Unit # 7: Manifest Destiny and Native Conflict 8 Instructional Days

Transcription

1 Unit Plan: HIST 201 Unit # 7: Manifest Destiny and Native Conflict 8 Instructional Days Unit Overview Big Idea: The importance of the West grew in the nineteenth century. Cheap land attracted immigrants and natives alike, and, after some technological innovations, the West became an agricultural giant. The increased output also spurred transportation developments to tie this developing region to the rest of the United States. American expansionism gained momentum in the 1840s, leading first to the acquisition of Texas and Oregon, and then to the Mexican War, which added vast southwestern territories to the United States and ignited the slavery question. This expansion west induced conflicts that would be devastating to the Native American people. Unit Goals: A. Evaluate a historical source for point of view and historical context B. Gather and analyze historical information, including contradictory data, from a variety of primary and secondary sources, including sources located on the Internet, to support or reject hypotheses C. Construct and defend a written historical argument using relevant primary and secondary sources as evidence D. Differentiate between facts and historical interpretations, recognizing that a historian s narrative reflects his or her judgment about the significance of particular facts E. Investigate causes and effects of significant events in United States history. F. Analyze continuity and change in eras over the course of United States history G. Investigate causes and effects of significant events in United States history. H. Analyze the complexity of events in United States history. Enduring Understanding Connections The spectacular religious revival of the Second Great Awakening reversed a trend toward secular rationalism in American culture, and helped to fuel a spirit of social reform. In the process, religion was increasingly feminized, while women in turn took the lead in movements of reform, including those designed to improve their own condition. The attempt to improve American s faith, morals, and character affected nearly all areas of American life and culture, including education, the family, literature, and the arts culminating in the great crusade against slavery. Intellectual and cultural development in America was less prolific than in Europe, but they did earn some international recognition and became more distinctly American, especially after the War of American expansionism gained momentum in the 1840s, leading first to the acquisition of Texas and Oregon, and then to the Mexican War, which added vast southwestern territories to the United States and ignited the slavery question. American international prestige grows as the United States expands. Successful military campaigns against Mexico along with well negotiated treaties with Britain force Europe to respect America more while Latin America begins to be wary of the Colossus of the North. In early nineteenth century America, movements of moral and religious reform accompanied the democratization of politics and the creation of a national market economy. After a period of growing nationalism in religion, a new was of revivals beginning about 1800 swept out of the West and effected great change not only in religious life but also in other areas of society. Existing religious groups were further fragmented, and new groups like the Mormons emerged. Women were especially prominent in these developments, becoming a major presence in the churches and discovering in reform movements an outlet for energies that were often stifled in masculinized political and economic life. Among the first areas to benefit from the reform impulse was education. The public elementary school movement

2 gained strength, while a few women made their way into still tradition-bound colleges. Women were also prominent in movements for improved treatment of the mentally ill, peace, temperance, and other causes. By the 1840s some women also began to agitate for own rights, including suffrage. The movement for women s rights, closely linked to the antislavery crusade, gained adherents even while it met strong obstacles and vehement opposition. While many reformers worked to improve society as a whole, other created utopian experiments to model their religious and social ideals. Some of these groups promoted radical sexual and economic doctrines, while others appealed to high-minded intellectuals and artists. American culture was still quite weak in theoretical sciences and the fine arts, but a vigorous national literature blossomed after the War of In New England the literary renaissance was closely linked to the philosophy of transcendentalism promoted by Emerson and others. Many of the great American writers like Walt Whitman reflected the national spirit of utopian optimism, but a few dissenters like Hawthorne and Melville explored the darker side of life and of their own society. As Tyler assumed the presidency after Harrison s death, the United States became engaged in a series of sharp disputes with Britain. A conflict over the Maine boundary was resolved, but British involvement in Texas revived the movement to annex the Lone Star Republic to the United States. The Texas and Oregon questions became embroiled in the 1844 campaign, as the Democrats nominated and elected the militantly expansionist Polk. After Texas was added to the Union, conflicts with Mexico over California and the Texas boundary erupted into war in American forces quickly conquered California and New Mexico. Winfield Scott s and Zachary Taylor s invasion of Mexico was also successful, and the United States obtained large new territories in the peace treaty. Besides adding California, New Mexico, and Utah to American territory, the Mexican War trained a new generation of military leaders and aroused long-term Latin American resentment of the United States. Most important, it forced the slavery controversy to the center of the national debate, as first indicated by the Wilmot Proviso. Course Enduring Understandings A. The development of the United States has been affected in significant ways by its geography. B. The ideals of freedom, equality, democracy, and economic well-being have been powerful motivators throughout our history. C. Political democracy in the U.S. grew from European and colonial roots and evolved, through conflict and compromise, into the system we have today. D. The tensions between liberty and equality, liberty and order, region and nation, individualism and the common welfare, cultural diversity and civic unity have shaped U.S. history. E. The history of the United States is a story of diverse groups struggling to realize the American ideal. These groups have contributed to the American heritage and contemporary society. F. The development of the United States has been shaped dramatically by economic growth. G. Issues in and between other countries dramatically affect the United States and in turn, U. S. policy dramatically affects other countries. Essential Questions A. In what ways has geography shaped the economic, political, and social development of the United States? B. How has our understanding of the meaning of freedom, democracy, and economic well-being changed over time? How and in what ways have these ideals shaped our history? C. To what extent is our government democratic? D. What factors contributed to the development and retardation of political democracy in the United States? E. How have these tensions shaped U.S. history? Where do you stand with regard to these tensions? F. What factors lead to unity? To division? G. In what ways and to what extent have diverse groups shaped American society, economics, politics, and culture? What does it mean to be an American? H. What is the American Dream? Are all groups in the United States able to achieve the American Dream? I. How has economic growth shaped society, politics, and culture in the U.S.? J. What issues drive our relations with other nations? What is America s role in the world in regard to these issues?

3 Chapter 15 Guided Reading Questions 1. What were the changes in American religion during this time and what were their effects on culture and social reform? 2. What caused the most important American reform movements of the period? 3. Explain the origins of American feminism, describe its essential principles, and summarize its early successes and failures. 4. Describe the utopian and communitarian experiments of the period. 5. Identify the early American achievements in the arts and sciences. 6. Analyze the American literary flowering of the early nineteenth century, especially in relation to transcendentalism and other ideas of the time. Chapter 17 Guided Reading Questions 1. Explain the spirit of Manifest Destiny that inspired American expansionism in the 1840s. 2. Outline the major conflicts between Britain and the United states over debts, Maine, Canada, Texas, Oregon, and growing British hostility to slavery. 3. Why did the movement to annex Texas gain new momentum and why did the issue arouse such controversy? 4. How did the issues of Oregon and Texas become central in the election of 1844 and why was Polk s victory seen as a mandate of Manifest Destiny? 5. How did the issues over California and the Texas boundary create conflict and war with Mexico? 6. How did the dramatic American victory in the Mexican War lead to the breathtaking territorial acquisition of the whole Southwest? 7. Describe the consequences of the Mexican War, especially its effects on the slavery question. Unit Learning Goals (tied to Unit Goals) Required Content LG 1 Analyze how religious and cultural reforms arose during the era of mass democracy and would lead the way for American expansion. This should include discussion of: Refining Religion: Alexis de Tocqueville, Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (1794), Deism, Unitarian faith, Second Great Awakening, Peter Cartwright, Charles Grandison Finney, Western New York, Burned-Over- District, William Miller, Classes and regions: Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Unitarians, (East) Methodists, Baptists and members of new sects, less learned communities (rural South and West), Southern Baptists & Methodist split, Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Church of the Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), Brigham Young, frontier theocracy, Antipolygamy laws 1862 Education: free public education, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, William H. McGuffey, Denominational, liberal art colleges, Federal land grants (state colleges), Learning Goal Guiding Questions Documents Habits of Mind What particular qualities did Evangelical religion give to the early American culture? Why did so many of its energies move toward the reform of society? Were there elements of American religion that resisted the reform impulse? How important is a free public education to a republic? If it is important, why then was early education so poor? If it is not important, why did it begin? Do you agree that public education was an insurance premium that the wealthy paid for stability and democracy, as the authors assert? Is it important to a republic to have compulsory public education? Were the cult of domesticity and the rise of the childcentered family signs of an improvement or a restriction on women s status and condition? Was the new family a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them? Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture? What made women such prominent leaders in the religious and reform movements? How did the women s

4 Emma Willard (1821), Troy Female Seminary, Oberlin College (1837), Mary Lyon, Mount Holyoke College, Lyceum lecture associations Age of Reform: Sylvester Graham, houses of correction, reformatories, penitentiaries, Dorothea Dix, American Peace Society (1828), William Ladd, American Temperance Society, Cold Water Army, Neal S. Dow, Father of Prohibition, Maine Law of 1851 Women in Revolt: Domestic abuse with reasonable instrument, the submerged sex, gender roles, rape punishable by death, women s special sphere, cult of domesticity, gilded cage, Women s rights movement, Lucrecia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony Suzy Bs, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, Lucy Stone, Lucy Stoners, Amelia Bloomer, Bloomers, Seneca Falls N.Y. Women s Rights Convention (1848), Declaration of Sentiments, Robert Owen, New Harmony, Ind. 1825, Brook Farm, Mass. 1841, Oneida Community, N.Y rights movement compare with the other movements of the period? What obstacles did women reformers fact? Why did women often have more difficulty working on their own behalf than they did advocating other causes? Habits of Mind: People Make a Difference Recognize the importance of individuals who have made a difference in history, and the significance of personal character on human progress. Documents: Readings: The Going to the Source: The Bedford Reader in American History Chapter 10 The West in Jacksonian Arts pgs Scientific and Artistic Achievements: Nathaniel Bowditch, Matthew F. Maury, Benjamin Stillman, Louis Agassiz, Asa Gray, John J. Audubon, Greek revival, Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, University of Va., Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumbull, Louis Daguerre (daguerreotype), American minstrel shows, Stephen C. Foster Literature: The Federalist of Hamilton, Jay and Madison, Tom Paine s Common Sense, Benjamin Franklin s Autobiography (1818), Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, Transcendentalism movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickenson, William Gilmore Simms, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, LG 2 Analyze how the expansion west would lead America to become a new prosperous nation while simultaneously leading us toward conflict with natives and Mexico. This should include discussion of The Tyler Presidency: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler the accidental president, Third War with England, The Caroline, Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Webster-Ashburton Treaty, Mesabi iron ore, Tyler s Annexation of Texas Why was the Texas annexation so controversial? What would have happened had Texas remained an independent nation? How did rivalry with Britain affect the American decision to annex Texas, the Oregon dispute, and lesser controversies of the period? What caused the Mexican War? Did Polk provoke the Texas-boundary conflict in order to gain California or expand slavery, as war opponents like Lincoln charged? What were the benefits and costs of the Mexican War both immediately and in the longer run of American history? Habits of Mind: Multi-Causality

5 Oregon and Polk:: Oregon country, Oregon Fever, Capt. Robert Gray, Lewis and Clark expedition ( ), Willamette River Valley, Oregon Trail, America s first dark horse, Manifest Destiny, Walker Tariff of 1846, Independent Treasury restored, 49 th Parallel, America s future gateway to the Pacific Ocean : Understand the complexity of historical cause-effect relationships in order to avoid simplified generalizations. Documents: Readings: Mexico and America: Nueces River, Rio Grande, John Slidell, General Zachary Taylor, Bullies of the North, Santa Anna, General Stephen W. Kearny, Santa Fe, Capt. John C. Fremont, California Bear Flag Republic, Old Rough and Ready, Buena Vista, General Winfield Scott, Old Fuss and Feathers, Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848 Slavery and Mexican Territory: Antislavery Whigs, Allof-Mexico movement, Capt. Robert E. Lee, Lt. Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. Marine Corps, Halls of Montezuma, Chapultepec, los ninos, Colossus of the North, slavocracy, James Russell Lowell, Wilmot Proviso, Mexico will poison us, Santa Anna s revenge, Study the chronology on page 389 Measuring and Tracking Learning Goals Measuring Progress of Learning Goals Tracking Student Progress Daily checks for understanding Weekly averages of Learning Goal objective Daily demonstrators of learning to be completed for each Lesson objective demonstrations of learning Assessing the progress of the Learning Goals Students complete formative assessments during and after the completion of each learning goal. Formative assessment consists of: A Multiple choice formative assessment at the completion of the learning goal Chapter reading and guided reading questions Formative assignments throughout the learning goal Socratic seminars, formative writing assignments, and class discussions on the primary sources and secondary readings associated with the learning goal Measuring and Tracking Unit Goals Measuring the Unit Goal Tracking Student Progress Document Based Question Assessment Weekly graphing of student progress on learning goal Summative Writing Assessment formative assessments Formative Writing Assessment Historical Interview Summative Assessment Measuring Progress to Unit Goal: Students score proficient or advanced on 80% of learning goal formative assessments Students score proficient or advanced on 80% of formative assignments

6 Measuring and Tracking of Progress towards Unit Goals Measuring the Unit Goals Tracking Student Progress Students complete Formative writing assessments after the completion of each learning goal. Weekly graphing of student progress on learning goal formative writing assessments Measuring Progress to Unit Goals: Students score proficient or advanced on 80% of learning goal formative assessments Students score proficient or advanced on 80% of learning goal formative writing assignments Students score proficient or advanced on 100% of take home practice LG1 LG2 Standard Formative Assessment Standard Formative Assessment Learning Goal Formative Assessments Blog Post #9 Blog Post #10 Blog Post Was American expansion across North America an inevitable development? How was the idea of Manifest Destiny used to justify expansionism? Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to American expansionism in the 1840s. Unit Learning Goal Lesson Objectives Learning Goal Lesson Objectives LG 1 LO 1A SWBAT describe the changes in American religion and their effects on culture and social reforms LO 1B SWBAT describe the cause of the most important American reform movements of the period LO 1C SWBAT explain the origins of American feminism, describe its essential principles, and summarize its early successes and failures LO 1D SWBAT describe the utopian and communitarian experiments of the period LO 1E SWBAT identify the early American achievements in the arts and sciences LO 1F SWBAT analyze the American literary flowering of the early nineteenth century, especially in relation to transcendentalism and other ideas of the time LG 2 LO 2A SWBAT explain the spirit of Manifest Destiny that inspired American expansionism in the 1840s LO 2B SWBAT outline the major conflicts between Britain and the United States over debts, Maine, Canada, Texas, Oregon, and growing British hostility to slavery LO 2C SWBAT explain why the movement to annex Texas gained new momentum and why the issue aroused such controversy LO 2D SWBAT indicate how the issues of Oregon and Texas became central in the election of 1844 and why Polk s victory was seen as a mandare for Manifest Destiny. LO 2E SWBAT describe how the dramatic American victory in the Mexican war led to the breathtaking territorial acquisition of the whole Southwest LO 2F SWBAT describe the consequences of the Mexican War, especially its effect on the slavery question

7 Instructional Calendar October 21 Religion in America October 28 The Role of Manifest Destiny in America October 22 The Women s Movement October 23 The Women s Movement October 29 October 30 Native Americans in the West October 24 No School October 31 Native Americans in the West October 25 No School November 1 Slavery and Manifest Destiny LG 2 Quiz