov er 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

4 Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations and Acronyms vi x xi Introduction 1 1 The Foreign Policy of a Latecomer 8 2 The Political Interpretation of Italy s Military Operations Abroad 42 3 From the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Italy s Military Missions From the Fall of the Twin Towers: Italy s Military Missions Treading on Thin Ice: Italy s Debate on Security and Defence 160 Conclusions 182 Afterword: A View from the Ground 187 Gianmarco Badialetti Appendix 194 Notes 219 References 238 Index 255 v

5 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Frequencies (in %) of the most frequent categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Desert Storm Frequencies (in %) of the most frequent categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Desert Storm by the government Frequencies (in %) of the most frequent categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Ibis Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Ibis by the government Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Alba Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Alba by the government Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Allied Force Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the KFOR mission Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Allied Force by the government Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the KFOR mission by the government Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the OEF and ISAF missions Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the OEF and ISAF missions by the government 73 vi

6 List of Figures and Tables vii 2.13 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Antica Babilonia Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Antica Babilonia by the government Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the UNIFIL mission Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to the UNIFIL mission by the government 80 A1 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Desert Storm 200 A2 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Desert Storm by the government 201 A3 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Ibis 202 A4 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Alba 203 A5 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Allied Force 204 A6 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to KFOR 205 A7 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF by the government 206 A8 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Antica Babilonia 207 A9 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Antica Babilonia by the government 208 A10 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to UNIFIL 209 A11 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to UNIFIL by the government 210

7 viii List of Figures and Tables Tables 3.1 Iraq Somalia Albania Kosovo (Operation Allied Force) Kosovo (Operation Allied Harbour and KFOR until May 2008) Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Force/Operation Nibbio) Afghanistan (ISAF until May 2008) Iraq (Operation Antica Babilonia) Lebanon (UNIFIL until May 2008) International framework Weapons/equipment Military code Rules of engagement Operational tasks of missions Public support for Italy s participation in PSOs/MOA (in %) (2005 9) Public support for Italy s participation in PSOs/MOA by gender (in %) (2009) Public support for UN exclusive power of authorization (in %) (2003 9) Number of police officers (selected EU countries) Variations in military personnel ( ) Defence expenditure (in US$ billions) Military attitudes and democracy levels in selected countries Global Peace Index ranking (2007 9) 180 A1 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Desert Storm by political party 211 A2 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Ibis by political party 212

8 List of Figures and Tables ix A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Alba by political party 213 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Allied Force by political party 214 Frequencies in percentage of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to KFOR by political party 215 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF by political party 216 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to Operation Antica Babilonia by political party 217 Frequencies (in %) of the categories recorded in the parliamentary debate relating to UNIFIL by political party 218

9 Acknowledgements The data for this volume were collected thanks to the financial support provided by the Italian Ministry for University & Research national grant (PRIN) No Earlier and preliminary versions of some chapters were presented as working papers at three International Studies Association (ISA) conferences in 2006, 2007 and We would like to thank all the colleagues that at those conferences and elsewhere provided comments and remarks, in particular Matthew Evangelista, Hanns Maull, R. Craig Nation, Angelo Panebianco and Bertjan Verbeek. The volume s ideas and all the chapters have been conceived and thoroughly discussed collectively by the three authors. However, Chapter 1 was written by Piero Ignazi, Chapter 2 largely by Fabrizio Coticchia with the help of Giampiero Giacomello, Chapters 3 and 4 by Fabrizio Coticchia, and finally Chapter 5 by Giampiero Giacomello. The Introduction and the Conclusion are collective enterprises, while Gianmarco Badialetti wrote the Afterword. We would like to express our appreciation to Chiara Alleva for the interviews, Simona Jacopetti, who helped with the content analysis, Andrea Bizzari, Veronica Lenzi and Gianluca Pescaroli for the bibliographical research and support, and Palgrave Macmillan s anonymous reviewer, whose insightful remarks and observations helped us improve the quality of this volume. We also wish to thank William J. Burke, Matthew Carroll, Jennifer Crawford, Samuel George, Britt Sylvester, David Bull and Dr Lee M. Miller for their invaluable assistance with the language editing. Fabrizio Coticchia would like to thank Andrea de Guttry and Francesco Strazzari for their academic support. Above all Fabrizio is grateful to his wife and parents for their never-ending confidence. Last (but not least, as they say) Giampiero Giacomello would like to thank Angela, Jacopo and Emma Michela (for just being there ). x

10 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ABP ANCOP AWACS CENTCOM CIMIC CGS COIN COU CRO ECSC EDC EFP ESDP EUPOL EU FOB GDP IED IDF IFOR IFP IMF IR ISAF JATG-I KFOR KIA KWIC Afghan Border Police Afghan National Civil Order Police Airborne Warning and Control System United States Central Command Civil military cooperation CIMIC Group South Counterinsurgency Operations Circuiti Operativi Umanitari Crisis Response Operation European Coal and Steel Community European Defence Community Explosively Formed Penetrator European Security and Defence Policy European Union Police mission to Afghanistan European Union Forward Operating Based Gross domestic product Improvised explosive device Israeli Defence Force Implementation Force Italian foreign policy International Monetary Fund International relations International Security Assistance Force Joint Air Task Group IRAQ Kosovo Stabilization Force Killed in action Keywords in context xi

11 xii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms LAF MOA MFP MMU MSU NATO NBC NCO NGOs OEF OMTL OSCE PSO PRT RC R&D RoE RMA RPG SACEUR SFOR UAV UCK UNEF UNIFIL UNIKOM UNITAF UNMIK UNSC UNSOM VBIED VBL Lebanese armed forces Military Operations Abroad Multinational Force of Protection Mentoring Monitoring Unit Multinational Specialized Unit North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nuclear, biological, chemical Non-commissioned officer Non-governmental organizations Operation Enduring Freedom Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Peace support operation Provincial Reconstruction Team Regional Commanders Research & Destroy Rules of engagement Revolution in military affairs Rocket-propelled grenade Supreme Allied Commander Europe Stabilization Force Unmanned aerial vehicle Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës (Kosovo Liberation Army) United Nations Emergency Force United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission Unified Task Force Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo United Nations Security Council United Nations Operations in Somalia Vehicle-borne improvised explosive device Veicoli Blindati Leggeri (light armoured vehicles)

12 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii VTLM WEU WIA Veicolo Tattico Leggero Multiruolo (tactical multipurpose light armoured vehicles) Western European Union Wounded in action Italy s political parties AN CCD-CDU DC DL DP DS FI IDV LN MSI NPS PCI PD PdCI PDS PLI PPI PR PRI PSDI PSI RC Alleanza nazionale (National Alliance) Centro cattolico democratico/cristiani democratici uniti (Catholic Democratic Centre/United Democratic Christian) Democrazia cristiana (Christian Democracy) La Margherita (Daisy) Democrazia proletaria (Proletarian Democracy) Democratici di sinistra (Left Democrats) Forza Italia (Go Italy!) Italia dei Valori (Italy of Values) Lega nord (Northern League) Movimento sociale italiano (Italian Social Movement) Nuovo Partito socialista Italiano (New Socialist Party) Partito comunista italiano (Italian Communist Party) Partito democratico (Democratic Party) Partito dei comunisti italiani (Party of the Italian Communists) Partito democratico della sinistra (Democratic Party of the Left) Partito liberale italiano (Italian Liberal Party) Partito popolare italiano (Italian Popular Party) Partito radicale (Radical Party) Partito repubblicano italiano (Italian Republican Party) Partito socialista democratico italiano (Italian Social-Democratic Party) Partito socialista italiano (Italian Socialist Party) Rifondazione comunista (Communist Refoundation)

13 xiv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms RI SDI UDC UDEUR ULIVO VERDI Rinnovamento Italiano (Italian Renowal) Socialisti democratici italiani (Democratic Italian Socialist) Unione democratica cristiana (Christian Democratic Union) Unione democratici per l Europa (Union of Democrats for Europe) Ulivo (The Olive Tree) Verdi (Greens)