Filipino Americans: From Indians to Asians in the United States. College of Education 22 June 2018: Sacramento, CA
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1 Filipino Americans: From Indians to Asians in the United States College of Education 22 June 2018: Sacramento, CA James Sobredo, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Ethnic Studies Sacramento State University Lecture Outline Introduction Spanish Colonialism: Manila Galleons U.S. Colonialism: Spanish American War 1898 Philippine American War 1899 Labor & Agriculture Racism & Exclusion Post-1965 Immigration: Families, College Contemporary: Global Migration 1
2 Spaniards Colonialism in the Philippines FAILED for ~44 Years (cf. Cortez & Pizarro) Search for the Spice Islands (India/China) God & religion were used for convenience Ferdinand Magellan 1521 (Portugal/Spain) Killed by armed & skilled Filipinos in Cebu Juan Sebastián Elcano: 1 st circumnavigator Future attempts failed: captured, killed, sold Manila Galleon Trade: 16 th -18 th Century Galleons from Manila to Acapulco Miguel Lopez y Legazpi: 1565 MEXICO (RT) Goods from China, Manila to Acapulco China: Silks & Porcelains SE Asia: spices (Indonesia) Mexico: silver & food products Dennis O. Flynn & Arturo Giraldez (UOP): Largest economy & trade in the world 1 st Global economic system 2
3 Filipinos in the Americas ocho Indios Luzones Prof. Eloisa Gomez-Borah, UCLA Morro Bay, California (near San Luis Obispo) October 1587 Dr. Jose Rizal: Filipino Nationalism Illustrado class: wealthy & highly educated Filipino, Chinese & Spanish: multi-lingual Studied in Europe (Germany & Spain) Wanted more civil rights for Filipino Traveled across the United States (1888) SF (quarantined in Angel Island): racism Stockton & Sacramento: ferry & train Chicago & New York: train à Europe Filipino nationalist (esp. by Americans) 3
4 American Colonialism CONTEXT: U.S. wanted ports in China Spanish-American War 1898: Cuba à 1 st act of U.S. was to attack Manila! Secret orders to Com. Dewey (T. Roosevelt) Spain & the Mock Battle : surrendered to US Treaty of Paris 1898 (Dec.): $20M war damages International Law: Phils. = U.S. territory Philippine-American War 1899 Racist War: Injuns, N-word, brainless monkeys (social Darwinism à genocide) Photo: Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brothers Battle of Manila Bay: 1 May 1898 USS Olympia: modern naval warship Annihilates an antiquated & unprepared Spanish Fleet News of spectacular victory reaches the US Commodore Dewey becomes a national hero 4
5 Line up, fellows, the niggers are in here all through these yards! -Nebraska Volunteer, testifying before US Congress on the 4 Feb event. Photos: James Sobredo 5
6 Philippines came into contact with America * HEIGHT OF RACISM * brainless monkeys dog-eaters niggers gooks Pre-1965 Immigration: mostly men, agricultural labor Contract Labor Recruitment Three Destinations Hawaii (1906/1946) Hawaiian Sugar Planters Plantations *Ilocanos Guam ( ) US Navy Construction/Naval *Visayans California (1920s) No Active Recruitment Agriculture *Ilocanos & Visayans Oahu, Kauai, Big Island, Maui Camp Roxas Agat & Santa Rita Stockton "Little Manila" 6
7 Hawaiian Labor Migration Sugar Plantations, 1906/46 Labor Recruitment 1906 Albert J Judd, US recruiter Ilocos region & Visayas Japanese labor unions Continued until 1934 Post-World War II, 1946 Labor shortage (Roxas!) Labor Recruitment (7,000) Visayas & Luzon California Labor Migration 1920s-1930s * 2nd migration from Hawaii to California *Better jobs & salaries than Hawaii * Great Depression 1929 * Low wages & difficult transition 7
8 Labor Migration:1920s-1930s Filipinos = U.S. nationals 1904 Supreme Court Decision NO CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS! Agriculture labor sector (80%) Domestic service (urban areas) San Francisco: Kearny Street Seattle: King Street Los Angeles: Bunker/Temple Fish Canneries Seattle & Alaska Stockton Photos: James Sobredo Seattle Carlos Bulosan: America is in the Heart LUZON: Bayambang, Pangasinan Province Seattle, Washington: salmon fisheries Great Depression & Life of Migrant Worker Stockton, California Agriculture economy 8
9 Excluding the Third Asiatic invasion Filipinos were becoming an undesirable migrant labor force *No longer the pensionados Economic Context: Sugar US sugar prices were declining US sugar farmers suffering economically Philippine sugar were seen as an economic threat to American sugar economy Attempts to pass tariffs on Philippine sugar imports (protectionism) Great Depression 1929: 25% unemployment 9
10 Labor Unions Wanted Exclusion California Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO) Opposed Filipino immigration FAs were perceived as a threat to white workers jobs Cf. Dennis Kearney & Workingmen s Party 1934 FILIPINO EXCLUSION: Tydings-McDuffie Act *Promises Philippines Independence *Excludes Filipino labor 10
11 Asian Immigration Exclusion 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Excluded all Chinese labor immigration Merchants & diplomats exempted Gentlemen s Agreement 1917 & 1924 Immigration Act Barred Zone All aliens ineligible to citizenship 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act All Asians are excluded from entering the US Something to think about the term: Illegal immigrants Only Asians had race-based exclusion laws that were passed specifically against them... 11
12 Filipinos formed United Farm Workers Union with Mexicans 1965 Strike Photos: Wayne State University The Importance of Filipinos in the United Farm Workers Union Larry Itliong: union leader Andy Imutan: union organizer Philip Vera Cruz: intellectual 12
13 Larry Itliong PBS film trailer Marissa Aroy, Delano Manonngs film Post-1965 Immigration mostly women, educated, non-ag economy 1965 Immigration Reform Act Main Goals Recruit Professionals Technicians Scientists Health Professionals Family Reunification European Families Asian Families Refugees From "Communist" Countries Vietnam, Cambodia 13
14 Pause... Lecture Outline Introduction Spanish Colonialism: Manila Galleons U.S. Colonialism: Spanish American War 1898 Philippine American War 1899 Labor & Agriculture Racism & Exclusion Post-1965 Immigration: Families, College Contemporary: Global Migration Asian Global Migrations: Transnationals & the New Global Economy A Case Study of Filipino Global Migration: Aklan, Stockton, Qatar 14
15 Filipinos are Largest Asian Population in California (2010 Census) Source: US Census
16 Remittances: Philippines 4 th largest recepient 2010 remittances: India $55 billion China $51 Mexico $22.6 Philippines $ percent of GDP Not good for economy Remittances (2011) KSA $1.6 Billion UAE (Dubai) $877.9 M Qatar $282.7 M Italy $550.6 M 16
17 Filipinos in Barcelona, Spain 2017 *Published in Maganda: May 2018 Lecture Outline Introduction Spanish Colonialism: Manila Galleons U.S. Colonialism: Spanish American War 1898 Philippine American War 1899 Labor & Agriculture Racism & Exclusion Post-1965 Immigration: Families, College Contemporary: Global Migration 17
18 Summary & Lessons Learned Significant differences: Pre-1965 = mostly men, agriculture labor Post-1965 = mostly women, educated, service sector Filipinos now migrate globally: not just Phils à U.S. Globalized economy dynamic flow of migrants & goods: goes both ways not just one-way flow of poor to rich areas: e.g. Aunt Lucia Classic socio-economic models are inadequate Philippine economy is booming 2 nd fastest growth rates in Asia (after China): #1 call centers/bpo U.S. society & economy is complicated Maraming Salamat Thank you Salinas Lettuce Field, Highway 101 James Sobredo Canon EOS A2E, Velvia,
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