The European Union in International Affairs series

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1 The European Union in International Affairs series The European Union in International Affairs series is institutionally supported by the Institute for European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels. Series Editors: Sebastian Oberthür is a Professor and Academic Director of the Institute of European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium. Knud Erik Jørgensen is a Professor in the Department of Political Science and Government, Aarhus University, Denmark. Alex Warleigh-Lack is Executive Director of the Centre for Research on the European Matrix (CRONEM) and Professor of EU Politics at the University of Surrey, UK. Sandra Lavenex is Professor of International Politics at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland, and Visiting Professor at the College of Europe in Natolin (Warsaw). Philomena Murray is Jean Monnet Professor in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Editorial board: Stephanie Anderson, Ummu Salma Bava, Grainne de Burca, Maurizio Carbone, Roy H. Ginsberg, Amelia Hadfield, Stephan Keukeleire, Andrés Malamud, Sophie Meunier, Michael H. Smith, Ramses Wessel and Reuben Wong. Thanks to consecutive rounds of enlargement and the stepwise broadening and deepening of internal integration, the EU now undeniably plays a key role in international politics, law and economics. At the same time, changes in the international system continue to pose new challenges to the EU. The range of policies implied by the EU s international actorness grows with every summit, and the EU regularly imports and increasingly exports various policies. Against this backdrop, this book series aims to be a central resource for the growing community of scholars and policy-makers interested in understanding the interface between the EU and international affairs. It will provide in-depth, cutting-edge contributions to research on the EU in international affairs by highlighting new developments, insights, challenges and opportunities. It will encompass analyses of the EU s international role, as mediated by its own Member States, in international institutions and in its strategic bilateral and regional partnerships. It will further examine the ongoing profusion of EU internal policies with external implications and the ways in which these are both driven by and feed back into international developments. Grounded in political science (and its various sub-disciplines, including International Relations and International Political Economy), law, sociology and history, the series reflects an inter-disciplinary commitment. Alex Warleigh-Lack is currently on leave as an editor of the series

2 Titles include: Alexander Mattelaer THE POLITICO-MILITARY DYNAMICS OF EUROPEAN CRISIS RESPONSE OPERATIONS Planning, Friction, Strategy Louise G. van Schaik EU EFFECTIVENESS AND UNITY IN MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS More than the Sum of its Parts? Luis Simón GEOPOLITICAL CHANGE, GRAND STRATEGY AND EUROPEAN SECURITY The EU NATO Conundrum in Perspective The European Union in International Affairs series Series standing order ISBN (cased) Series standing order ISBN (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Geopolitical Change, Grand Strategy and European Security The EU NATO Conundrum in Perspective Luis Simón Institute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Belgium

4 Luis Simón 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

5 Contents List of Figures, Maps and Tables Acknowledgements List of Acronyms and Abbreviations vi viii ix Introduction 1 1 Geopolitics, Grand Strategy and the EU NATO Conundrum 19 2 Geopolitics and Grand Strategy in Cold War and Post-Cold War Europe ( ) September, the Big Three and the EU NATO Conundrum ( ) Iraq, the Big Three and the EU NATO Conundrum ( ) Europe, the West and the EU NATO Conundrum Conclusions 235 Notes 252 Bibliography 253 Index 276 v

6 Figures, Maps and Tables Figures 2.1 British grand strategy since Suez The end of the Cold War: Britain, NATO and CSDP French grand strategy since Suez The end of the Cold War: France, NATO and CSDP (West) German grand strategy The end of the Cold War: Germany, NATO and CSDP September, Britain and the CSDP NATO conundrum September, France, NATO and CSDP September, Germany, NATO and CSDP Iraq, Britain and the CSDP-NATO conundrum Iraq, France and the CSDP-NATO conundrum Iraq, Germany and the CSDP-NATO conundrum 179 Maps 1.1 Britain s geostrategic predicament France s geostrategic predicament Germany s geostrategic predicament 50 Tables 2.1 US military presence in Europe ( ) GDP growth in real terms in Britain, France and Germany ( ) GDP in Britain, France and Germany ( ), in billion $ Trade as a percentage of GDP in Britain, France and Germany ( ) Intra-EC/EU trade as a percentage of total trade in Britain, France and Germany ( ) Military capabilities of Britain, France and (West) Germany ( ) 106 vi

7 List of Figures, Maps and Tables vii 3.1 Big Three contributions to CSDP military operations before Big Three contributions to CSDP military operations after Big Three contributions to ISAF (as of January 2010) 170

8 Acknowledgements This book has benefited from the support offered by a number of people and institutions. Special thanks go to Dr Alister Miskimmon for his intellectual input and support throughout the various stages of the research. I am also particularly thankful to Professor Sven Biscop, Professor Christopher Coker and James Rogers, who reviewed the entire manuscript and provided most valuable comments. Professor Amelia Hadfield, Professor Jolyon Howorth, Professor Knud-Erik Jorgenssen, Dr Jean-Thomas Arrighi de Casanova, Dr Caterina Carta, Dr Isabelle Hertner, Dr Alexander Mattelaer, Daniel Fiott and Daniel Keohane gave useful comments on draft chapters and parts of this work. Jacqueline Morea provided research and editorial assistance. The hospitality and expertise of a number of institutions allowed me to conduct my research in Berlin, Brussels, London, Paris, Washington DC and New York City. I am thankful to the European Policy Centre and the Institute for European Studies in Brussels, the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin, the Royal United Services Institute in London, the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique and the EU Institute for Security Studies in Paris, the Center for Transatlantic Relations at SAIS in Washington DC and the Satlzman Institute for War and Peace Studies (Columbia University) in New York City. I also thank all the numerous officials interviewed in Berlin, Brussels, London, Paris and Washington DC for their time and support during the various stages of the research. Most of them have requested to remain anonymous. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support. The research has been facilitated by the financial support offered by a number of sources. In particular, I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and its European Foreign and Security Policy Studies Programme, the Department of Politics and International Relations at Royal Holloway, University of London, and the Flemish Research Foundation. viii

9 Acronyms and Abbreviations A2/AD ACT CAP CCOMC CFSP CIVAD CIVCOM civ/mil CJTF CMPD COIN CPCC CPG CSDP DCI DPG DRC EC ECSC EDA EDC EDTIB EEC EMU EPC ERRF ESDI ESDP ESDU EU EUFOR EUMC EUMS Anti-access and Area Denial Allied Command Transformation Common Agricultural Policy Comprehensive Crisis and Operations Management Centre Common Foreign and Security Policy Civilian Actors Advisor Committee on the Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management Civilian/military Combined Joint Task Force Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Counter-insurgency Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Comprehensive Political Guidance Common Security and Defence Policy Defense Capabilities Initiative Defence Policy Guidelines Democratic Republic of Congo European Community European Coal and Steel Community European Defence Agency European Defence Community European Defence Technological and Industrial Base European Economic Community European Monetary Union European Political Cooperation European Rapid Reaction Force European Security and Defence Identity European Security and Defence Policy European Security and Defence Union European Union European Union Force European Union Military Committee European Union Military Staff ix

10 x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations EUNAVFOR EUPOL EUTM FYROM ICBM IMF ISAF JFCOM MAP NATO NDS NGO NRF NSS NTM-A NATO OAS OECD OHQ OSCE PCC PSC QDR SDR SEATO SHAPE UN UNSC WEU WMD WTO European Union Naval Force European Union Police Mission European Union Training Mission Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia Intercontinental Ballistic Missile International Monetary Fund International Security Assistance Force Joint Forces Command Military Assessment on Planning North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Defence Strategy Non-governmental Organisation NATO Response Force National Security Strategy Training Mission Afghanistan Organisation of American States Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Operational Headquarters Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Prague Capabilities Commitment Political and Security Committee Quadrennial Defence Review Strategic Defence Review Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe United Nations United Nations Security Council Western European Union Weapons of Mass Destruction World Trade Organization