Economic and Political Issues

Transcription

1 218 CHAPTER 4 Europe dicttor until 1975 nd then mde slow trnsition to wht in Spin is clled prlimentry monrchy. Greece lso hd militry dicttorship from 1967 to Another exception ws Northern Irelnd, which until the lte 1990s sw sectrin violence between Ctholics nd Protestnts so severe tht norml life could not proceed (Photo Essy 4.4C). In estern Europe, democrcy did not rrive until the Soviet Union dissolved fter 1989, nd its former stellites, one by one, declred independence nd begn to develop representtive democrcies. Yugoslvi, lrge Communist Republic in southestern Europe outside the Soviet bloc, lso dissolved beginning in the erly 1990s. There, with the exception of Sloveni, democrcy gin nerly lost out to rising tide of ethnic xenophobi (see discussion on pges ) instigted by the dominnt Serbs who fomented hostilities mong Crots, Bosnins, Kosovrs, nd other smller groups, bsed on ethnic htred (Photo Essy 4.4A, B). THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. To evolve into the current Europen Union, Europe went through severl tumultuous stges over the pst 2000 yers the Erly Middle Ages; medievl feudlism; urbniztion; mercntilism nd colonilism; globliztion nd ntionlism; two world wrs; democrtiztion, socilism, nd communism; nd the Cold Wr. 2. As Europen powers like Spin, the United Kingdom, nd the Netherlnds conquered vst overses territories, they creted trde reltionships tht lid the foundtion for the modern globl economy. 3. Most of the countries in the world hve been ruled by Europen colonil power t some point in their history. 4. Urbn Europe flourished in prt becuse of lws tht grnted bsic rights to urbn residents. 5. The rod to democrcy in Europe ws rocky nd violent, just s it is now in mny democrtizing prts of the world. 6. Ptterns of democrtiztion nd conflict in Europe generlly support the notion tht countries with lower levels of democrtiztion lso suffer the most from violent conflict. II CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUES Europe tody is in stte of trnsition s result of two mjor chnges tht occurred during the 1990s: the demise of the Soviet Union (discussed bove nd in Chpter 5) nd the rise of the Europen Union. These developments hve lredy brought greter pece, prosperity, nd world ledership to Europe. Nonetheless, problems nd tensions remin. Economic nd Politicl Issues At the end of World Wr II, Europen leders felt tht closer economic ties mong the Europen ntion-sttes would prevent the kind of hostilities tht hd led to two world wrs. Over the next 50 yers, series of steps were tken tht incresingly united Europe economiclly, socilly, nd to certin extent politiclly. More recently, politicl unifiction hs been tenttively ttempted. The Europen Union: A Rising Superpower The originl pln fter the trum of World Wr II ws simply to work towrd level of economic nd socil integrtion tht would mke possible the free flow of goods nd people cross ntionl borders. While this gol remins centrl, some Europens believe tht the Europen Union, which is lredy globl economic power, should become globl counterforce to the United Sttes in politicl nd militry ffirs. Steps in Creting the Europen Union The first mjor step in chieving economic unity took plce in 1958, when Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlnds, Frnce, Itly, nd West Germny formed the Europen Economic Community (EEC). The members of the EEC greed to eliminte certin triffs ginst one nother nd to promote mutul trde nd coopertion. Denmrk, Irelnd, nd the United Kingdom joined in 1973; Greece, Spin, nd Portugl in the 1980s; nd Austri, Finlnd, nd Sweden in 1995, bringing the totl number of member countries to 15. In 1992, the concept of the EEC ws expnded to tht of the Europen Union, which is concerned with more thn just economic policy. In the 1980s, the Solidrity movement Polish workers rebellion tht begn to brek Soviet control of Estern Europe helped strengthen the ongoing process of building broder Europen Union, which would eventully include Centrl Europe. By 1990, the lengthy process of economic nd politicl reunifiction of Est nd West Germny hd begun. A united Germny fcilitted the further expnsion of the Europen Union into the former communist countries of Centrl Europe Estoni, Ltvi, Lithuni, Polnd, the Czech Republic, Slovki, Sloveni, nd Hungry in 2004 (Mlt nd Cyprus in the Mediterrnen lso joined in 2004), nd then into southestern Europe when Romni nd Bulgri joined in Figure 4.10 shows the current members of the Europen Union nd the dtes they joined, s well s new cndidtes for membership. 90. Poles Celebrte the 25th Anniversry of Solidrity. Membership in the Europen Union becme especilly ttrctive to countries in Centrl Europe fter the demise of the Soviet Union, when their economies nd socilist sfety nets begn to deteriorte. Mny workers hd lost their jobs, nd in some of the poorest countries, such s Romni, Bulgri, nd Serbi, socil turmoil nd orgnized crime thretened stbility. Investments by welthier EU member countries in West nd North Europe hve reduced mny of these problems in the Centrl Europen EU economies.

2 Economic nd Politicl Issues 219 ARCTIC The Europen Union Present members (yer of joining) ICELAND N o r w e g i n Cndidte countries Potentil cndidtes Declined membership mi km Froe Islnds FINLAND 1995 NORWAY SWEDEN 1995 e S ESTONIA 2004 PORTUGAL 1986 IRELAND 1973 SPAIN 1986 UNITED KINGDOM 1973 FRANCE 1958 N o r t h BELGIUM 1958 LUXEMBOURG 1958 SWITZERLAND M e d i t e r r DENMARK 1973 NETHERLANDS 1958 GERMANY 1958 SLOVENIA 2004 ITALY 1958 BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA n e MALTA 2004 CZECH REPUBLIC 2004 AUSTRIA 1995 n l B i t CROATIA MONTENEGRO ALBANIA c POLAND 2004 HUNGARY 2004 KOSOVO LATVIA 2004 LITHUANIA 2004 SERBIA SLOVAKIA 2004 ROMANIA 2007 GREECE 1981 BULGARIA 2007 MACEDONIA A e g e n B l c k TURKEY CYPRUS 2004 of Azov FIGURE 4.10 The current members of the EU (2010) nd their dtes of joining. The Europen Union, formed s the EEC in 1958 with the initil gol of economic integrtion, becme the EU in 1992, nd hs led the globl movement towrd greter regionl coopertion. It is older nd more deeply integrted thn its closest competitor, the North Americn Free Trde Agreement (NAFTA), which ws creted lrgely in response to the EU. According to the premble of the EU Chrter of Fundmentl Rights, the Europen Union is founded on the indivisible, universl vlues of humn dignity, freedom, equlity nd solidrity; it is bsed on the principles of democrcy nd the rule of lw. Stndrds for EU membership re rther specific. A country must chieve politicl stbility nd hve democrticlly elected government. Ech country hs to djust its constitution to EU stndrds tht gurntee the rule of lw, humn rights, nd respect for minorities. Ech must lso hve functioning mrket economy tht is open to investment by foreign-owned compnies nd tht hs well-controlled bnks. Finlly, frms nd industries must comply with strict regultions governing the finest detils of their products nd the helth of environments. A few countries hve chosen not to join the Europen Union: Switzerlnd in the center of Europe, nd Norwy nd Icelnd on the northern periphery. These three countries hve long tresured their neutrl role in world politics. Moreover, s welthy countries, they hve been concerned bout losing control over their domestic economic ffirs. However, during the recession, Icelnd, much reduced in welth nd in debt to the

3 220 CHAPTER 4 Europe Interntionl Monetry Fund, begn discussions to enter the Europen Union, but ws not immeditely welcomed becuse of its finncil troubles. Severl countries on the perimeter of Europe my eventully join over the next few decdes. Of these, Turkey is the most likely cndidte. However, Turkey s strined reltions with Greece over the islnd country of Cyprus (which ws dmitted to the Europen Union in 2004), its history of humn rights violtions ginst minorities (especilly ginst its lrge Kurdish popultions), nd some issues regrding seprtion of religion nd the stte re strikes ginst it. Ukrine, nd perhps even the Cucsin republics (Armeni, Azerbijn, nd Georgi), my t some time be invited to join. However, there is strong opposition to this within Europe, nd Europe s huge nd potentilly powerful neighbor, Russi, opposes expnsion of the Europen Union into wht it regrds s its sphere of influence. 93. EU Tells Turkey to Deepen Reforms EU Governing Institutions Somewht similr to the United Sttes, the Europen Union hs one executive brnch nd two legisltive bodies. A forml greement for economies of scle reductions in the unit cost of revising the detils of the functioning of production tht occur when the Europen Union, the Trety of Lisbon, goods or services re efficiently ws rtified by ll members nd took effect mss produced, resulting in December 1, The Europen Commission cts like n executive brnch of incresed profits per unit euro ( ) the officil (but not required) currency of the government, proposing new lws, implementing decisions, nd generlly running Europen Union s of Jnury 1999 the Europen Union on dy-to-dy bsis. Ech of the 27 member sttes gets one commissioner, who is ppointed for 5-yer term, subject to the pprovl of the Europen Prliment; but fter 2014 the size of the Commission will be reduced to 18, with the right to ppoint rotting commissioners. Commissioners re expected to uphold common interests nd not those of their own countries. The entire Commission must resign if censured by Prliment. The Europen Commission lso includes bout 25,000 civil servnts who work in Brussels to dminister the Europen Union. The Europen Prliment is directly elected by EU citizens, with ech country electing proportion of sets bsed on its popultion, much like the U.S. House of Representtives. The Prliment elects the president of the Europen Commission, who serves for 5 yers s hed of stte nd hed of foreign policy. Lws must be pssed in Prliment by 55 percent of the member sttes, which must contin 65 percent of the EU totl popultion. In other words, simple mjority does not rule. The Council of the Europen Union is similr to the U.S. Sente in tht it is the more powerful of the two legisltive bodies. However, its members re not elected but consist of one minister of government from ech EU country; which minister ssigned to ttend depends on the gend: foreign ffirs, griculture, industry, the environment, nd so forth. The Council of the Europen Union cts with Prliment to enct legisltion. Economic Integrtion nd Common Currency Economic integrtion hs solved number of problems in Europe. Individul Europen countries hve fr smller popultions thn their competitors in North Americ nd Asi. This mens tht they hve smller internl mrkets for their products. Typiclly, compnies in smll countries ern lower profits thn those in lrge countries. Before the Europen Union, when businesses sold their products to neighboring countries, their ernings were diminished by triffs, currency exchnges, nd border regultions. The Europen Union solved this problem by joining Europen ntionl economies into common mrket. Compnies in ny EU country now hve ccess to much lrger mrket nd the potentil for lrger profits through economies of scle (reductions in the unit costs of production tht occur when goods or services re produced in lrge mounts, resulting in incresed profits per unit). The EU economy now encompsses close to 492 million people (out of totl of 525 million in the whole of Europe) roughly 185 million more thn live in the United Sttes. Collectively, the EU countries re welthy. In 2008, their joint economy ws lmost $15 trillion (PPP), bout 5 percent lrger thn tht of the United Sttes, mking the Europen Union the lrgest economy in the world. Trde with ech other mounts to bout twice the monetry vlue of trde with the outside world. And the combined EU totl externl trde (imports nd exports with non-eu countries) ws 19 percent of the world s totl, equl to tht of the United Sttes (Figure 4.11). However, wheres the United Sttes imports fr more thn it exports, resulting in trde deficit of $26 billion in Mrch 2009, the Europen Union enjoyed trde blnce the vlues of imports nd exports were roughly equl. Economic growth in the Europen Union is usully slower thn in the United Sttes due to creful regultion. Regultion of the bnking industry nd finncil mrkets in Europe is greter thn in North Americ, with the result tht Europe ws more resilient to the globl finncil crisis tht begn in Also, the verge 2008 gross domestic product (GDP, PPP) per cpit for the Europen Union ($33,400) ws significntly less thn tht of the United Sttes ($47,000); but the disprity of welth ws lso lower by bout one-third thn in the United Sttes. Some EU countries re notbly welthier thn others (Figure 4.12, pge 222). EU funds re rised through n nnul 1.27 percent tx on the gross ntionl product (GNP) of ll members. Although finncil llotments chnge from yer to yer, most member countries in North nd West Europe contribute more thn they receive bck in lloctions of revenue from the centrl government. Most EU countries in South Europe, Centrl Europe, nd Southest Europe on the other hnd, tend to receive more thn they contribute. Since 1993, the EU gend hs expnded to include the cretion of common Europen currency, the defense of Europe s interests in interntionl forums, nd negotition of EU-wide greements on humn rights nd socil justice. The Europen Union is lso experimenting with vrious forms of politicl unifiction, including the cretion of common Europen militry. The officil currency of the Europen Union is the euro ( ). Sixteen EU countries now use the euro: Austri, Belgium, Cyprus, Finlnd, Frnce, Germny, Greece, Irelnd, Itly, Luxembourg, Mlt, the Netherlnds, Portugl, Slovki, Sloveni, nd Spin. Countries tht use the euro hve greter voice in the cretion of EU economic policies, nd the use of common currency gretly fcilittes trde, trvel, nd migrtion within the Europen Union.

4 Economic nd Politicl Issues 221 (A) Shres in the World Mrket for Exports, 2006 (B) Shres in the World Mrket for Imports, 2006 (% shre of world exports) (% shre of world imports) EU-27 (1) 17.3% EU-27 (1) 19.1% Rest of the world 46.6% Cnd 4.6% Jpn 7.7% United Sttes 12.3% Chin, excluding Hong Kong 11.5% Rest of the world 40.0% Cnd 3.9% Jpn 6.5% United Sttes 21.6% Chin, excluding Hong Kong 8.9% (1) Externl trde flows with extr EU-27. (1) Externl trde flows with extr EU-27. (C) Min Trding Prtners for Exports, 2007 (D) Min Trding Prtners for Imports, 2007 (% shre of extr EU-27 exports) (% shre of extr EU-27 imports) Rest of the world 47.2% Norwy 3.5% Jpn 3.5% United Sttes 21.1% Switzerlnd 7.5% Russin Federtion 7.2% Chin, excluding Hong Kong 5.8% Turkey 4.2% Turkey 3.3% Rest of the world 41.4% Switzerlnd 5.4% FIGURE 4.11 The EU s min trding prtners nd shres in world trde. [Source: Europe in Figures: Eurostt Yerbook 2009 (Eurostt Sttisticl Books, Luxembourg: Office for Officil Publictions of the Europen Commission, 2009), pp. 388 nd 392, Figures 10.5, 10.6, 10.9, nd 10.10, t Norwy 5.4% Chin, excluding Hong Kong 16.2% United Sttes 12.7% Russin Federtion 10.1% Jpn 5.5% All non-euro member sttes except Sweden nd the United Kingdom hve currencies whose vlue is determined by tht of the euro. Depending on globl finncil conditions, either the euro or the U.S. dollr is the preferred currency of interntionl trde nd finnce. For the less ffluent countries in South nd Centrl Europe, the use of the euro hs been point of pride proof tht their economies re vible; but for unwry consumers it ws dngerous step. By 2005, both citizens nd businesses hd entered into credit rrngements with bnks to buy luxuries or expnd, nd then, s the globl recession hit nd jobs were lost nd mrkets shrnk, the borrowers found themselves unble to keep up the pyments. The result ws bnkruptcies, which re bigger nd more lingering disgrce in Europe thn in the United Sttes. Borrowers in Greece, Polnd, Portugl, Itly, Spin, nd Hungry were hrdest hit. In 2010, EU finncil uthorities becme wre tht Greek officils hd hidden growing insolvency. The Greek debt ws so lrge tht the Europen Union ws forced to bil out the country to the tune of nerly $1 trillion, in hopes tht this would sve the vlue of the euro nd prevent other hevily indebted members of the EU from defulting. Aside from this very serious thret, overll the euro seems to hve been stbilizing influence during the recession. During the crisis in Greece, it temporrily snk in vlue reltive to the U.S. dollr. The Europen Union nd Globliztion The Europen Union is pursuing number of strtegies designed to ensure tht it continues to be economiclly competitive with the United Sttes, Jpn, nd the developing economies of Asi, Afric, nd South Americ. A primry focus is on keeping exports centrl component of ntionl economies Germny, Frnce, nd the United Kingdom re Europe s min exporters but doing so in high-wge economies is difficult. One strtegy is to relocte fctories from the welthiest EU countries to the reltively poorer, lower-wge member sttes. Until 2009, this strtegy worked well, helping poorer Europen countries prosper while keeping the costs of doing business low enough to restrin Europen compnies from moving outside Europe to developing countries where costs re

5 222 CHAPTER 4 Europe ARCTIC The Europen Union Present members ICELAND Cndidte countries N o r w e g i n Potentil cndidte Declined membership mi 0 km FINLAND GDP per Cpit (in U.S. dollrs) Less thn $10,000 UNITED STATES SWEDEN NORWAY $10,000 $19,999 $20,000 $29,999 $30,000 $39,999 ESTONIA $40,000 nd over e IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM N o r t h BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG DENMARK NETHERLANDS GERMANY CZECH REPUBLIC l B i t S c POLAND LATVIA LITHUANIA SLOVAKIA PORTUGAL SPAIN FRANCE SWITZERLAND M e d i t e SLOVENIA r r ITALY n e AUSTRIA HUNGARY n CROATIA BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA MONTENEGRO ALBANIA MALTA S e SERBIA GREECE ROMANIA BULGARIA MACEDONIA A e g e n of Azov B l c k TURKEY CYPRUS FIGURE 4.12 The EU economy: GDP per cpit (2007). GDP per cpit vries considerbly mong the 27 countries in the Europen Union. [Source: Europe in Figures: Eurostt Yerbook 2009 (Eurostt Sttisticl Books, Luxembourg: Office for Officil Publictions of the Europen Commission, 2009), pp. 388 nd 392, Figure 2.1 (pge 75), t lower still. However, the resulting reduction of industril cpcity (deindustriliztion) in Europe s welthiest countries led to higher unemployment for them. And the globl recession tht begn in 2008 jeoprdized export mrkets s world consumers slowed purchses. Other strtegies include holding down domestic wges nd emphsizing the qulity of Europen exports. Germny, the world s leding exporter (in vlue), ccomplished both these fets well until the recession of Germny s exports, like those of ll EU countries, fell by bout 19 percent in 2009 nd re likely to sty down into the future s competition increses from Chin nd other developing economies. Germny, Frnce, nd the United Kingdom will try to encourge domestic consumption to tke up the slck, but mesures to encourge consumption, like tx cuts nd government stimulus pckges, re less likely due to fisclly conservtive EU governments. Mps.com WH Freemn - Pulsipher: World Regionl Geogrphy, 5e Art Code: Pul_Fig4.12 Nme: Europen Union / GDP 06/21/10 - First Proof CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK So how will EU countries mintin or increse their shre of world trde, especilly exports? Like the United Sttes, the Europen Union presently hs lrge shre of world trde (see Figure 4.11) nd therefore exerts powerful influence on the globl trding system. The Europen Union often negotites privileged ccess to world mrkets for Europen firms nd frmers nd for former Europen colonies, nd some EU firms hve moved brod to cut costs. The Europen Union lso employs protectionist mesures tht fvor Europen producers by mking goods from outside the Europen Union more expensive. These higher-priced goods crete dded expense for Europen consumers, but jobs nd control over supplies re ensured. Of course, non-europen producers shut out of EU mrkets re unhppy, nd incresingly they hve united to protest the Europen Union s filure to open its economies to foreign competition. So fr such protests hve met with little success.

6 Economic nd Politicl Issues 223 NATO nd the Rise of the Europen Union s Globl Pecemker A new role for the Europen Union s globl pecemker nd pecekeeper is developing through the North Atlntic Trety Orgniztion (NATO), which is bsed in Europe. During the Cold Wr, Europen nd North Americn countries cooperted militrily through NATO to counter the influence of the Soviet Union. NATO, estblished in 1949, included the United Sttes, Cnd, nd ten countries of western Europe; it now includes lmost ll the EU countries s well. Since the brekup of the Soviet Union, other ntions cme to ssist the United Sttes in the difficult tsk of ddressing globl security issues only fter mjor filure to vert bloody ethnic conflict during the brekup of Yugoslvi in 1991 (discussed on pge 254). NATO hs since focused minly on providing the interntionl security nd coopertion needed to expnd the Europen Union. When the United Sttes invded Irq in 1993, most EU members opposed the wr nd s worldwide opposition to the United Sttes built, the globl sttus of the Europen Union ws elevted. With the United Sttes preoccupied with Irq, NATO ssumed more of role s globl pecekeeper. NATO now commnds the Interntionl Security Assistnce Force (ISAF) from 46 countries, including ll 28 NATO members in Afghnistn, but enthusism for this wr is wning in Europe. In ddition to the mjor role they now ply in Afghnistn, NATO nd the Europen Union re lso helping ptrol the world ocen. In the spring of 2009 during the Somli pirte crisis off the northest cost of Afric, NATO reported tht both French nd Portuguese nvl vessels foiled ttempts by pirtes to seize merchnt ships. Also in My of 2009, Frnce nnounced tht in ccordnce with its role in NATO, it hd estblished bse in Abu Zby (Abu Dhbi). 94. NATO s Future Role Debted 95. NATO to Project Different Philosophy 96. Concern over Common Vlues t the U.S. EU Summit 97. NATO Leders, Putin Meet in Buchrest Food Production nd the Europen Union Europens prefer food from Europen frms to imported food, nd becuse of these sentiments they py more for food thn do people in the United Sttes. Most food is now produced on lrge mechnized frms tht re efficient: they require less lbor nd re more productive per cre. One result is tht just over 2.35 percent of Europens re now engged in full-time frming, nd one-fifth of these people re workers in Romni, where most holdings still rely on hnd nd niml power. Romni hs over one-qurter of the frms in the Europen Union (Frnce nd Polnd lso hve lrge griculturl sectors) nd most re smll. A second result of the mechniztion of griculture is tht frmlnd hs declined s lnd use in Europe since the mid-1990s, while forestlnds hve incresed. The Common Agriculturl Progrm (CAP) The drstic decline of lbor nd lnd in frming worries Europens, who see it s endngering the gol of self-sufficiency in food. Towrd this end, the Europen Union estblished its wide-rnging Common Agriculturl Progrm (CAP), ment to gurntee secure nd sfe food supplies t ffordble prices. The CAP ids frmers by plcing triffs on imported griculturl goods nd by giving subsidies (pyments to frmers) to underwrite their costs of production. It ws this provision tht the Smithfield compny (with its Europen prtners) took dvntge of in setting up its gint pig frms in Romni (recll the opening vignette). Subsidies re expensive pyments to frmers re the lrgest expense ctegory in the EU budget. While these policies do ensure sfe nd sufficient food supply nd provide decent living stndrd for frmers, they lso effectively rise food costs for millions of consumers. Protective griculturl policies, like triffs nd subsidies lso found in the United Sttes, Cnd, nd Jpn re unpopulr in the developing world. Triffs lock frmers in poorer countries out of mjor mrkets. Subsidies encourge overproduction in rich countries (in order to collect more pyments). The result is glut of frm products tht re then sold cheply on the world mrket, s is the cse with Smithfield pork. This prctice, North Atlntic Trety Orgniztion (NATO) militry llince between Europen nd North Americn countries tht ws developed during the Cold Wr to counter the influence of the Soviet Union; since the brekup of the Soviet Union, NATO hs expnded membership to include much of estern Europe nd Turkey, nd is now focused minly on providing the interntionl security nd coopertion needed to expnd the Europen Union Common Agriculturl Progrm (CAP) Europen Union progrm, ment to gurntee secure nd sfe food supplies t ffordble prices, tht plces triffs on imported griculturl goods nd gives subsidies to EU frmers subsidies monetry ssistnce grnted by government to n individul or group in support of n ctivity, such s frming, tht is viewed s being in the public interest clled dumping, lowers globl prices nd thus hurts frmers in developing countries while it ids those in developed countries by keeping their supplies low nd prices high. Growth of Corporte Agriculture nd Food Mrketing As smll fmily frms dispper in the Europen Union, just s they did severl decdes go in the United Sttes, the trend is towrd consolidting smller frms (see Themtic Concepts Prt M, on pge 201) into lrger, more profitble opertions run by Europen nd foreign corportions (see Themtic Concepts Prt N on pge 201 nd Photo Essy 4.2C on pge 205). These frms tend to employ very few lborers nd use more mchinery nd chemicl inputs. The move towrd corporte griculture is strongest in Centrl Europe. When communist governments gined power in the mid-twentieth century, they consolidted mny smll, privtely owned frms into lrge collectives. After the brekup of the Soviet Union, these frms were rented to lrge corportions, which in turn further mechnized the frms nd lid off ll but few lborers. Rurl poverty rose nd smll towns shrnk s frmworkers nd young people left for the cities. Mny fer tht without the EU s generous subsidies to frmers, similr pttern could sweep cross the Europen Union. Green Food Production During the communist er, Sloveni ws unlike most of the rest of Centrl Europe in tht the frms were not collectivized. Therefore, it hs not been necessry to redistribute lnd. Insted, the problem is tht frms re too smll for efficient production: the verge frm size is just 8.75 cres (3.5 hectres). Although Sloveni hs plenty of rich frmlnd, s stndrds of living hve risen it hs become net importer of food, mostly from EU countries such s Itly, Spin, nd Austri. Nonetheless, Sloveni s new emphsis on privte

7 224 CHAPTER 4 Europe entrepreneurship, combined with growing demnd throughout Europe for orgnic foods, hs encourged some Slovene frmers to crve out niche for themselves in locl mrkets. The cse of Ver Kuzmic is illustrtive. Personl Vignette Ver Kuzmic ( pseudonym) lives 2 hours by cr south of Ljubljn, Sloveni s cpitl. Her fmily hs frmed 12.5 cres (5 hectres) of fruit trees ner the Crotin border for genertions. After Sloveni becme independent in 1991, Ver nd her husbnd lost their government jobs due to economic restructuring. The Kuzmic fmily decided to try erning its living in vegetble mrket grdening becuse vegetble frming could be more responsive to mrket chnges thn fruit tree cultivtion. By 2000, the dult children nd Mr. Kuzmic were working on the lnd, nd Ver ws in chrge of mrketing their produce nd tht of neighbors whom she hd lso convinced to grow vegetbles. Ver secured mrket spce in suburbn shopping center in Ljubljn, where she nd one employee mintined smll vegetble nd fruit stll (Figure 4.13). Her produce hd to compete with much less expensive Itlin-grown produce sold in the sme shopping center ll of it produced on lrge corporte frms in northern Itly nd trucked in dily. But Ver gined mrket shre by bringing her customers specil orders nd by gurnteeing tht only niml mnure, no pesticides or herbicides, ws used on the fields. For while, her specil customer services nd her orgniclly grown produce kept her in business. But when Sloveni joined the Europen Union in 2004, she hd to do more to compete with produce growers nd mrketers cross Europe. Anticipting the chllenges to come, the Kuzmics dughter Lili completed mrketing degree t the University of Ljubljn. The fmily incorported their business, nd Lili is now its Ljubljn-bsed director, while Ver mnges the frm. Lili s mrket reserch shows tht it would be wisest to diversify. The Kuzmics continue to focus on Ljubljn s expnding professionl popultion, who re willing to py extr for fine orgnic vegetbles nd fruits. But now, in recently built bnquet fcility on the frm, Ver lso prepres specil dinners for bus-excursion groups interested in trditionl Slovene dishes mde from homegrown orgnic crops. [Source: Lydi Pulsipher s converstions with Ver Kuzmic nd Dusn Krmberger, 1993 through 2009.] Europe s Growing Service Economies As industril jobs hve declined cross the region, most Europens (bout 70 percent) hve found jobs in the service economy. Services such s the provision of helth cre, eduction, finnce, tourism, nd informtion technology re now the engine of Europe s integrted economy, drwing hundreds of thousnds of new employees to the min Europen cities. For exmple, finncil services locted in London nd serving the entire world ply huge role in the British economy, nd mny trnsntionl compnies re hedqurtered in London. A mjor component of Europe s service economy is tourism. Europe is the most populr tourist destintion in the world, nd one job in eight in the Europen Union is relted to tourism. Tourism genertes 13.5 percent of the EU s gross domestic product nd 15 percent of its txes, lthough this vries with globl economic conditions. Europens re themselves enthusistic trvelers, visiting one nother s countries s well s mny exotic world loctions frequently. This trvel is mde possible by the long pid vctions usully 4 to 6 weeks tht Europens re grnted by employers. The most populr holidy destintions mong EU members in 2006 included Austri, Irelnd, nd the trditionl Mediterrnen destintions of Cyprus, Mlt, Spin, nd Itly (2005). Service occuptions incresingly involve the use of technology. Europe hs lgged behind North Americ in the development nd use of personl computers nd the Internet (Figure 4.14, pie digrm inset). However, the informtion economy is dvnced in Europe, with West Europe leding the wy. In fct, Europe leds the world in cell phone use. In South Europe nd Centrl Europe, where personl computer ownership is lowest, public computer fcilities in cfés nd librries re common, nd surfing the Internet is populr mong schoolchildren nd grndmothers like. THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. The Europen Union s originl pln ws to rech level of economic nd socil integrtion tht would mke possible the free flow of goods nd people cross ntionl borders; for the most prt, those gols hve been chieved mong the current 27 members. 2. The Europen Union hs one executive brnch the Europen Commission nd two legisltive brnches the Europen Prliment, directly elected by EU citizens, nd the Council of the Europen Union, whose members consist of one minister from ech EU country. FIGURE 4.13 Ver Kuzmic in her mrket stll in Ljubljn. 3. The Europen Union joined the members ntionl economies into common mrket. By 2008 the EU s economy ws lmost $15 trillion (PPP), bout 5 percent lrger thn tht of the United Sttes, mking the Europen Union the lrgest economy in the world.

8 Economic nd Politicl Issues 225 PORTUGAL 4,475,700 (41.8%) GUERNSEY & ALDERNEY 46,100 (70.4%) JERSEY 28,500 (31.1%) SPAIN 29,093,984 (71.8%) GIBRALTAR 9,853 (34.2%) IRELAND 2,830,100 (67.3%) ANDORRA 59,100 (70.5%) UNITED KINGDOM 46,683,900 (76.4%) LUXEMBOURG 387,000 (78.7%) FRANCE 43,100,134 (69.3%) BELGIUM 7,292,300 (70.0%) LIECHTENSTEIN 23,000 (66.2%) SWITZERLAND 5,739,300 (75.5%) M e MONACO 22,000 (66.7%) ARCTIC World Internet Users by World Regions N O RT H L AT I N A M E R I C A / A M E R I C A C A R I B B E A N ICELAND 14.6% 10.3% 285,700 A F R I C A M I D D L E E A S T (93.2%) 3.9% 3.3% N o r w e g i n O C E A N I A / E U R O P E AU S T R A L I A Percent of Popultion 24.1% A S I A 1.2% Tht Uses the Internet 42.6% TOTA L U S E R S 0 20 FAROE ISLANDS 1,733,993,741 37, (76.8%) SWEDEN 8,085,500 FINLAND (89.2%) 4,382,700 (83.5%) Over 80 NORWAY 4,235,800 (90.9%) N o r t h d i t DENMARK 4,629,600 (84.2) NETHERLANDS 14,304,600 (85.6%) GERMANY 54,229,325 (65.9%) SLOVENIA 1,300,000 (64.8%) ITALY 30,026,400 (51.7%) SAN MARINO 17,000 (56.4%) e r r AUSTRIA 5,936,700 (72.3%) CROATIA 2,244,400 (50.0%) HERZEGOVINA 1,441,000 (31.2%) VATICAN CITY 93 (17.1%) MALTA 200,200 (49.4%) POLAND 20,020,362 (52.0%) MONTENEGRO 294,000 (43.7%) CZECH REPUBLIC 6,027,700 (59.0%) SLOVAKIA 3,566,500 (65.3%) HUNGARY 5,873,100 (59.3%) KOSOVO 377,000 (20.9%) SERBIA 3,300,00 (44.7%) ALBANIA 750,000 (20.6%) ESTONIA 888,100 (68.3%) FIGURE 4.14 Internet use in Europe. The numbers on the mp indicte the number of Internet users s of September 30, The percentges indicte the percent of the popultion tht uses the Internet. Compre Europen Internet use with tht in Middle nd South Americ, which is shown in Figure [Source: n e BOSNIA & n l B i t e S c ROMANIA 7,430,000 (33.4%) LATVIA 1,369,600 (61.4%) LITHUANIA 2,103,471 (59.2%) BULGARIA 2,647,100 (36.7%) MACEDONIA 906,979 (43.9%) GREECE 4,932,495 (45.9%) A e g e n B l c k CYPRUS 335,000 (30.9%) of Azov 4. A new role for the Europen Union s globl pecemker nd pecekeeper is developing through the North Atlntic Trety Orgniztion (NATO), which is bsed in Europe. 5. Europens prefer food from Europen frms to imported food, nd becuse of this they py more for food thn do people in the United Sttes. 6. Throughout the Europen Union, smller fmily-run frms re giving wy to lrger corporte frms, especilly in the recently dmitted EU sttes in Centrl Europe. 7. As industril jobs hve declined cross the region, most Europens (bout 70 percent) hve found jobs in the service economy.

9 226 CHAPTER 4 Europe Socioculturl Issues The Europen Union ws conceived primrily to promote economic coopertion nd free trde, but its progrms hve socil implictions s well. As popultion ptterns chnge cross Europe, ttitudes towrd immigrtion, gender roles, nd socil welfre progrms re lso evolving. Religion nd lnguge, once divisive issues in the region, re now fding s focus of disputes. Immigrtion, however, is n incresing source of tension. Popultion Ptterns Popultion ptterns in Europe foretell processes tht re emerging round the world. Europe s high popultion density nd urbniztion trends re long-stnding. A newer phenomenon, the ging of the populce, is well dvnced in Europe nd ffects ll mnner of socil policies. Europe s issues with ging re common to Russi nd its neighbors, nd to Jpn, Chin, nd Indi. Popultion Distribution nd Urbniztion There re currently bout 525 million Europens. Of these, 492 million live within the Europen Union. The highest popultion densities stretch in discontinuous bnd from the United Kingdom south nd est through the Netherlnds nd centrl Germny into northern Switzerlnd (Photo Essy 4.5 on pge 229). Northern Itly is nother zone of high density, long with pockets in mny countries long the Mediterrnen cost. Overll, Europe is one of the more densely occupied regions on erth, s shown on the popultion density mp in Photo Essy 1.1 on pges Most of this popultion now lives in cities. Tody, Europe is region of cities surrounded by well-developed rurl hinterlnds. These cities re the focus of the modern Europen economy, which, though long grounded in griculture, trde, nd mnufcturing, is now primrily service bsed. In West, North, nd South Europe, more thn 75 percent of the popultion lives in urbn res. Even in Centrl Europe, the lest urbnized prt of the region, round 70 percent of people live in cities. As noted erlier, mny Europen cities begn s trding centers more thn thousnd yers go nd still ber the rchitecturl mrks of medievl life in their historic centers (Photo Essy 4.6A on pge 230). These old cities re locted either on nvigble rivers in the interior or long the costs becuse wter trnsport figured prominently (nd still does) in Europe s trding ptterns (see Figure 4.8 on pge 214). Since World Wr II, nerly ll the cities in Europe hve expnded round their perimeters in concentric circles of prtment blocks (Photo Essy 4.6B). Usully well-developed ril nd bus lines link the blocks to one nother nd to the old centrl city. Lnd is scrce nd expensive in Europe, so only smll percentge of Europens live in single-fmily homes, lthough the number is growing. Even single-fmily homes tend to be ttched or densely rrnged on smll lots. Except for public prks, which re common, one rrely sees the sweeping lwns tht mny North Americns re ccustomed to. Publicly funded trnsporttion is widely vilble, so mny people live without crs in prtments ner city centers (Photo Essy 4.6C, D). However, mny others commute by cr dily from suburbs or ncestrl villges to work in nerby cities. Although deteriorting housing nd slums do exist, substntil public spending (on snittion, wter, utilities, eduction, housing, nd public trnsporttion) help most mintin generlly high stndrd of urbn living. Europe s Aging Popultion Europe s popultion is ging s fmilies re choosing to hve fewer children nd life expectncies re incresing. Between 1960 nd 2009, the proportion of those 14 yers nd under declined from 27 percent to 15 percent, while those over 65 incresed from 9 percent to 16 percent. By comprison, in the globl popultion, the overll shre of young persons ws 27 percent in 2009, while older genertions ccounted for 8 percent. Life expectncies now rnge close to 80 yers in North, West, nd South Europe, nd this is reflected in urbn lndscpes, where the elderly re more common thn children (Photo Essy 4.6C). Overll, Europe is now close to negtive rte of nturl increse (<0.0), the lowest in the world. Birth rtes re lowest in Centrl Europe the countries tht were prt of the former Soviet Union or Yugoslvi. Incresingly, the one-child fmily is common throughout Europe, except mong immigrnts, who re the mjor source of popultion growth. However, once they hve ssimilted to Europen life, immigrnts, too, choose to hve smll fmilies. The declining birth rte is illustrted in the popultion pyrmids of Europen countries, which look more like lumpy towers thn pyrmids. The popultion pyrmid of Sweden nd of the whole Europen Union re exmples (Figure 4.15B nd C). The pyrmid s nrrowing bse indictes tht for the lst 35 yers, fr fewer bbies hve been born thn in the 1950s nd 1960s, when there ws post-wr bby boom cross Europe. By 2000, twentyfive percent of Europens were choosing to hve no children t ll. The resons for these trends re complex. For one thing, more nd more women wnt professionl creers. This lone could ccount for lte mrriges nd lower birth rtes; 25 percent of Germn women re choosing to remin unmrried well into their thirties. Governments lso mke few provisions for working mothers beyond pid mternity leve. In Germny, for exmple, there is insufficient dy cre vilble for children under 3, nd school dys run from 7:30.m. to noon or 1:00 p.m. Mny Germn women choose not to become mothers becuse they would hve to settle for prt-time jobs in order to be home by 1:00 p.m. To encourge higher birth rtes, there is move within the Europen Union to give one prent (mother or fther) full yer off with reduced py fter child is born or dopted, provide better preschool cre, lengthen school dys, nd serve lunch t school (see discussion of gender on pges ). As result of the low birth rte nd long life expectncy, the vst mjority of Germns re older thn 30 (see Figure 4.15A), nd those bove 80 re the fstest-growing ge group. As older people die, the popultion my eventully settle into stble ge structure, s Sweden s popultion hs lredy done (see Figure 4.15B). In this structure, ech ge ctegory hs roughly similr numbers of people, tpering only t the top fter ge 65. A stble popultion with low birth rte hs severl consequences. Becuse fewer consumers re being born, economies my contrct over time. Demnd for new workers, especilly

10 Socioculturl Issues 227 Age (A) Germny, 2009 Age (B) Sweden, Mles Femles Mles Femles Popultion (in millions) Popultion (in millions) Age (C) EU 27, Mles Femles Percent of Popultion FIGURE 4.15 Popultion pyrmids for Germny, Sweden, nd the EU in These popultion pyrmids hve quite different shpes, but ll exhibit nrrow bse, indicting low birth rtes. The EU pyrmid (C) shows the percent of the totl popultion, not the numbers of people. [Adpted from Popultion Pyrmids of Germny nd Popultion Pyrmids of Sweden, U.S. Census Bureu Interntionl Dt Bse, 2009, t idb/country.php; nd from Europe in Figures: Eurostt Yerbook 2009 (Luxembourg: Eurostt, 2009), p. 139, Figure 3.5, t ec.europ.eu/portl/pge/portl/publictions/eurostt_yerbook.] highly skilled ones, my go unmet, though retrining the elderly in new skills nd encourging them to work until ge 70 or 72 is being tried in some countries. Further, the number of younger people vilble to provide expensive nd time-consuming helth cre for the elderly, either personlly or through tx pyments, will decline. Currently, for exmple, there re just two Germn workers for every retiree. Immigrtion provides one solution to the dwindling number of young people. However, Europens re reluctnt to bsorb lrge numbers of immigrnts, especilly from distnt prts of the world where culturl vlues re very different from those in Europe. Immigrtion nd Migrtion: Needs nd Fers Until the mid-1950s, the net flow of migrnts ws out of Europe, to the Americs, Austrli, nd elsewhere. By the 1990s the net flow ws into Europe. In the 1990s, most of the Europen Union (plus Icelnd, Norwy, nd Switzerlnd) implemented the Schengen Accord, n greement tht llows free movement of people nd goods cross common borders. The ccord hs fcilitted trde, employment, tourism, nd most controversilly, migrtion within the Europen Union. Schengen Accord n greement The Schengen Accord hs lso indirectly incresed both the demnd for Europen Union nd mny of signed in the 1990s by the immigrnts from outside the Europen its neighbors tht clled for free Union nd their mobility once they re movement cross common borders in the Europen Union (Figure 4.16). 92. After 50 yers, Europe Still Coming Together Attitudes Towrd Internl nd Interntionl Migrnts nd Citizenship Like citizens of the United Sttes, Europens hve mbivlent ttitudes towrd migrnts. The internl flow of migrtion is mostly from Centrl Europe into North, West, nd South Europe. These Centrl Europen migrnts re mostly treted firly, lthough prejudices ginst the supposed bckwrdness of Centrl Europe re still evident, nd despite the Schengen Accord, people cn be mde to feel unwelcome. Europens re especilly sensitive to the nunces of culturl difference body lnguge, dress, pronuncition tht cn telegrph person s origins; they modify their reltionships ccordingly. These tendencies towrd exclusion re moderting s skilled nd

11 228 CHAPTER 4 Europe ICELAND 23, % 7.6% N o r w e g i n 343,900 Totl immigrnts in 2005 mi FINLAND km ,200 SWEDEN 0.7% 3.3% 1.1 mil 4.0% 12.3% NORWAY 343, % 8.0% ESTONIA 201,700 DENMARK n/ 15.0% 388, % 7.8% 449,200 LATVIA N o r t h n/ 16.6% IRELAND 585, % 14.8% BELGIUM UNITED 719,300 LITHUANIA KINGDOM 4.8% 8.5% 165, mil POLAND n/ 4.8% 3.2% 9.7% NETHERLANDS 702, mil 8.2% 2.2% 3.9% 10.6% CZECH GERMANY REPUBLIC 10.1 mil 453, % 12.9% 0.4% 4.4% LUXEMBOURG SLOVAKIA 173,700 LIECHTENSTEIN 124, % 33.7% 24.6% 34.2% n/ 2.3% AUSTRIA FRANCE of 1.2 mil 6.5 mil HUNGARY ROMANIA Azov 11.5% 14.0% 7.7% 10.6% 316, ,400 SLOVENIA 5.2% 3.3% 1.8% 0.6% SWITZERLAND 167,300 CROATIA 1.7 mil n/ 8.4% 661, % 22.3% ITALY n/ 14.9% B l c k 2.5 mil SERBIA PORTUGAL ANDORRA 0.9% 5.2% 0.9% 6.8% BULGARIA 763, % 63.1% 104, % 7.2% BOSNIA & 0.3% 1.3% HERZEGOVINA SPAIN 40,800 MACEDONIA 4.8 mil n/ 0.9% n/ 5.9% 0.7% 10.7% MONTENEGRO n/ 8.7% GREECE 973,700 ALBANIA 0.6% 8.8% 82, % 2.7% MALTA CYPRUS 10, , % 2.9% 5.2% 13.9% M e d i t e r ARCTIC r n FIGURE 4.16 Migrtion into Europe, 1960 nd Migrtion into Europe incresed from 1960 through the 1990s nd continued to increse into the twenty-first century for most countries. Migrtion continues to be crucil issue in EU debtes. The percentges of totl popultion re shown in the two color boxes for ech country: the red box for 1960 nd the blue box for The number of migrnts living in ech country in 2005 is bove the two boxes. [Source: United Ntions Humn Development Report 2009 (New York: United Ntions Development Progrmme), t e n S e l B i t S e c Migrtion into Europe, 1960 nd % Immigrnts s % of popultion in 1960 Immigrnts s % of 3.0% popultion in 2005 guest workers legl workers from outside country who help fulfill the need for temporry workers but who re expected to return home when they re no longer needed educted Europens move into neighboring countries, often creting their own socil circles of high-sttus outsiders. Immigrnts from outside Europe, so-clled interntionl immigrnts, meet with vrying cceptnce. Interntionl immigrnts often come leglly nd illeglly from Europe s former colonies nd protectortes cross the globe. Mny Turks nd North Africns come leglly s guest workers who re expected to sty for only few yers, fulfilling Europe s need for temporry workers in certin sectors. Other immigrnts re refugees from the world s trouble spots, such s Afghnistn, Irq, Hiti, nd Sudn. Mny lso come illeglly from ll these res. Some Europens see interntionl immigrnts s importnt contributors to their economies, providing needed skills nd mking up for the low birth rtes. Others, however, re lrmed by recent increses in immigrtion. Studies of public ttitudes in

12 PHOTO ESSAY Mesures of Humn Well-Being Popultion Density in Europe Europe s popultion is not growing, fct tht rises concerns bout future economic conditions s the popultion ges. Mny governments now encourge lrge fmilies, with generous mternity nd pternity leve (up to 10 months with full py), free dy cre, nd other incentives. However, few countries hve seen much chnge in their popultion growth rte. A mjor reson is tht more women now re working or wnt to work thn ever before, so childbering is being delyed nd fmilies remin smll. As this trend shows no signs of decresing, some officils re looking to immigrtion s possible solution. While Europe hs been ttrcting lrge numbers of immigrnts for decdes now, mny Europens re wry of hosting lrge popultions of foreigners who might not shre their vlues. 60 N 40 N 50 N m i 0 k m 0 Lisbon Csblnc 30 W Rbt Reykjvik 20 W W Oslo Tllinn Glsgow North Rig Bltic Dublin Leeds Copenhgen Vilnius Mnchester Minsk Birminghm London Hmburg Amsterdm Brussels Berlin Wrsw Lille Cologne Kiev Frnkfurt Ktowice Pris Luxembourg Stuttgrt Prgue Munich Brtislv Bern Vduz Vienn Chisinu Lyon Budpest C Ljubljn Miln Zgreb Turin Buchrest SAN Srjevo Belgrde MONACO MARINO ANDORRA Mrseille A Pristin VATICAN CITY Sofi Mdrid Brcelon Podgoric Istnbul Rome Tirne Skopje Nples Burs Algiers Norwegin M e d i t e r r n e n Prime Meridin 0 Tunis B 10 E Stockholm Vllett 20 E Helsinki Athens 40 E White St.Petersburg Izmir Moscow Khrkiv Donetsk Blck Ankr Nicosi Beirut Persons per sq mi sq km Above 2600 Above 1000 Aleppo Cpitls nd cities over 3 million Cpitls nd cities million Cpitls nd city-sttes less thn 1.5 million Dmscus Tbilisi Yerevn Cspin Mosul Bgdd A Children in Bulgri, where despite government incentives for childbering, the popultion is expected to shrink by 35 percent by Bulgri s popultion decline is the most severe in the world. B Norwegin politicin, diplomt, physicin, nd interntionl leder on sustinble development, Gro Hrlem Brundtlnd. As prime minister of Norwy, she encted policies designed to mke it esier for working women to hve children. C West Africn immigrnts working s street vendors in Turin, Itly. Illegl immigrtion from Afric hs become mjor politicl issue in Itly. Mps.com WH Freemn - Pulsipher: World Regionl Geogrphy, 5e Art Code: Pul_Fig4PEUN5 Nme: Europe Popultion 06/24/10 - First Proof CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK 229

13 PHOTO ESSAY 4.6 Urbniztion in Europe ANIMATION Europe s cities re world fmous for their rchitecture, economic dynmism, nd culturl vitlity. Mny re quite ncient but hve expnded in recent decdes with lrge prtment blocks connected to the old city centers by public trnsport. Despite their globl drw, mny Europen cities will shrink in the next severl decdes, due to declining ntionl popultions (s in Itly nd prts of Centrl Europe), s well s to deliberte efforts to shift urbn growth to other urbn centers, s in the cse of London. A Shown here is the old urbn core of Prgue, Czech Republic, founded in the 9th century c.e. on the bnks of the Vltv river. I C E LA ND B Hi-rise prtment blocks dot the periphery of Berlin s old urbn core. S W E D EN F IN LAN D NOR WAY ESTO N IA U NI T E D K I NGDOM I R E LA ND LAT V IA DE NM A R K LIT HUAN IA Düsseldorf, Essen London C L Rmbl, tree-lined pedestrin mll in Brcelon, 28 NETH. B GE R M A NY Berlin 94 Dortmund, Spin, is populr stroll mong locls nd tourists. BELG Bochum 75 Frnkfurt, Pris Wiesbden 22 D AU S T R I A SWITZ. 68 Mdrid CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA C BOSNIA & HERZ. SERBIA MONTENEGRO S PA I N R O M AN IA CROATIA I TA LY Brcelon HUN G ARY SLOV. Miln P ORT U GA L A LUXEMBOURG F R A NC E PO LAN D BULGARIA MACEDONIA ALBANIA G R EEC E Athens D A trm in Pris, Frnce. The city s metropolitn trnsit system moves roughly 6 million people per dy nd is the second lrgest in Europe fter London s. 98 Popultion Living in Urbn Ares 1 20 million or more % 20 39% 60 79% 0 19% 40 59% No dt CYP M A LTA Globl rnk (popultion 2006) Popultion of Urbn Ares mi 0 km 0 20 million or more 10 million 10 million 5 million 3 million 5 million 3 million Urbn res with negtive (-) growth rte Note: Symbols on mp re sized proportionlly to specific popultion dt

14 Socioculturl Issues 231 Europe show tht immigrtion is lest tolerted in res where incomes nd eduction re low, suggesting tht mny people fer the unknown nd worry tht n influx of migrnts my drive down wges further or inhibit their own socil mobility. Centrl nd South Europe re the lest tolernt of new immigrnts. North nd West Europe, with higher incomes nd generlly more stble economies, re the most tolernt. Culturl issues lso influence ttitudes towrd immigrnts. Indeed, the presence of so mny new culturl groups in Europe rises some thorny questions. Is Germny no longer Germn plce? Should Islm, the religion of mny immigrnts, hve equl footing with Christinity? How will Europens cope with unfmilir vlue systems nd fmily types nd modes of dress? Across Europe, nti-immigrtion views, especilly towrd non- Europens, re becoming more common. Minstrem politicins incresingly support stricter controls. In Germny, Austri, Itly, nd Frnce, fr-right politicl prties now openly dvocte forcing non-europen immigrnts, legl or illegl, to leve. In 2009, the Swiss (Switzerlnd is not n EU member), in tngentil blow to religious freedom, voted to not llow the future construction of minrets on Muslim mosques. Some countries re lso limiting the number of migrnts from other EU countries, especilly those from Centrl Europe. In response, the Europen Union is incresing its efforts to curb illegl immigrtion from outside Europe while t the sme time helping EU citizens to be more tolernt. An incident in Frnce shows how humor cn diffuse some of the tensions surrounding immigrtion. In 2005, French ntionlists complined in the press tht Polish plumbers were tking French jobs. (In fct, there ws significnt shortge of plumbers in Frnce.) The Polish plumber quickly becme shorthnd cross Europe for issues relted to immigrtion nd jobs. Polnd responded by feturing on its tourism posters hunky mle model posing s plumber (Figure 4.17) nd sying seductively, I m stying in Polnd; won t you come over? Anti-foreigner sentiment hs been hindrnce to cquiring citizenship cross Europe, but s the dvntges of multiculturl, multircil, multigenertionl Europe become more pprent, requirements for citizenship re grdully being relxed. Until recently in Germny, the Germn-born children nd grndchildren of Turkish or North Africn immigrnt workers were not considered citizens. But s of Jnury 2000, ll children born in Germny since 1975 re citizens. The UK, probbly the most multiculturl of ll Europen countries, recently grnted full citizenship to severl hundred thousnd immigrnts from former colonies in the Cribben, South Asi, nd Afric. In 2004, more thn 650,000 becme citizens of n EU country, with the lrgest numbers in Germny, Frnce, nd the UK. Citizenship usully requires n extended period of legl residency, evidence of good work record, nd proficiency in the country s min lnguge. If n eligible migrnt seeks Europen citizenship, this is viewed s evidence of forml ssimiltion. Rules for Assimiltion: Muslims in Europe In Europe, culture plys lrger role in defining differences between people thn rce nd skin color. An immigrnt from Asi or Afric my be ccepted FIGURE 4.17 The Polish plumber. This poster, inviting the French to meet the plumber in Polnd, becme n emblemtic rection to nti-immigrnt sentiment. into the community if he or she hs gone through comprehensive chnge of lifestyle. Assimiltion in Europe usully mens giving up the home culture nd ssimiltion the loss of old wys of life nd the doption of the lifestyle of nother country dopting the wys of the new country. If minority groups such s the Rom, who hve been in Europe for thousnds of yers mintin their trditionl wys, it is nerly impossible for them to blend into minstrem society. And mny in the lrger society believe the Rom, for exmple, do not wnt to ssimilte The Art of Integrtion in Germny As prime exmple of ssimiltion, consider the cse of Londoner Iqbl Whhb, the son of Bngldeshi immigrnts, whose resturnt clled Rost is iming to revive interest in wht he dmits is rther blnd eighteenth-century British cuisine. He creted Rost s rection ginst fst food nd the sfety issues posed by the globliztion of food. Speking s n ssimilted Brit, Whhb tlks of the vlue of using locl ingredients nd of the need to counterct the loss of British trdition s multiculturlism spreds through the country. Muslims, presently the focus of ssimiltion issues in the Europen Union, hve lived in Europe in smll pockets for well over 1000 yers. Like Mr. Whhb, these Muslims hve ssimilted thoroughly to, nd identify with, their home countries. For these long-stnding Europens, religion is not their min identity; rther they think of themselves s French or Swiss or Bosnin while occuption, gender, nd socil clss re perhps more importnt fetures of their identity.

15 232 CHAPTER 4 Europe (A) mi 0 km 0 PORTUGAL 15,000 (0.1%) GIBRALTAR 1000 (4.0%) SPAIN 650,000 (1.0%) ICELAND (0.1%) IRELAND 22,000 (0.5%) ISLE OF MAN (0.2%) CHANNEL ISLANDS (0.1%) ANDORRA 1000 (1%) UNITED KINGDOM 1.65 mil (2.7%) FAROE ISLANDS (<0.1%) DENMARK 88,000 (2.0%) N o r t h BELGIUM 281,000 (3.0%) LUXEMBOURG 13,000 (3.0%) N o r w e g i n FRANCE AUSTRIA 3.55 mil 353,000 (6%) (4.2%) SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA 323,000 49,000 (2.4%) (4.3%) CROATIA 18,000 (<1%) MONACO BOSNIA & (0.4%) HERZEGOVINA SAN MARINO 1.52 mil (40.0%) (<0.1%) ITALY M e VATICAN CITY (<0.1%) ARCTIC d i t e NORWAY 65,000 (1.0%) NETHERLANDS 946,000 (5.7%) GERMANY 4.02 mil (5.0%) LIECHTENSTEIN 2000 (4.8%) r r MONTENEGRO 111,000 (17.7%) n e MALTA 1000 (0.2%) SWEDEN 149,000 (2%) 36,000 (<1%) n l B i t S c POLAND 48,000 (<1%) CZECH REPUBLIC 1000 (<0.1%) HUNGARY 24,000 (0.2%) ESTONIA 2000 (0.1%) LATVIA 2000 (<1%) LITHUANIA 3000 (0.1%) SERBIA 244,000 (3.2%) FINLAND 24,000 (0.5%) SLOVAKIA (<0.1%) ROMANIA 66,000 (0.3%) BULGARIA 920,000 (12.2%) B l c k MACEDONIA 630, ,000 TURKEY (30.0%) (33.3%) mil KOSOVO (98.0%) 1.99 mil GREECE (89.6%) 310,000 (3.0%) ALBANIA 2.52 mil (79.9%) CYPRUS e Muslims s Percentge of Popultion Greter thn 10% 5 10% 3 4.9% 1 2.9% 0 0.9% No dt of Azov (B) (C) FIGURE 4.18 Muslims in Europe. (A) Muslims re smll minority in most Europen countries, but mny intend to mke the region their permnent home. Just how, or if, the ssimiltion of Muslims into lrgely seculr Europe will proceed is mjor topic of public debte. [Source: Mpping the Globl Muslim Popultion, The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Pew Reserch Center, October 2009, pp , t (B) Who is French? Youths shown here re witing for bus in Pris suburb. There is growing recognition tht French society discrimintes ginst immigrnts nd their children, especilly when it comes to hiring prctices. The unemployment rte is 9 percent for those of French ncestry, but 14 percent for those of foreign ncestry. NGOs like SOS Rcisme hve documented systemtic discrimintion in privte sector hiring prctices. The tensions periodiclly explode into violent episodes, such s the riots of 2005, which occured throughout Frnce, especilly in the poorer suburbs tht re home to most immigrnts nd children of immigrnts. (C) A Muslim womn is interviewed during demonstrtion in Brussels, Belgium, by group clling itself Stop the Islmiztion of Europe. She is Belgin nd hs converted to Islm. Europe s smll but growing Muslim immigrnt popultion (Figure 4.18) comes from wide rnge of plces nd culturl trditions: North Afric, Turkey, Centrl Asi, Pkistn, Bngldesh, Indonesi, the Guins. Some hve clung to trditionl dress, gender roles, nd religious vlues, while double dy the longer workdy of women with jobs outside the home who lso work s cretkers, housekeepers, nd/or cooks for their fmilies others hve ccepted nd prctice Europen culture. The deepening liention tht hs boiled over in recent yers mong some Muslim immigrnts nd their children resulting in protests, riots, nd occsionl terrorism reltes primrily to the systemtic exclusion of these less-ssimilted Muslims from meningful employment, from socil services, nd from higher eduction, which re seen correctly by immigrnt youth s the pths to success. The riots tht broke out in Pris in the fll of 2005 illustrte this point. Young people of North Africn descent were not protesting on behlf of Islm, but rther becuse of their lck of ccess to higher eduction, jobs, nd housing. Subsequent investigtions by the French medi reveled tht their complints were indeed legitimte. However, mny Europens, unwre of the context,