Standards 5.1 and 5.2 Expansionism and the Spanish-American War

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1 EXPANSIONISM Standards 5.1 and 5.2 Expansionism and the Spanish-American War Westward expansion was motivated by o Led to the establishment of Expansionism in the late 19 th century reached beyond the continent to IMPERIALSIM IN AMERICA By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas the policy in which stronger nations extend control over weaker nations From Isolation to Intervention 1) Desire for extend naval power to compete with other countries 2) Thirst for to spur economy & trade 3) Belief in a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior, expand to spread Christianity and fulfill their destiny THE US ACQUIRES ALASKA In 1867, Secretary of State arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the for $7.2 million Some thought it was a silly idea and called it Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre Alaska is rich in US TAKES HAWAII CAUSES OF THE SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries To avoid (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation The U.S. knew the value of the Islands they had built a naval base at in 1887 Led by Sanford Dole, American Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a in Desire to support the Cubans 2. Sympathy for the Cuban rebels 3. Pressures to find 4. Push for increased 5. SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR America had long held an interest in When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19 th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people After Spain in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in CUBA S SECOND WAR FOR Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence Led by poet, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895

2 INDEPENDENCE Marti deliberately destroyed property, including, hoping to provoke American intervention WAR FEVER ESCALATES Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in This is known as Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger o On February 15, 1898 the ship o More than 260 men were killed o There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain McKinley asked Congress for a Newspapers blamed the for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba WAR IN THE PHILLIPINES U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the of the Philippines By August, 1898 Spain had to the U.S. in Manila This and Hawaii provided the US with a convenient fueling stop on the way to markets in the U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS The U.S. and Spain signed an on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called The war lasted only 16 weeks Cuba was now U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and bought the Philippines for $20 million o McKinley argued that it was America s duty to govern the Filipinos who were o and racial prejudice played a part in this argument EFFECTS OF THE WAR US soon faced in the Philippines US Supreme Courts The Constitution does not Meaning that subject people did not have the same rights as US citizens New lands were US was thought of as a by many of its subject people

3 ACQUIRING NEW LANDS Standard 5.3 Latin American and China Policies The US policy changed from isolationism to Based on the need for As a result, the American policy for China and Latin American became more FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA China was a vast for American products Many countries had colonized in China They called these colonies The US did not have a sphere In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China Success was due to the US relationship with Great Britain (like the Monroe Doctrine) BOXER REBELLION Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these The Boxer s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign Foreign Troops were called in to put down this The US took the AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN ASIA After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of These policies reflected American beliefs in: 1. the importance of 2. the right of America to intervene to keep 3. the belief that America s depended on access to foreign markets INFLUENCE IN LATIN AMERICA The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Key features of Platt included the right of the U.S. to maintain stations on the island and the right to in Cuban affairs Cuba had become a of the U.S. THE PANAMA CANAL By the early 20 th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a through Panama It would greatly reduce for commercial and military ships by providing a between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL The had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama America first had to help Panama win their independence from Columbia would not accept the US offer to for the Isthmus of Panama US sent gunboats to support a

4 Leader of the revolt signed a treaty to give exclusive rights to to the US Alienated the Columbians and gave the US a foothold in Eventually the Panamanians resented the American presence TEDDY ROOSEVELT S POLICY Diplomacy Monroe Doctrine (1823) the U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America The US intervened in several Central American countries by taking over and to pay trade debts owed to European nations Send the on a trip around the world to show off American s naval superiority HOWARD TAFT S POLICY American businessmen loaned money to Guaranteed by the U.S. government Justified keeping out of the Caribbean WOODROW WILSON S POLICY U.S. moral responsibility Denied recognition of any Latin American government it viewed as: Undemocratic MORAL DIPLOMACY IN ACTION Civil War in Peasants v. Landowners (Anti-U.S. revolutionary) Killed 19 people in New Mexico Wilson sent 15,000 troops Wanted to teach Mexicans to Protect American in the Western Hemisphere Distracted by start of WWI

5 CAUSES OF WWI Standard 5.4 and 5.4 WWI and Treaty of Versailles - a group of people who share a common language, religion, history, and traditions a devotion to the interests and culture of one s nation economic and political control over weaker nations By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps o Nationalism spurred between ethnic groups o Led European nations to establish complex systems of military alliances By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe The, later known as the Allies, consisted of France, Britain, and Russia The, later known as the Central Powers, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Soon joined by the Ottoman Empire The Balkan region was considered the of Europe due to competing interests in the area Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke, heir to the Austrian throne was gunned down by a Serbia radical igniting a diplomatic crisis Quickly involved many more countries due to the alliance system and! AMERICANS WANT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL In 1914, most Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away they wanted supported Germany in World War I However, many American felt close to the because of a shared ancestry and language Most importantly, American economic interests were far stronger with the WAR AT HOME During the first two years of the war, America was providing (selling) the allied forces war materials Both the Germans and British imposed on each other The Germans used (submarines) to prevent shipments to the North Atlantic Any ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk United States involvement in World War I was hastened by the The Lusitania was a British passenger liner that carried 1,198 persons on a fateful trip on May 7, 1915 A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American The Germans claimed the ship was carrying Americans were outraged and turned against Germany and the Central Powers

6 1916 ELECTION The November 1916 election pitted incumbent Democrat vs. Republican candidate Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes Wilson won a close election using the slogan, That slogan would prove ironic because within a few months the United States would be embroiled in World War I AMERICA COMES CLOSER TO WAR Several factors came together to bring the U.S. into the war; 1) Germany ignored Wilson s plea for 2) The, a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German Ambassador in Mexico, proposed an alliance o Germany promised Mexico a return of their in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona 3) Next came the sinking of four unarmed U.S. by German subs AMERICA DECLARES WAR On April 2, 1917, as senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowded into the Capital building to hear Wilson deliver his declaration of war Wilson said, The world must be safe for Congress passed the resolution a few days later Wilson later issued his peace plan: Proposed that adversaries agree to freedom of the seas End Reduce Self-determination of the people Create an international END OF THE WAR WAR AT HOME On November 3, 1918, Germany s partner,, surrendered to the Allies That same day, German sailors mutinied against their government Other revolts followed, and Germany was too exhausted to continue So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed a truce The entire U.S. economy was focused on the The shift from a economy to economy required a collaboration between business and government In the process, the power of the U.S. government Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy The U.S. had two major tasks; and convincing the public to the war The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort The government raised about 1/3 of that through an and sin taxes The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

7 EFFECTS OF PROPOGANDA 1. Persuaded Americans to plant, enlist in the military, and buy 2. Characterized the Germans as which resulted in discrimination against Americans of German descent 3. Americans schools stopped teaching 4. German music and foods were restricted 5. VICTORY GARDENS To conserve food, Wilson set up the The FA declared one day a week meatless another sweetless and two days wheatless planted victory gardens in their yards Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland SEDITION ACTS Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress These acts were designed to prevent but went against the spirit of the (Free speech) and labor leaders were targeted WILSON S FIGHT FOR PEACE Despite the hero s welcome he received in Europe, Wilson s plan for peace would be by the Allies Wilson s plan was called the Included in his points were: No secret treaties Freedom of the More Reduction of arms Less League of Nations to The Big Four leaders, Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), and Orlando (Italy), worked out the Treaty s details Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for the establishment of the TREATY OF VERSAILLES On June 28, 1919, the and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and signed the : The Treaty established nine new nations including: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia The Treaty broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire empires : The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army, required them to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and forced them to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies

8 o The harsh treatment of Germany prevented the Treaty from creating a in Europe The Treaty the Germans by forcing them to admit sole for the war (War-Guilt Clause) Furthermore, Germany would never be able to pay $33 billion in In the United States, the Treaty was especially the League of Nations Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, were suspicious of the Leagues joint commitments They were afraid that the US would become involved in future without the consent of the Senate Democrat Wilson would not concede to the Wilson went on a cross-country speaking tour to attempt to secure the election of Democrats to the Senate in the upcoming election During the tour he suffered a Never compromised and the never ratified the Versailles Treaty The US made a separate peace treaty with Germany ELECTION OF 1920 Election of 1920 became about the Democratic candidate supported Wilson s international idealism Republic candidate advocated a return to Republicans won in a landslide, becomes president WHY REPUBLICAN? Public was disillusioned because: 1. of the war 2. Cost of 3. of post war Allies US AS AN ECONOMIC POWER The war became the US became the world s leading economic power Leading of goods Major nation World s US POLTICAL POWER Sent observers to the League of Nations Participate in several to limit size of the world s navies Helped make it possible for Germans to continue to pay war reparations through a Took a approach to events in Europe as rose to power in Italy and Germany (1920s and 1930s) Congress passed legislation in the 1930s to attempt to keep the US out of any The would later delay entry into WWII

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