Daily Answer Writing Programme

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1 Daily Answer Writing Programme Subject : General Studies I Module Name : Modern India Test No : 31 Q.1. Critically examine how Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan s political and religious views differed from that of Indian National Congress ideology? Do you think the Aligarh Movement failed to meet its objectives? (12.5 Marks) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a political leader, social reformer and an educationist. His political and religious views and how they differed from that of Congress is as follows: Initially he was an advocate of Hindu Muslim unity. ( Hindus and Muslims are the two eyes of the beautiful bride that is Hindustan ) But the Hindi - Urdu controversy in United Province convinced him that even though there is no explicit hostility between Hindu and Muslims, hostility is set to increase many times in the years to come to such an extent that the two communitiers will not be able to reconcile. Congress always maintained that the needs of the two communities are not at odds with each other. The two communities can reside peacefully united by a distinct sense of Indianness. He was loyal to the British. ecognizing the inevitability of British supremacy, he advised the Muslims to develop cordial relations with British. He knew that in the coming years Indian National Congress would emerge as a major opposition force to the British and so he advised Muslims not to join INC and focus on internal reforms. This got him a favorable response from the British and he got help from the British in establishing Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh which later on became the Aligarh Muslim University. Congress on the other hand since the advent of Extremists in 1905, advocated the importance of Swaraj. Although the definition of Swaraj kept evolving with time Aditya atnaparkhi Sir (IS) Sir SYed Ahmed Khan believed that Islam is a very scientific religion. He wanted Muslims to go for scientific learning. He attacked some of the practices of Islam with the objective of reforming social (1)

2 practices of the Muslims. He focused on Western learning and advised that the tenets of Islam be interpreted in a scientific light. This brought him into conflict with the orthodox section of Muslims The Aligarh movement was initiated to for a modernization movement among the Muslims. The Aligarh movement however failed to unify the Muslims as was hoped by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He was opposed by the orthodox section, the young section who felt that they were not organized properly to raise their demands. It could also not prevent a gradual Islamization of Muslim politics when religion instead of rational thought became the unifying factor. The formation of All India Muslim League under Nawab Salimuallah of Dacca meant that the reactionaries had seized the narrative. However Aligarh movement did not have an impact on intellectual upliftment of atleast the upper class of Muslims who became the brains of the idea of Pakistan later on. Q.2. In the context of the division of Bengal in 1905 comment on this statement. Bengal united is power; Bengal divided will pull several different ways. (12.5 Marks) In the official note, isley, the Home Secretary to the Government of India said, Bengal united is power; Bengal divided will pull several different ways. This was in the context of the division of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon. The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 189,000 sq. miles and a population of nearly 8 crores. It included the Hindi-speaking regions of Bihar, the Oriya-speaking regions of Orissa as well as the Assamese-speaking region of Assam, making it a huge administrative entity. The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was made on October 16 by Viceroy Curzon. The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces 1. Bengal (comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa) and capital at Calcutta. It was to have 17 million Bengali and 37 million Oriya and Hindi speaking people thus reducing Bengali to a minority in Bengal itself. 2. East Bengal and Assam with a population of 31 million people and with its capital at Dhaka. The partition of the state intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under two administrations, but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal itself. With the declared objective of the partition as administrative ease, the real objective was different. Lord Curzon wanted : to split up and thereby to weaken a solid body of opponents to British rule. (2)

3 According to him : Bengal united was power, that power was to be broken by partition. Calcutta was the centre from which the Congress party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal and, indeed, the whole of India. Therefore, Calcutta was to be dethroned from its place as the centre of successful intrigue and the path was to be cleared for the growth of independent centres of activity and influence such as Dacca. Curzon hoped to divide the population on religious grounds, quelling the Indian Independence Movement. A cleavage would develop between the Hindus who were looked upon as a solid body of opponents to British rule, and the Muslims, won over by the offer of a prepondering voice in Eastern Bengal and Assam. The Hindu West was neatly balanced by the Muslim East. The reason for the Partition was purely political. The Hindus were in a better position in terms of economic status, professional qualities etc., than the Muslims. During the pre-sepoy Mutiny period, section of Hindu traders greatly helped the British while their Muslim counterparts did not. The British were angry. With the spread of Western education Hindus made a big way, but the Muslims could not. A sense of deprivation crept in. Perhaps, the sense of deprivation was engineered. When the discontentment grew in the beginning of this century, the British capitalized on this sense of deprivation. Even Lord Minto, Curzon s successor was critical of the way in which partition was imposed disregarding public opinion saw that it was good political strategy; Minto argued that from a political point of View alone, putting aside the administrative difficulties of the old province, I believe partition to have been very necessary. Hence, the partition was meant to foster another kind of division-this time on the basis of religion, i.e. between the Muslims and the Hindus. The Indian Nationalist clearly saw the design behind the partition and condemned it unanimously. The anti-partition and Swadeshi movement had begun. Q.3. How did the Simon Commission (Indian Statutory Commission) affect India s National Movement? Examine. (12.5 Marks) Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead appointed a 7 member all white Indian Statutory Commission or Simon Commission to decide on the readiness of India for constitutional reforms and on what lines. (3)

4 Following are the development post appointment of Simon Commission and the impact it had on Indian Freedom Struggle a) The constitution of an all white Simon Commission was detested. The Commission was boycotted by almost all major political parties including Congress, Muslim League and liberals of Hindu Mahasabha who thought it took away the right of self determination of Indians. There were widespread protests and the youth got involved who then started playing a big role in subsequent mass movements. b) It also gave opportunity to young leaders with Socialist leanings like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Chandra Bose to come to the forefront. They demanded not just constitutional reforms but also socio economic reforms on socialist lines. c) Appointment of the Commission came along with the challenge thrown by Lord Birkenhead who doubted the ability of Indians to formulate a constitution by consensus. This led to an All Party Meet which formed a committee under Motilal Nehru to decide the constitutional framework of India. The prospect for Indian unity therefore seemed bright at the time. d) The report of Nehru Commission led to two major conflicts 1. Conflict between the Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League over the question of separate electorates for Muslims and formation of Muslim majority provinces. Nehru eport tried the policy of double appeasement which failed to satisfy Jinnah who went back to the Shafi faction of Muslim League and from there onwards there was no scope of reconciliation between Congress and Muslim League 2. The majority of members of the subcommittee supported the idea of Dominion status which was not agreeable to the young leaders JL Nehru and S.C. Bose who formed Independence for India League. The goal of Poorna Swarajya at Karachi session can be traced back to this opposition Thus the appointment of Simon Commission played a pivotal role in India s Independence Struggle. Q.4. Critically comment on Subhash Chandra Bose s vision, contribution and alternative plan of action to free India from the British. (12.5 Marks) Subash Chandra Bose played an important role in the freedom struggle first as a member of Congress, when he along with Nehru helped in popularizing socialist ideals in the country, and later as the head of Indian National Army which collaborated with the Japanese to gain freedom for India. His plan of action to free India comprised of following: Enemy s enemy is a friend. This led him to tie up with the regimes in Italy, Germany and Japan. With their help, he believed India could achieve true economic and political freedon. The Program released by Bose of his party Forward Block was representative of hius vision of India. Inter alia, it included (4)

5 Elements of socialism as he said that his party would represent the interests of the workers and peasants and not the wealthy landed class Believed that an authoritarian government would be more suited to take India on the path of prosperity Build up a new social structure on the basis of the village communities of the past, that were ruled by the village "Panch" and will strive to break down the existing social barriers like caste. Believed in a sound system of state-planning for the reorganization of the agricultural and industrial life of the country. Against landlordism The following arguments can be raised against Subash Chandra Bose s approach to the freedom struggle: By focusing on creating an authoritarian party structure, Bose did not pay sufficient importance to the voice of minorities. It would have further antagonized an already polarized society where Hindu and Muslims came to see their interests as conflicting with each other Bose in The Indian Struggle argued in favour of finding a synthesis between communism and fascism which he called as Samyavada. By doing this he did not pay sufficient importance to the inherent imperialistic tendencies in Fascism which believed in creating mass hysteria through ideological propaganda in order to further its rule. Post Italy s invasion of Ethiopia, Bose himself corrected his view The substandard treatment meted out by Japanse to INA cadres which led to the demoralization of the troop s morale was a major reason of INA s defeat against the British. While Bose s motives were laudable, he failed to realize that Japanese designs were no less exploitative. When the Japanese gave the slogan of Asia for Asians, he failed to realize that it was a ruse to Japanese domination over the region. Not giving importance to democracy can be considered as an anachronistic idea as India s experience post independence showed that democracy worked well in India despite the many fault lines existing in the Indian society. We have seen too many examples of post colonial countries which have turned into failed states because they adopted an authoritarian style of government post independence. However, these arguments should take nothing away from Bose s contribution to the freedom struggle. By focusing on the plight of the workers, peasants, Bose ensured that their concerns are not relegated to the background. Bose along with Nehru in the 1920s played a stellar role in focusing on the ideals of socialism and highlighting issues of the less privileged class (5)

6 (6) Bose pioneered the planning exercise of Indian economy which proved useful for India in the years after independence. Bose stood for many progressive values which were far ahead of its times such as women empowerment. INA had many women cadres among its ranks. He focused on mass mobilization Bose was deeply committed to the youth movement, a devotion that featured prominently in his political ideology. Convinced that young people were by nature idealistic, restless and open to new ideas such his own radical and militant outlook -- Bose accordingly devoted a great deal of time and effort to the new Youth Leagues that were formed in a number of provinces during the 1920s. Throughout his career he presided over far more youth conferences than any other all-india political figure, and his speeches to younger people he steadfastly urged a spirit of activism that contrasted sharply with the passivism preached by Gandhi and many of the older politicians He like Gandhi believed that a reorganization of India s village administration was required to ensure effective decentralization of power in the villages which would bring about a revival of India s fortunes He called for abolition of zamindari system which was a major focus point of the government post independence Bose s radical political ideology was shaped by a consuming frustration with the unsuccessful efforts of others to gain independence for India. His "fascist" outlook did not come from a drive for personal power or social elevation. While he was ambitious, and clearly enjoyed the devotion of his followers, his obsession was not adulation or power, but rather freedom for his beloved Motherland -- a goal for which he was willing to suffer and sacrifice, even at the cost of his life. Q.5. What was the Young Bengal Movement? Discuss it impact. Why could It not last long?(12.5 Marks) The Young Bengal movement was a group of radical Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu College, Calcutta. They were also known as Derozians, after their firebrand teacher at Hindu College, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. Ideology: The Young Bengals were inspired and excited by the spirit of free thought and revolt against the existing social and religious structure of Hindu society. Young Bengal followed classical economics, and was composed of free traders who took inspiration from Jeremy Bentham, Adam Smith, and David icardo. The movement was inspired by French revolution.

7 Objectives: They wanted to promote radical ideas through teachings and by organizing debates and discussions on Literature, History, Philosophy and Science. The basic motto of Derozio was to spread intellectual revolution among young students. He was a great propounder of liberal thinking. Curbing social evils like child marriage, child labour, sati etc. Promoting women education. Spreading ideas of French revolution like liberty, fraternity and equality. They wanted to promote value based and rational thinking through scientific based knowledge rather than rote learning. Impact of Young Bengal Movement Derozian ideas had a profound influence on the social movement that came to be known as the Bengal enaissance in early 19th century Bengal. And despite being viewed as something of an iconoclast by others like Alexander Duff and other (largely evangelical) Christian Missionaries; Derozio s ideas on the acceptance of the rational spirit were accepted partly as long as they were not in conflict with basic tenets of Christianity, and as long as they critiqued orthodox Hinduism. Derozians carried forward aja ammohan s tradition of educating the people in social, economic and political questions through newspapers, pamphlets and public associations. They carried on public agitation on public questions such as the revision of the Company s Charter, the freedom of the Press, better treatment for Indian labour in British colonies abroad, trial by jury, protection of the riots from oppressive zamindars, and employment of Indians in the higher grades of government services. Derozio was an atheist but his ideas are generally believed to be partly responsible for the conversion of upper caste Hindus like Krishna Mohan Banerjee and Lal Behari Dey to Christianity. Drinking which the Derozians had introduced as a symbol of emancipation began to spread in an alarming manner amongst people who were untouched by the nobler marks of Derozian free thought. Derozio was perhaps the first nationalist poet of Modern India.His famous poem is To India My Native Land. Ideological limitations Arising out of the tradition of the French evolution and English radicalism, this movement had a distinct element of free thought in it which offended ammohan s sense of decency and theistic idealism. Because of their limited and shaky ideology, the movement was never able to fully capture the public s attention. They did not succeed in creating a movement because social conditions were not yet ripe for their ideas to flourish. (7)

8 The Derozians lacked much positive content and they failed to develop a definite progressing ideology. The concept of the people and their rights which had flowered in the great Western bourgeois democratic revolution that had awakened them did not take much concrete shape in their mind. The common people, who were not acquainted with those ideologies, indicated those young as arrogant, revolutionists of the customary thinking, belief, and extremist as they had declared one kind of war against the religion and prevalent customs. adical politics of a Western type were hardly possible in Bengal at that time and the rich promise we see in the Derozians never matured into anything solid. Derozians did not take up the peasant s cause and there was no other class or group in Indian society at the time which could support their advanced ideas. They forgot to maintain their links with the people. In fact, their radicalism was bookish; they failed to come to grips with the Indian reality. The Young Bengal movement was like a mighty storm that tried to sweep away everything before it. It was a storm that lashed society with violence causing some good, and perhaps naturally, some discomfort and distress. The famous leader of the nationalist movement, described the Derozians as the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration and whose failings will be treated with gentlest consideration. Q.6. Substantiate with suitable examples how The 1930s mark the development of new strands in Indian political landscape. (12.5 Marks) Indian freedom struggle evolved with time incorporating new ideas (complete independence), new methods (like passive resistance), bringing new sections into freedom struggle (elite to peasants and workers). There was change in nature of struggle every passing decade s too contributed to this trend with the developments of new political strands. Growing emphasis on political mobilization of hitherto left out sections of society making independence struggle inclusive in nature. a) Dalits: B.. Ambedkar seeking separate electorate for depressed classes. Gandhiji toured all over India to plead against untouchability Harijan sevak sangh. b) Peasants and workers: Examples: Formation of All India Kisan Sabha Formation of Congress Socialist Party, a left-wing group within the Congress. The ideal of this party was decentralized socialism with substantial share in the economic power of co-operatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities. (8)

9 The Faizpur Session(1936) of congress was held in village which had been raising demands for the welfare of the peasants. Younger nationalists Jawahar lal Nehru and S.C.Bose raised their cause within congress. Lahore session of Muslim League (1940) demanded the creation of independent Muslim state. Muslim league stuck to its two-nation theory ultimately leading to partition of country Karachi session of congress passed resolutions on fundamental rights and economic policy. The resolution tried to define what would be the meaning of Swaraj for common people and provided basis for political programmes of Congress in the years to come. Congress s support for people s movements in princely states by passing a resolution in 1939 reversing its earlier policy of restraint. Thus, held state to be integral part of India and desired same political, social and economic freedoms in state. Growth of communalism. According to Bipan Chandra year 1937 was the dividing landmark with pre 1937, as an era of liberal communalism and the post-1937 phase was that of extreme communalism. Thus, 1930 s was marked by number of significant events with the new ideas; new political groups; radical groups; all of which shaped future political landscape in India and continued to exert influence even after independence. Q.7. Why did Indian youth resort to revolutionary terrorism during freedom struggle? Critically analyse. Give an account of the reginal spread. (12.5 Marks) Not contented with the political mendicancy of the moderates and the inefficient decision making of the extremist, the advent of individual and revolutionary terrorism was getting prominence in the freedom struggle. Indian youth resort to revolutionary terrorism during the independence struggle in three phases: like post Bengal patrician, between NCM and CDM, and last phase post Quit India Movement and they have restored through following means and reasons: Youth who were getting frustrated with the moderate techniques and methods got the other means to achieve their end. e.g: Tilak, Surya sen It helped in growing hatredness among the Indians for foreign rule. Their journals, newspaper, books had become constant ideological inspiration for the independence movement. e.g: Yugantar, Kesari, Bharat mata etc. Their death defying heroism created a fear among the British establishment in India e.g. various killing of unpopular officers, conspiracies, bomb thrown by Bhagat singh (9)

10 As many organisations were working upon the ideologies of unity and secularism, hence become a continuous motivation for unity among the Indian masses. They established worldwide contacts in quest of arms and shelter leading to coming of ideologies like socialism, communism etc. Ghadhar party, Berlin committee spearheaded this momentum. Influence from outside India like ussian revolutionist (nihilism) and Irish nationalists. Methodology: 1. Individual heroic action. 2. Assassination of unpopular british officials. 3. Conducting dacoities to raise funds. 4. Organising military conspiracies with enemies of Britain However, they gradually faded out and failed to achieve their main goal because: They could not reach to the peasant and workers as it was an urban phenomenon. Lack of leadership qualities and communication left many times with failed attempts. British govt. came up with various Acts to repress growing militarism. Adherence to religion had kept Muslims away. egional Spread 1. Bengal: evolutionary groups were organized in 1902 in Midnapore and in Calcutta the Anushilan Samiti founded by Promotha Mitter Weekly Yugantar wrote articles to arouse revolutionary sentiments. In 1907, an attempt was made on the life West Bengal Lt. Governor Fueller. In 1908, Barrah dacoity was organized. 2. Maharashtra First organisation of the amosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke in Tilak used Ganapati and Shivaji festivals and his journals Kesari and Maratta for militant nationalism. The Chapekar brothers murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona. 3. Punjab Lala Lajpat ai brought out Punjabee and Ajit Singh organized the extremist Anjurnan-i-Mohisban-i- Watan in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata. (10)

11 4. Abroad Need for shelter, the possibility of bringing out revolutionary literature took Indian revolutionaries abroad. Shyamji Krishnavarma had started in London in 1905 an Indian Home ule Society. Madanlal Dhingra of assassinated bureaucrat Curzon Wyllie in New centres emerged Paris and Geneva. Q.8. The Government of India Act 1935 was condemned by nearly all sections of Indian opinion and was unanimously rejected by the Congress. Examine why? (12.5 Marks) The Act of 1935 promised too much and delivered too little. Following are the major contentions with the Act 1) Formation of All India Federation By giving 1/3rd representation to the Princely States, on the basis of nomination, in the proposed Federal Assembly, the British shrewdly desired to have their say in the Assembly through committed princes. Congress saw through this farce and it never came to fruition, eservations the princely states had regarding the Instrument of accession 2) At the Federal Level On matters of foreign affairs, defence, tribal areas and ecclesiastical affairs, the Governor General was advised by executive councilor not responsible to Central Legislature System of religion based and class based electorates was further strengthened thereby fuelling separatist tendencies Governor General still retained residuary powers to overturn decisions of Central Legislature. Eg restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by Assembly etc Bicameral central legislature the members nominated by the princes constituted 30%-40% of seats thereby permanently eliminating possibility of congress majority. 3) At the Provincial Level Act ostensibly tried to grant autonomy to provinces by deriving legal authority of Governor from British Crown. However following were the shortcomings The governor had several special discretionary powers regarding minorities, rights of civil servants etc and He/she could take up and run administration in special circumstances 40% of the budget could still not be voted upon (11)

12 (12) 4) At the Constitutional Level It provided for a very rigid constitution with rights of amendment reserved by British Parliament, thereby denying Indians a semblance of right of self determination 5) Enlarged electorate to 30 million High property qualification enfranchised only 10% of the population. In rural India, the voting rights were given only to rich and middle class peasants (it was suspected that this is a move to corrode the support base of congress and tie these important classes to the aj) In the words of Jawaharlal Nehru, the 1935 Act provided a car with all brakes and no engines. Q.9. Discuss the emergence of left-wing group in the congress. How it radicalized congress social economic agenda. (12.5 Marks) The leaders of the Congress were aware of Socialism from the beginning. Dadabhai Naoroji, for example, had close contacts with British Socialists and attended the International Socialist Conference in Amsterdam in But still early leaders did not seriously concern themselves with the Socialist ideology as it encouraged class struggle. The clear emergence of the left-wing group occured during the post-first World War years of recession the period in which the rising prices of commodities and increasing repression of the Government played havoc with the lives of Indians. The sudden withdrawal of the Cooperation movement left many frustrated and some of them in Congress chose the path of socialism. The emergence of left wing leaders like Nehru and Bose who were elected Congress presidents and the formation of Congress Socialist Party in 1934 within the Congress helped in turning the socio-economic agenda of the Congress to left. adicalisation of socio-economic agenda of Congress (1) adicalism, socialist vision and freedom defined in socio-economic terms become fundamental constituent of the policy of Congress. The Congress took radical stand on economic and class issues, it took up the cause of workers and peasants, it began to show concern for agrarian problem and problems of industrial labour. (2) Gandhiji also turned radically to left in 1930 s and 1940 s. He talked about removal of vested interests, emphasised on economic equality, condemned exploitation of masses by capitalists and zamindars. (3) The impact was also felt on the right wing of leadership and lower rung of Congress cadres. They also accepted that the poverty and misery of the Indian people was the result of not only colonial domination but also of the internal socio economic structure of Indian society.

13 (4) The impact of the left was reflected when Congress adopted resolution on Fundamental ights and Economic Programme in its Karachi ses sion in (5) The Congress accepted Agrarian Programme in its Faizpur Session in Some important components of this Programme were: (a) reduction of land revenue (b) abolition of feudal levies (c) abolition of forced labour (d) fixity of tenure (e) fixation of wages for agriculture labour. (6) Socialist impact also found expression in the election manifesto of the Congress in 1936 and The Congress formed in 1937 in several provinces took measures to ameliorate the conditions of the workers and peasants and protection of their rights and interests. (7) National Planning Committee was constituted in 1938 under the presidentship of Nehru. This was the first step in the direction of initiating planning process in India with socialist vision. (8) The Congress Working Committee accepted officially the policy of abolition of Zamindari in It also declared that removal of intermediaries was a significant part of the agrarian reforms. (9) The convening of the first All India State s people conference in 1936 and open support to the people of Princely States for democratic and socio-economic demands was also due to the inluence of left on the agenda of Congress. However, in several aspects, the radicalisation in socio-economic agenda of Congress did not happen due to necessity to reach compromise among different sections within Congress. There were conflicts within Congress regarding socio-economic agenda. Many in Congress still had pro-zamnidar views and they opposed the radical agenda of the Congress. After the formation of Congress ministry, there was frustration among farmers and industrial workers as steps taken by Congress was not enough to satisfy them. Q.10. The Quit India Movement (1942) was different in many aspects from the previous mass movements of Indian Independence struggle. Discuss. (12.5 Marks) On August 8, 1942 at Gowalia Tank, Bombay, Gandhiji delivered a powerful speech and gave the slogan Do or Die initiating yet another mass movement against the British imperialism. (13)

14 This Quit India Movement of 1942 was different from rest of the movements of freedom struggle. Some of the unique characteristics are Lack of organised leadership: On the night just before the launch of the movement all the major leaders were arrested to sabotage the mass moment. The Quit India Movement (QIM) unlike other movements led by Gandhiji was actually not led by him, or by any other central leader. It was completely decentralised and became a true peoples movement. Woman participation: Most of the movement was effectively organized and handled mainly by the woman leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali, Nellie Gupta, Usha Sharma etc. In the absence of leadership, Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on August 9, and hoisted the flag. She came to be known as 'Queen of 1942 movement'. Emergence of underground networks: The major part of the movement was based on underground activities like Underground adio network by Usha Mehta and spreading of news through pamphlets, posters etc. Students acted as couriers. Parallel governments were set up in Satara, Ballia, Talcher, Midnapore etc. was also newly found feature during the movement. Jayaprakash Narayan formed Azad Dasta in Nepal, a militant outfit specialized in guerrilla warfare. Different forms of protest: Deviating from the peaceful forms of protests such as strikes, hartals, disobedience, non-cooperation, etc., Quit India movement witnessed masses destroying governmental properties such as police stations, posts office, etc. Electricity was cut and transport (ailway tracks) and communication (telegraph) lines were removed. National flags were hoisted on public buildings. Fierce repression: Crowds faced police, military firings and also machine gun fire by low flying aircrafts. Martial law had not been proclaimed but the army acted according to their will. This brutal repression ended the mass phase of struggle. Erosion of loyalty: With the intensity of struggle and erosion of major loyal forces of British government like Government officers, Police forces etc of the British government. The British recognized that it was impossible to rule India further and also the masses realized that their freedom from foreign rule was not much far away. Unlike the previous S-T-S ( Struggle-Truce- Struggle) ideology, the masses were full of energy and were in no need of rest. This energy and determination could be seen in the subsequent INA trials movement and IN revolts which witnessed huge mass participation. (14)