Transformations of the State

Transcription

1 Transformations of the State Series Editors: Achim Hurrelmann, Carleton University, Canada; Stephan Leibfried, University of Bremen,Germany; Kerstin Martens, University of Bremen, Germany; Peter Mayer, University of Bremen, Germany. Titles include: Joan DeBardeleben and Achim Hurrelmann (editors) DEMOCRATIC DILEMMAS OF MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE Legitimacy, Representation and Accountability in the European Union Klaus Dingwerth THE NEW TRANSNATIONALISM Transnational Governance and Democratic Legitimacy Achim Hurrelmann, Steffen Schneider and Jens Steffek (editors) LEGITIMACY IN AN AGE OF GLOBAL POLITICS Achim Hurrelmann, Stephan Leibfried, Kerstin Martens and Peter Mayer (editors) TRANSFORMING THE GOLDEN-AGE NATION STATE Anja P. Jakobi INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND LIFELONG LEARNING From Global Agendas to Policy Diffusion Kerstin Martens, Alessandra Rusconi and Kathrin Leuze (editors) NEW ARENAS OF EDUCATION GOVERNANCE The Impact of International Organizations and Markets on Educational Policy Making Thomas Rixen THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TAX GOVERNANCE Peter Starke RADICAL WELFARE STATE RETRENCHMENT A Comparative Analysis Jens Steffek, Claudia Kissling, Patrizia Nanz (editors) CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE A Cure for the Democratic Deficit? Michael J. Warning TRANSNATIONAL PUBLIC GOVERNANCE Networks, Law and Legitimacy Hartmut Wessler, Bernhard Peters, Michael Brűggemann, Katharina Kleinen-von Kőnigslőw, Stefanie Sifft TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC SPHERES Hartmut Wessler (editor) PUBLIC DELIBERATION AND PUBLIC CULTURE The Writings of Bernhard Peters, Jochen Zimmerman, Jörg R. Werner, Philipp B. Volmer GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN ACCOUNTING Public Power and Private Commitment Transformations of the State Series Standing Order ISBN (hardback) (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

2 This illustration is taken from the original etching in Thomas Hobbes Leviathan of 1651.Palgrave Macmillan and the editors are grateful to Lucila Muñoz-Sanchez and Monika Sniegs for their help in redesigning the original to illustrate what transformations of the state might mean.the inscription at the top of the original frontispiece reads non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparetur ei (Job 41.33): there is no power on earth which can be compared to him.in the Bible, this refers to the sea-monster, Leviathan. (Original Leviathan image reprinted courtesy of the British Library.)

3 International Organizations and Lifelong Learning From Global Agendas to Policy Diffusion Anja P. Jakobi Senior Researcher, TranState Research Centre University of Bremen, Germany

4 Anja P. Jakobi 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

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7 Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Series Editors Preface Acknowledgements ix x xi xiii xv 1 Introduction: The Global Interest in Education Policy 1 Getting started: International organizations and the internationalization of public policy 3 Global policy development: World politics reconsidered 5 The big picture: World society and the global diffusion of ideas 8 The case study: Education policy and the rise of lifelong learning 11 The plan of the book 13 2 Tracing Global Governance: Policy Development in an International Arena 17 Sociological institutionalism and world politics 19 The role of international organizations 29 Global policy development 37 Conclusion: Global policy development and international organizations 46 3 World Time: International Developments in Education Policy from the 1970s to the 1990s 49 The growing importance of international organizations 50 The economic importance of lifelong learning 55 Education and the knowledge-based society 60 Conclusion: A window of opportunity in the 1990s 63 4 World Action: International Networks for Promoting Lifelong Learning 66 The traditional education organization: UNESCO 67 Worldwide acknowledged activities: The OECD 75 vii

8 viii Contents Education and development: The World Bank 81 Education and work: The International Labor Organization 85 Regional diffusion: The European Union and partners 89 Building bridges and promoting change: Transnational activities 96 Conclusion: Exchanges, interactions and references Consequences: National Lifelong Learning Agendas 104 Lifelong learning globally 106 Outlining change: Europe 119 Establishing markets: Asia and Oceania 125 Different public investment: The Americas 132 Preparing the ground: Africa 139 Conclusion: Leaders, laggards and very different approaches Implications: A Tool for Progress and a Symbol of Modernity 148 International organizations and their effects on education policy 149 The global knowledge society: An imagined community 156 Societal and individual implications of lifelong learning policies 158 Conclusion: The norm of lifelong learning Conclusions: Studying Global Policy Development 163 The spread of lifelong learning 164 The future of internationalized education policy 167 Globalization and state interest 169 Further research on world society and global policy-making 174 Annex 1: Additional Information Chapter Annex 2: Additional Information Chapter Annex 3: Methodology 182 Annex 4: Definition of Independent Variables 185 Notes 189 References 197 Index 223

9 Tables 2.1 Governance instruments of international organizations Major UNESCO activities concerning lifelong learning Major OECD activities concerning lifelong learning European activities linked to lifelong learning Diffusion of the idea of lifelong learning The diffusion of national qualification frameworks Number of lifelong learning reforms Gross enrolment rates and school life expectancy 1999 and Private enrolment as percentage of total enrolment Financing of education in 1999 and Development of adult literacy Instruments for the diffusion of lifelong learning Correlations of lifelong learning, organizational linkages and national preconditions Variables influencing the diffusion of the idea worldwide Correlations of organizational linkages and different areas The influence of organizational linkages and higher national income on reforms linked to lifelong learning worldwide 156 A.1 Number of NGOs active in promoting lifelong learning / A.2 Systematizing lifelong learning reforms since A.3 Definition of the variable organizational linkage 185 A.4 Definition of the variable area 187 A.5 Definition of the variable national preconditions 188 ix

10 Figures 2.1 A model of global policy development Changing world time concerning education policy and lifelong learning Publications on lifelong learning in the SSCI Lifelong learning realization in Europe 125 A.1 Publishing on lifelong learning in selected SSCI education journals 176 x

11 Abbreviations ASEAN ASEAN+3 ASEM BA CERI CONFINTEA ECU EFA EQF EU GATS GDP GNI GNP HRK IAEA IBE ICE ILO IMF IO MA NGO NGOs NQF OECD OEEC OMC PRC SSCI UK UN UNDP Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN plus China, Japan and South Korea Asia Europe Meeting Academic Degree of Bachelor of Arts OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Conference Internationale d Education des Adultes European Currency Unit Education for All European Qualification Framework European Union General Agreement on Trade in Services Gross Domestic Product Gross National Income Gross National Product Hochschulrektorenkonferenz International Atomic Energy Agency UNESCO International Bureau of Education International Conference on Education International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund International Organization Academic Degree of Master of Arts Non-Governmental Organization Non-Governmental Organizations National Qualifications Framework Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation for European Economic Co-operation Open Method of Coordination People s Republic of China Social Science Citation Index United Kingdom of England, Scotland and Wales United Nations United Nations Development Programme xi

12 xii Abbreviations UNESCO UNICEF UNODC UIS USA WDE WTO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNESCO Institute for Statistic United States of America World Data on Education World Trade Organization

13 Series Editors Preface Over the past four centuries, the nation-state has emerged as the world s most effective means of organizing society, but its current status and future are decidedly uncertain. Some scholars predict the total demise of the nation-state as we know it, its powers eroded by a dynamic global economy on the one hand and, on the other, by the transfer of political decision-making to supranational bodies. Other analysts point out the remarkable resilience of the state s core institutions and assert that, even in the age of global markets and politics, the state remains the ultimate guarantor of security, democracy, welfare and the rule of law. Does either of these interpretations describe the future of the OECD world s modern, liberal nation-state? Will the state soon be as obsolete and irrelevant as an outdated computer? Should it be scrapped for some new invention, or can it be overhauled and rejuvenated? Or is the state actually thriving and still fit to serve, just in need of a few minor reforms? In an attempt to address these questions, the analyses in the Transformations of the State series separate the complex tangle of tasks and functions that comprise the state into four manageable dimensions: the monopolization of the means of force, the rule of law, as prescribed and safeguarded by the constitution, the guarantee of democratic self-governance, and the provision of welfare and the assurance of social cohesion. In the OECD world of the 1960s and 1970s, these four dimensions formed a synergetic constellation that emerged as the central, defining characteristic of the modern state. Books in the series report the results of both empirical and theoretical studies of the transformations experienced in each of these dimensions over the past few decades. Transformations of the State? (Stephan Leibfried and Michael Zürn (eds), Cambridge 2005) and Transforming the Golden-Age National State (Achim Hurrelmann, Stephan Leibfried, Kerstin Martens and Peter Mayer (eds), Basingstoke 2007) define the basic concepts of state transformation employed in all of these studies and provide an overview xiii

14 xiv Series Editors Preface of the issues addressed. Written by various interdisciplinary teams of political scientists, lawyers, economists and sociologists, the series tracks the development of the post-world War II OECD state. Here, at last, is a state-of-the-art report on the state of the state and, we hope, a clearer view of its future. Achim Hurrelmann, Stephan Leibfried, Kerstin Martens, and Peter Mayer

15 Acknowledgements Recently, I was told that personalities can be distinguished according to whether they continue dealing with a finished task, or whether they prefer to turn to something else. I do not know how much this tells about other facets of a personality, but I must admit that I tend to be someone who likes doing something new. As for this book, which is based on my PhD dissertation, this meant that after after it was finished it took me a long while until I could return to work on it again, try to find something new in it and not to repeat myself. But perhaps this is a truism for nearly all former PhD students. Thus, whether or not a personality test could say why, I was eager to do something other than I had done in my PhD phase, and rewrote many chapters and the overall structure. I also added four new country studies to show in more detail how different countries can accommodate lifelong learning goals. But, nonetheless, this book is still based on what I did in my time as a postgraduate student, and I would like to thank all those who supported me during that time and beyond. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors once again for their continuous support and interest. Lutz Leisering gave me friendly and valuable help from the very first minute of my application, John W. Meyer s comments often made me speechless sometimes literally and Dieter Timmermann led me to more quantitative analyses. Moreover, I had the great opportunity to experience different research contexts while writing the dissertation and the book, and I owe my gratitude to the German Research Foundation, the Collaborative Research Center Transformation of the State, and the German Academic Exchange Service, which supported this research. Initially based at the University of Bielefeld, I was also a Visiting Fellow at the University of Bristol, and finally became a member of the University of Bremen. I thank the Institute for World Society Studies and its graduate research group in Bielefeld for being my home base for research and a place that generously supported my research activities. In particular, I would like to mention Alexandra F. Hessling, who constantly provided insightful comments on every draft paper I gave her, even on a Friday night. In Bristol, Susan Robertson, Roger Dale and their team provided excellent conditions in a truly interdisciplinary research center. I thank them very much for their encouraging comments, their friendliness and their xv

16 xvi Acknowledgements interest in so many aspects of my stay and beyond. In Bremen, I would like to thank Kerstin Martens and my colleagues for their support, and also Stephan Leibfried for comments on this work. Last but not least, I am grateful for the support of Michael Dobbins in language editing, and I would like to thank Maren Sennhenn for her continuous research assistance. Any remaining errors are my own, of course. Finally, I thank my friends and my ohana for their open ears and their tolerance during my dissertation time and afterwards. It has probably not been that easy to have a casual chat with me during recent years. I have never been great at that, and sometimes started talking about research problems with people who probably would have preferred to talk about other kinds of literature. That s life... and thanks for your understanding! Anja P. Jakobi