Extending the American Revolution Overseas:
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1 Extending the American Revolution Overseas: Little-known Origins of U.S Foreign Assistance and Lessons for Today Summary JOHN A. SANBRAILO EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION USAID ALUMNI MEETING JANUARY 30,
2 Foreign Aid Origins Foreign aid as we know it began as an instrument of Cold War diplomacy. Without the Cold War, aid would likely not exist today.. Carol Lancaster Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics (2007) Foreign aid is an expression of the American revolutionary tradition and America s revolutionary mission in the world. Gordon Wood, Why America Wants to Spread Democracy Around the World (2011) 2
3 Majestic Moment Foreign Aid Begins Late 1940s Bretton Woods System (IMF, IBRD, GATT) Other Multilaterals (UN,WHO, FAO) Truman Doctrine: Aid to Greece & Turkey (ECA) Marshall Plan/Europe (ECA) Dodge Plan/Japan (military/eca) Point Four: Underdeveloped Countries (TCA) Export-Import Bank: Financing Development 3
4 Battle of Bretton Woods International Bank for Reconstruction and Development John Maynard Keynes Harry Dexter White
5 Foreign Aid Pioneers Founding Fathers 19th Century Advocates Progressive Reformers ( ) New Deal Reformers (1930s-1940s) Majestic Moment (late 1940s & 1950s) USAID ( ) 5
6 Development Philosophers Founding Fathers Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Franklin 6
7 Foreign Humanitarian & Disaster Aid 1790s 1890s 1793: Aid to Haitian Refugees 1812: Aid to Venezuela earthquake victims 1820s: Greek Fever & support for Greek independence 1848: Response to Irish Famine 1862: Aid to English textile workers ( cotton famine ) 1870: Franco-Prussian War & Clara Barton (ARC) s: Ireland, Russia, India, Armenia, Cuba 7
8 Foreign Aid Advocates 1800s-1890s Joel R. Poinsett Henry Clay Henry Carey James Blaine
9 Foreign Aid Rejected A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur s Court 1889 Mark Twain
10 Progressive Reformers Abroad Nation-Building, Food Aid & Governance 1900s-1920s Leonard Wood Herbert Hoover Edwin Kemmerer
11 New Deal Reformers Overseas 1930s-1940s Franklin Roosevelt s Four Freedoms & Atlantic Charter Harry Hopkins & Lend-Lease Aid Henry Wallace in Mexico, IICA & Bureau for Economic Warfare Nelson Rockefeller & Institute for Inter-American Affairs Harry Dexter White: From LAC to Bretton Woods Guy Rexford Tugwell & Modernization of Puerto Rico David Lilienthal & TVA Expands Overseas 11
12 Franklin Roosevelt Four Freedoms Overseas Henry Wallace Century of the Common Man 1940s Franklin Roosevelt Henry Wallace
13 Foreign Aid From WW II to Cold War 1940s WW II Post-War Atlantic Charter (1941) Bretton Woods (1944) US Exim Bank IMF/ IBRD Inter-American System UN/WHO/FAO Lend-Lease/BEW Marshall Plan/ECA (ARA) IIAA ( ) US Exim Bank Point IV/TCA (1950s) Exim-DLF (1950s) 13
14 Post WW II Foreign Aid Advocates George Marshall Harry Truman Benjamin Hardy
15 Conclusions Foreign Aid deeply rooted in American history Inspired by principles of American Revolution Mixture of idealistic/realistic impulses in foreign policy Lessons from 200+ years of spreading democracy & development around the world To know what we have done is to know who we are 15
16 Recommendations Recognize History Matters Build a learning organization on lessons from past Establish USAID Office of the Historian Place foreign aid policies/programs in historic context Develop lessons learned in systematic manner Draw on past to guide programming/training 16
17 END SUMMARY 17
18 Extending the American Revolution Overseas: Little-known Origins of U.S Foreign Assistance and Lessons for Today JOHN A. SANBRAILO EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION USAID ALUMNI MEETING JANUARY 30,
19 Where are we? Pan American Development Foundation (1962) Organization of American of States (1948) Pan American Sanitation Bureau (1902) Inter-American System/Pan American Union (1890) Incubator of Multilateralism & Development 19
20 History Matters War Stories Inter-American System (1890s) Kemmerer Missions (1920s) Point Four (1950s) Taiwan miracle (1950s) Alliance for Progress (1960s) Colombia & Central America Peace Accords CDIE/DEC & USAID Mission Libraries 20
21 Foreign Aid Origins Foreign aid as we know it began as an instrument of Cold War diplomacy. Without the Cold War, aid would likely not exist today.. Carol Lancaster Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics (2007) Foreign aid is an expression of the American revolutionary tradition and America s revolutionary mission in the world. Gordon Wood, Why America Wants to Spread Democracy Around the World (2011) 21
22 Majestic Moment Foreign Aid Begins Late 1940s Bretton Woods System (IMF, IBRD, GATT) Other Multilaterals (UN,WHO, FAO) Truman Doctrine: Aid to Greece & Turkey (ECA) Marshall Plan/Europe (ECA) Dodge Plan/Japan (military/eca) Point Four: Underdeveloped Countries (TCA) Export-Import Bank: Financing Development 22
23 Battle of Bretton Woods International Bank for Reconstruction and Development John Maynard Keynes Harry Dexter White
24 Foreign Aid Pioneers Founding Fathers 19 th Century Advocates Progressive Reformers ( ) New Deal Reformers (1930s-1940s) Majestic Moment (late 1940s & 1950s) USAID ( ) 24
25 Development Philosophers Founding Fathers Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Franklin 25
26 Earliest Foreign Aid 1789: Jefferson & Lafayette: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen : this ball of liberty will roll around the world 1793: Aid to Haitian refugees 1789s-1800s 1800: Hamilton & Haiti s first Constitution 1800s: We desire to instruct you in whatever we know We wish you to learn all our arts and to make you wise and wealthy Jefferson to Indian nations & overseas. 1804: Small pox vaccinations to Indian tribes Lewis & Clark 1806: Joel Poinsett, Mission to Russia 26
27 Echoing Jefferson Foreign Aid: 21st Century.our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth. We will support democracy from Asia to Africa; from the Americas to the Middle East, because our interests and our conscience compel us to act on behalf of those who long for freedom. Barack Obama January the survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands George W. Bush January
28 Foreign Aid Expands 1810s-1830s 1810: Joel Poinsett & Nation-Building in Chile 1812: Aid for Venezuela earthquake victims 1810s: American Board of Foreign Missions & ABS 1819: Aid for Nation-Building in Liberia & ACS 1820: Henry Clay proposes International Cooperation 1820s-1830s: Democracy Promotion in Mexico & American advisors overseas 28
29 Early Foreign Aid Advocates 1810s-1830s Joel R. Poinsett Henry Clay
30 Early Foreign Aid Advisors 1820s-1860s Isaac W. Wheelwright William Wheelwright
31 Foreign Humanitarian & Disaster Aid 1810s 1890s 1812: Aid to Venezuela earthquake victims 1820s: Greek Fever & support for Greek independence 1848: Response to Irish Famine 1862: Aid to English textile workers ( cotton famine ) 1868: Earthquake/tidal wave in Peru-Ecuador 1870: Franco-Prussian War & Clara Barton (ARC) 1880s-1890s: Ireland, Russia, India, Armenia, Cuba 31
32 Lincoln s Economist Overseas 1860s 1870s Henry Carey & American School of Economics Carey s proposals to Germany, Japan, Russia Assistance to Bismark & Unification of Germany Support for Nation-Building in Japan U.S. Technical Advisors in Japan: Erasmus Peshine Smith, General Horace Capron, others (1870s): Philadelphia Centennial (1876) 32
33 Lincoln s Economist Overseas 1860s Abraham Lincoln Henry Carey
34 Grant Administration 1870s Modernization of Japan & goodwill tour 1879 Isthmian Canal & Development of Central America Proposed Annexation of Dominican Republic Extending American Red Cross Overseas Smithsonian Institution Abroad Chinese Education Mission to the U.S. 34
35 Grant s Advisors Overseas 1870s Ulysses S. Grant E. Peshine Smith
36 Foreign Aid Expands 1880s -1890s Charles Murphy: Corn Evangelist in Europe Gerow Brill in China (Cornell University) David Lubin & International Institute of Agriculture James Blaine & Inter-American System (1890) Pan American Development Agencies (PASB, Railroad) Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893) Aid to Cuba & Spanish-American War (1898) 36
37 Foreign Aid Rejected A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur s Court 1889 Mark Twain
38 Progressive Reformers Abroad s Leonard Wood & Nation-Building in Caribbean/Philippines Yellow Fever: Walter Reed & William Gorgas Pan American Bureau for Sanitation (PABS) War Department: Bureau for Insular Affairs (Nation-Building) Building the Panama Canal & the Pan American Highway Carnegie Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, China Medical Board & Famine Relief Commission, etc. 38
39 Yellow Fever & Nation-Builders 1900s-1920s Walter Reed William Gorgas Leonard Wood
40 Progressive Reformers Abroad 1910s 1920s Wilson & Making the World Safe for Democracy Herbert Hoover: Aid during WW I & American Relief Administration (ARA)--NGOs Edwin Kemmerer: Princeton University & Governance in Underdeveloped Countries Suffragettes & Inter-American Commission for Women Others (humanitarian disaster assistance) 40
41 American Philanthropy Abroad Public Health, Education, Development, Community Service 1890s-1920s Andrew Carnegie Paul P. Harris John D. Rockefeller
42 Progressive Reformers Abroad Food Aid, Development & Governance 1910s-1920s Herbert Hoover Edwin Kemmerer
43 Women Rights Abroad Inter-American Commission for Women 1920s Doris Stevens Alice Paul
44 New Deal Reformers Overseas 1930s 1940s Franklin Roosevelt & Good Neighbor Policy Leo Rowe & Pan American Union: Incubator of development Harry Dexter White: Stabilizing & Developing LAC countries EXIM Bank, Development Financing & Inter-American Bank State Committee on Scientific & Cultural Cooperation Pearl Buck s The Good Earth & Henry Luce s The American Century 44
45 Foreign Aid Advocates 1930s-1940s Leo Rowe Pearl Buck Harry Luce
46 Franklin Roosevelt Four Freedoms Overseas Henry Wallace Century of the Common Man 1940s Franklin Roosevelt Henry Wallace
47 New Deal Reformers 1940s Franklin Roosevelt s Four Freedoms & Atlantic Charter Harry Hopkins & Lend-Lease Aid Henry Wallace in Mexico, IICA & Bureau for Economic Warfare Nelson Rockefeller & Institute for Inter-American Affairs Harry Dexter White: From LAC to Bretton Woods Guy Rexford Tugwell & Modernization of Puerto Rico David Lilienthal & TVA Expands Overseas 47
48 Foreign Aid Innovators 1940s Harry Hopkins Henry Wallace Nelson Rockefeller
49 Foreign Aid Innovators 1940s Guy Rexford Tugwell Averell Harriman David Lilienthal
50 Foreign Aid From WW II to Cold War 1940s WW II Post-War Atlantic Charter (1941) Bretton Woods (1944) US Exim Bank IMF/ IBRD Inter-American System UN/WHO/FAO Lend-Lease/BEW Marshall Plan/ECA (ARA) IIAA ( ) US Exim Bank Point IV/TCA (1950s) Exim-DLF (1950s) 50
51 Post WW II Foreign Aid Advocates George Marshall Harry Truman Benjamin Hardy
52 Foreign Aid: 1950s CONTAINING COMMUNISM USAID PREDECESSOR AGENCIES Mutual Security Agency (MSA) Foreign Operations Administration (FOA) International Cooperation Administration (ICA) PL-480 Program Export-Import Bank Development Loan Fund (DLF) NGOs & Contractors 52
53 Foreign Aid: USAID History 1960s: Alliance for Progress & Decade of Development 1970s: New Directions & Basic Human Needs 1980s: Market-Trade Reforms & Democracy Promotion 1990s: Fall of Communism & Sustainable Development 2000s: War on Terror/Drugs, MDGs, HIV/AIDS : USAID Policy Framework 53
54 Conclusions Foreign Aid deeply rooted in American history Inspired by principles of American Revolution Mixture of idealistic/realistic impulses in foreign policy Lessons from 200+ years of spreading democracy & development around the world To know what we have done is to know who we are 54
55 Recommendations Recognize History Matters Build a learning organization on lessons from past Establish USAID Office of the Historian Place foreign aid policies/programs in historic context Develop lessons learned in systematic manner Draw on past to guide programming/training 55
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