Please cite the use of any of these data as follows:

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1 Codebook for the European QoG Index and Regional Level Correlates Please cite the use of any of these data as follows: Charron, Nicholas, Victor Lapuente and Lewis Dykstra Regional Governance Matters: A Study on Regional Variation in Quality of Government within the EU (forthcoming at Regional Studies) Overview Data for the European QoG Index (EQI). was constructed from a report sponsored by the EU Commission for Regional Policy titled Measuring Quality of Government and Sub National Variation (Charron, Nicholas; Victor Lapuente and Bo Rothstein eds.), The full EU policy report can be located at: In this document is a description of data that comprises the EQI. The data covers all 27 EU countries as well as 172 NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions within 18 of the 27 countries, thus the data is given for 181 separate units. The data for regions was collected via a large survey of roughly 34,000 respondents in Europe in December of The national level estimates are taken from the World Bank Governance Indicators (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2009). The regional estimates are comprised of 16 separate indicators, each described below and included in the data set. The method and formula for constructing the index is also described here so that replication and further sensitivity tests can be done by outside scholars. All underlying indicators are included for purposes of replication and other research along with several other variables from the EU report cited above. In addition, we include all data used from the Charron, Lapuente and Dykstra (2012) paper listed above. Unit of Analysis: I. REGIONAL LEVEL In 18 countries, we include data at both the national and the regional levels NUTS 1 level regions are employed for the following countries: Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Greece, Hungary, and Sweden -NUTS 2 level regions are employed in the following countries: Austria, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Poland and Bulgaria. II. NATIONAL LEVEL In 9 countries, we include data at the national level only: 1

2 Finland, Ireland, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourgh, Malta and Cyprus It is worth noting that in several of the countries, the unit of analysis is not the primary administrative level, as several countries such as Romania or Slovakia are highly centralized. The NUTS region is thus a planning region constructed by the EU Commission. Therefore, any analysis using variables to account for regional level party systems or electoral institutions would only available for politically administratively relevant regions, such as those in Germany or Spain for example. Construction of the EQI: We start by taking the country average from the WGI data for four indicators: control of corruption, government effectiveness, rule of law and voice and accountability and combine the four into one composite index (equal weighting) 1. Then, the combined WGI data is standardized for the EU sample. This figure is used as country s mean score in the EQI for all 27 countries. The regional data itself combines 16 survey questions about QOG in the region. The services in question are public education, public health care and law enforcement. The questions are centered on three QoG concepts: quality, impartiality and corruption. In building the regional index, we aggregated the 16 questions/indicators to three pillars based on factor analysis; labeled quality, impartiality and corruption, then we averaged these three pillars together to form the final index figure for each region. After each stage of aggregation, the data are standardized. For the nine countries outside of the regional survey, there is nothing to add to the WGI Country score, thus the WGI data is used as the QoG estimate alone, and regional variation is unobserved. With respect to countries with the regional data, we set the national average using the WGI and explain the within country variance using the regional level data. Simply speaking, we aggregate the regional QoG score for each of the 18 countries in the survey, weighting each region s score by their share of the national population. We then subtract this mean score from each region s individual QoG score from the regional study, which shows if the region is above or below its national average and by how much. This figure is then added to the national level, WGI data, so each region has an adjusted score, centered on the WGI. The formula employed is the following: ( ) where EQI is the final score from each region or country in the EQI, WGI is the World Bank s national average for each country, Rqog is each region s score from the regional survey and CRqog is the country average (weighted by regional population) of all regions within the country from the regional survey. The EQI is standardized so that the mean is 0 with a standard deviation of 1. Extensive sensitivity testing has been done 1 In addition, we underwent extensive sensitivity testing of each of these 4 pillars of QoG from the World Bank and found the data to be highly robust. For a closer look at the sensitivity tests and results for the EU sample of countries see Charron, Nicholas Assessing The Quality of the Quality of Government Data: A Sensitivity Test of the World Bank Government Indicators. QoG Working paper. 2

3 for both the WGI national level data as well as the regional data within the index to show that the data is robust to several specification alterations in weighting scheme, aggregation and individual indicators among other changes. A more detailed version of this description can be found in Charron, Lapuente and Rothstein (2010). The results of the sensitivity test can be found in a working paper by Charron (2011) 2. Description of Variables used to construct the EQI as well as correlate variables used in several subsequent analyses Variable Name NUTS Name number country eu15 Description Name of country or regional NUTS code Name of country or region Number assigned to country or region in the dataset country-number If a country or region is part of the EU 15 ('1') or not ('0') capitalregion If region is a capital region ('1') or not ('0') Autonomous If a region is a given special autonomous status ('1') or not ('0') Language equals '1' if region has two or more official languages and '0' if only one EdQual HelEq LawEq Election on quality of public education in region/area on quality of public health care in region/area on quality of law enforcement in region/area 2 The Quality of the Quality of Government Data presented at APSA,

4 on the extent to which corruption persists in regional elections Media EdImpart1 HelImpart1 LawImpart1 EdImpart2 HelImpart2 LawImpart2 EdCor HelCor LawCor OthersCorr on likelihood of media reporting corruption in public sector or by politicians in the region/ area on the extent to which certain people receive special advantages in public education on the extent to which certain people receive special advantages in public health care on the extent to which certain people receive special advantages from law enforcement on the extent to which all citizens are treated equally in public education on the extent to which all citizens are treated equally in public health services on the extent to which all citizens are treated equally by law enforcement on the extent to which corruption persists in the education system in the region/area on the extent to which corruption persists in the health care system in the region/area on the extent to which corruption persists in the law enforcement in the region/area on the extent to which respondents felt other citizens in the region/area use bribery to obtain public services 4

5 HelBribe Quality Impart Corrupt RegQoG Margin NatregQoG WGI EQI asking whether the respondents were forced to pay a bribe in the last 12 months to obtain any health care in the region/area The aggregated regional score of Edqual, HelQual, Lawqual, Media and Election (equal weighting) The aggregated regional score for EdImpart1, EdImpart2 HelImpart1, HelImpart2, LawIMpart1 and LawIMpart2 (equal weighting) The aggregated regional score for EdCorr, HelCorr, LawCorr, OthersCorr and Helbribe The combined score from Quality, Impart and Corruption (equal weighting) The margin of error constructed around the regional QoG estimate The national average for each country in the regional survey (weighted by each region's population) The country score from World Bank The full, combined composite QoG index score for each country and region EQI100 The EQI re-scaled from population07-09 popweight07-09 logpop07-09 Area logarea HDI Europc07-09 population of country or region (in 1000 s) averaged from (population of region)/(total country population) Logged value of population07-09 size of region (squared kilometers) logged value of Area Human Development Index (2008, from Eurostat) Euros per capita (PPP) of country or region 5

6 averaged from loggdppc07-09 Logged value of Europc07-09 tertiaryedpct Percentage of population with some type of tertiary degree (or higher) x 100. (2006, from Eurostat) Trust From Tabellini (2010)2. The percentage of respondents who answer that: Most people can be trusted (alternatives being Can t be too careful and Don t know ) to the question Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can t be too careful in dealing with people?, from the World Value Surveys, (Inglehart et al ) Infantmort Infant mortality rate. Deaths under 1 year of age / 1000 live births, average, from Eurostat SmfirmPC The per capita number of small firms (per 100,000 residents) in each region. Averaged from Raw data taken from Amedeus, final numbers calculated by Charron, Lapuente and Nistoskaya (2012) NUTS CODE AT AT11 AT12 AT13 AT21 AT22 AT31 AT32 AT33 AT34 BE BE1 BE2 BE3 BG BG31 NAME Austria Burgenland Niederöstrerreich Wien Kärnten Steiermark Oberösterreich Salzburg Tirol Voralberg Belgium Brussels Vlaams Gewest Wallonie Bulgaria Severozapaden 6

7 BG32 BG33 BG34 BG41 BG42 CZ CZ01 CZ02 CZ03 CZ04 CZ05 CZ06 CZ07 CZ08 DK DK01 DK02 DK03 DK04 DK05 DE DE1 DE2 DE3 DE4 DE5 DE6 DE7 DE8 DE9 DEA DEB DEC DED DEE DEF DEG FR FR10 FR21 FR22 FR23 Severen Tsentralen Severoiztochen Yugoiztochen Yugozapaden Yuzhen Tsentralen Czech Rep. Praha Stredni Cechy Jihozapad Severozapad Severovychod Jihovychod Stedni Morava Moravskoslezsko Denmark Hovedstaden Sjaelland Syddanmark Midtylland Nordjylland Germany Baden Wuttemberg Bavaria Berlin Brandenburg Bremen Hamburg Hessen Mecklenburg-Vorpommen Lower Saxony North Rhine Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate Saarland Saxony Saxony-Anhalt Schleswig-Holstein Thuringia France Ile-de-France Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Haute-Normandie 7

8 FR24 FR25 FR26 FR30 FR41 FR42 FR43 FR51 FR52 FR53 FR61 FR62 FR63 FR71 FR72 FR81 FR82 FR83 FR91 FR92 FR93 FR94 GR GR1 GR2 GR3 GR4 HU HU1 HU2 HU3 IT ITC1 ITC2 ITC3 ITC4 ITD1 ITD2 ITD3 ITD4 ITD5 ITE1 Centre Basse-Normandie Bourgogne Nord - Pas-de-Calais Lorraine Alsace Franche-Comte Pays de la Loire Bretagne Poitou-Charentes Aquitaine Midi-Pyrenees Limousin Rhone-Alpes Auvergne Languedoc-Roussillon Provence-Alpes-Cote d'azur Corse Guadeloupe Martinique Guyane Reunion Greece Voreia Ellada Kentriki Ellada Attica Nisia Aigaiou-Kriti Hungary Közép-Magyarország Dunántúl Észak és Alföld Italy Piemonte Valle d'acosta Ligura Lombardia Bolzano Trento Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia Emilia-Romagna Toscana 8

9 9 ITE2 Umbria ITE3 Marche ITE4 Lazio ITF1 Abruzzo ITF2 Molise ITF3 Campania ITF4 Puglia ITF5 Basilicata ITF6 Calabria ITG1 Sicilia ITG2 Sardegna NL Netherlands NL1 Noord-Nederland NL2 Oost-Nederland NL3 West-Nederland NL4 Zuid-Nederland PL Poland PL11 Lodzkie PL12 Mazowieckie PL21 Malopolskie PL22 Slaskie PL31 Lubelskie PL32 Podkarpackie PL33 Swietokrzyskie PL34 Podlaskie PL41 Wielkopolskie PL42 Zachodniopomorskie PL43 Lubuskie PL51 Dolnoslaskie PL52 Opolskie PL61 Kujawsko-Pomorskie PL62 Warminsko-Mazurskie PL63 Pomorskie PT Portugal PT11 Norte PT15 Algarve PT16 Centro PT17 Lisboa PT18 Alentejo PT20 Região Autónoma dos Açores PT30 Região Autónoma da Madeira RO Romania

10 RO11 RO12 RO21 RO22 RO31 RO32 RO41 RO42 SK SK01 SK02 SK03 SK04 ES ES11 ES12 ES13 ES21 ES22 ES23 ES24 ES30 ES41 ES42 ES43 ES51 ES52 ES53 ES61 ES62 ES63 ES64 ES70 SE SE1 SE2 SE3 UK UKC UKD UKE UKF Nord-Vest Centru Nord-Est Sud-Est Sud-Muntenia Bucuresti-Ilfov Sud-Vest Oltenia Vest Slovakia Bratislavský kraj Západné Slovensko Stredné Slovensko Východné Slovensko Spain Galicia Principado de Asturias Cantabria Pais Vasco Comunidad Foral de Navarra La Rioja Aragón Comunidad de Madrid Castilla y León Castilla-La Mancha Extremadura Cataluña Comunidad Valenciana Illes Balears Andalucia Región de Murcia Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (ES) Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla (ES) Canarias (ES) Sweden Östra Sverige Södra Sverige Norra Sverige United Kingdom Northeast England Northwest England Yorkshire-Humber East Midland England 10

11 UKG UKH UKI UKJ UKK UKL UKM UKN CY EE FI IE LV LT LU MT SI West Midland England East of England London South East England South West England Wales Scotland N. Ireland Cyprus Estonia Finland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourgh Malta Slovenia 11