Citizenship and Immigrant Incorporation

Transcription

1 Citizenship and Immigrant Incorporation

2 Citizenship and Immigrant Incorporation Comparative Perspectives on North America and Western Europe Edited by Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann

3 CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRANT INCORPORATION Copyright Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Citizenship and immigrant incorporation : comparative perspectives on North America and Western Europe / editors, Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Citizenship. 2. Immigrants. 3. Social integration. I. Yurdakul, Gökçe. II. Bodemann, Y. Michal, 1944 JF801.C dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: October

4 Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Notes on the Contributors Foreword: The Integration Challenge Cem Özdemir vii ix xi xiii Introduction: Between Universalism and the Recognition of Otherness 1 Y. Michal Bodemann One Two Three Part I The Changing Nature of Migration in North America and Western Europe The Changing Nature of Migration in the Twenty-First Century: Implications for Integration Strategies 17 Aristide R. Zolberg The Economic Adaptation of Past and Present Immigrants: Lessons from a Comparative-Historical Approach 29 Ewa Morawska Citizenship and Pluralism: Multiculturalism in a World of Global Migration 57 Irene Bloemraad Four Part II Diaspora, Religion, and Counter-Traditions Islam and Multicultural Societies: A Transatlantic Comparison 75 Jocelyne Cesari Five The Changing Contours of the Immigrant Religious Life 99 Peggy Levitt

5 vi / contents Six Seven Eight Nine Crafting an Identity in the Diaspora: Iranian Immigrants in the United States 123 Valentine M. Moghadam Part III Nation-State, Transnational Migration and Immigrant Workers Nation-State Building Projects and the Politics of Transnational Migration: Locating Salvadorans in Canada, the United States, and El Salvador 141 Patricia Landolt Freedom to Discriminate: A National State Sovereignty and Temporary Migrant Workers in Canada 163 Nandita Sharma Professionals and Saints: How Immigrant Careworkers Negotiate Gender Identities at Work 185 Cinzia Solari Ten Eleven Part IV Immigrant Incorporation into Social Institutions We are Strong Together : The Unhappy Marriage of Immigrant Associations and Trade Unions in Germany 215 Gökçe Yurdakul Liberal Values and Illiberal Cultures: The Question of Sharia Tribunals in Ontario 233 H. Donald Forbes Index 247

6 List of Illustrations Tables 2.1 Similarities and differences in global, national, local, and individual factors contributing to economic integration of past and present immigrants Similarities and differences in the effects of combined (global, national, local, individual) circumstances on past and present immigrants economic integration Total number of (im)migrant workers in the Canadian labor market by calendar year, permanent residents destined to the labor market, and nonimmigrant workers, Labor recruitment to Canada from abroad, persons admitted as independent class immigrants and nonimmigrant workers, The participation of Turkish workers in the German unions (DGB) 221 Charts 8.1 Total number of (im)migrant workers in the Canadian labor market by calendar year, permanent residents destined to the labor market, and nonimmigrant workers, Labor recruitment to Canada from abroad, persons admitted as independent-class immigrants and nonimmigrant workers, Figure 9.1 Discursive practice, gender, and religious affiliation of respondents 189

7 Acknowledgments Most of the contributions to this volume resulted from the conference Citizenship, Ethnos, Multiculturalism: North American Models in Comparative Perspective organized with the joint sponsorship of the Joint Initiative for German and European Studies at the University of Toronto, the Heinrich Böll Stiftung and the Canadian Embassy in Berlin, during November 2 5, Independently from the conference presentations, this volume has developed its own path with articles from Irene Bloemraad, Ewa Morawska, Nandita Sharma, Cinzia Solari, and Gökçe Yurdakul. We would like to thank Ralf Fücks, Marieluise Beck, Cem Özdemir, Barbara John, Robert Vanderloo, Mekonnen Mesghena, Christine Mehta, Özcan Mutlu, and Michael Walther who contributed to this conference in different ways. We also want to thank Agata Piçkosz who helped with the manuscript and the Palgrave editorial team who carefully prepared it for publication.

8 Notes on the Contributors Y. Michal Bodemann is Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto and affiliated with the Joint Initiative in German and European Studies at the Munk Center for International Studies. Irene Bloemraad is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jocelyne Cesari is a Senior Research Fellow at CNRS-Paris and Associate at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University where she directs the Islam in the West Program (see ~mideast/activities/islaminwest/index.html). She teaches on Contemporary Islam at the Harvard Divinity School. H. Donald Forbes is Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto. Patricia Landolt is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto and Research Associate at the Centre for Urban and Community Studies. Peggy Levitt is Associate Professor and Chair of the Sociology Department at Wellesley College and a Research Fellow at The Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and at The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard University. Her book, God Needs No Passport: Immigrants and the Changing American Religious Landscape was published in June Valentine M. Moghadam is Professor of Sociology and Women s Studies at Purdue University, and Director of the Women s Studies Program. Ewa Morawska is Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom. Cem Özdemir is Member of the European Parliament for the Greens/EFA Parliamentary Group. Nandita Sharma is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies and the Department of Sociology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, Hawaii. Cinzia Solari is completing a PhD in Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley.

9 xii / notes on the contributors Gökçe Yurdakul is Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in the Department of Sociology at University of Dublin, Trinity College. Aristide R. Zolberg is a Walter A. Eberstadt Professor of Political Science at the Graduate Faculty of New School for Social Research in New York City and director of its International Centre for Migration, Ethnicity, and Citizenship.

10 Foreword: The Integration Challenge Cem Özdemir Germany is no immigration country this sentence was repeated like a mantra by members of several German governments until the end of the 1990s. Since then, even the conservative Christian Democrats have acknowledged a very different reality, although they do not miss an opportunity to emphasize that Germany is nevertheless not a classical immigration country. Whether classical or not, nobody would deny that the integration of immigrants and their offspring is a main challenge for Germany as well as other European countries. There is a rich scientific literature comparing European countries and the approach of the United States toward immigration and integration. As Europeans we should not take the bait to uncritically glorify the American situation but as someone who spent a year in Washington D.C. one experience has fundamentally shaped my private comparative look on the United States and Europe. It can be summarized in one word: republicanism. European societies still have severe difficulties to perceive an immigrant first of all as a (potential) citizen with equal rights and duties. We still rather define him or her by his origin, color, or religion. Not only the idiom a Turk with a German passport serves as an example but also the German debate about a so called Leitkultur, a leading or hegemonic culture. Instead of referring to the constitution and its universal human and civil rights some conservatives opt for a cultural instead of republican definition of identity. One can, of course, be German and Muslim at the same time, even though some have difficulties with this idea. Germany, as well as other European states, would be well advised to build a more cooperative relationship with moderate Muslims and their organizations, and help them find their place in mainstream society and to stop making matters of integration exclusively a matter of culture. And Muslims should do everything

11 xiv / foreword possible to identify and dissociate themselves from the black sheep within their communities. To find a place in mainstream society also implies passive and active political participation. Against this background it is highly critical that the number of naturalized immigrants in Germany is declining since its peak in the year 2000 when a new naturalization law has been introduced. As voters, immigrants could articulate their interests more effectively and in fact Europe s immigrants have to finally become active players to influence Europe s future on issues ranging from education reforms to social policy. Here a close look at Latinos in the United States would help, as the challenges facing Hispanic Americans mirror those confronting many European immigrant groups. Europe s ethnic associations must learn to shift their focus from the politics of their homeland and become more serious and respected political players in domestic policy affairs. It remains to be seen whether the educated and successful members of the second or third generation will change the character of ethnic or religious associations in such a way. And it remains also to be seen whether, for example, conservative parties in Europe try to reach out to the immigrant communities. We are still far from the American situation, where candidates explicitly and publicly fight for the votes of Hispanics and other migrant communities who are seen as full citizens regardless of their ethno-religious background. Could anybody imagine a German chancellor giving a weekly radio address in the language of the country s largest immigrant community (as has happened in the United States)? Against this background we hardly can underestimate the effect of political culture and the way the topic of immigration and integration is treated in the public. It is no question that the integration of migrants will only succeed when we offer opportunities and make demands at the same time. But for far too long, we have ignored the fact that the first generation of guest workers who came from Turkey, Italy, and other southern European countries simply could not provide the educational support needed to help their children move up the social ladder. The result is that we have too many secondgeneration migrant children leaving school without a degree and too few migrants in top positions who could serve as positive role models. Education is the most important key to the successful economic, social, and political integration of migrants as is also underlined by the regular findings of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). And as education is an area where politics definitely counts whether in relation to the organization of preschool care, the school system, the qualification of teachers, and the acquisition of languages Germany and other EU member states must realize the potential benefits of migration and integration, and, therefore, should do everything possible to foster more

12 foreword / xv equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility. It was the first PISA study in 2000 which revealed that the effect of socioeconomic background of the students on their success in school was stronger in Germany than in any other participating OECD country this has hardly changed since then. Europe s success or failure in the integration challenge will, last but not least, be assessed by its efforts to improve the educational opportunities of immigrant children.