the state, community and the environment

Transcription

1 Myanmar the state, community and the environment

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3 Myanmar the state, community and the environment Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds) Asia Pacific Press The Australian National University

4 iv Copublished by ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia anuepress@anu.edu.au This title is available online at ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press 2007 This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publishers. The views expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily of the publishers. Asia Pacific Press Crawford School of Economics and Government The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Ph: Fax: books@asiapacificpress.com Website: National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication entry Myanmar : the state, community and the environment. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN (pbk.) ISBN (online) 1. Burma - Economic conditions. 2. Burma - Environmental conditions. 3. Burma - Politics and government. 4. Burma - Social conditions. I. Wilson, Trevor. II. Skidmore, Monique. III. Title Cover design: Teresa Prowse, ANU E Press The cover image is based on the oil painting Welcome Summer by Shwe Maung Thar, a Rakhine artist living in Mrauk-U, western Myanmar. Printed by University Printing Service, The Australian National University, Canberra

5 Contents Tables Figures Maps Abbreviations Contributors Editors note Introduction vi vii vii viii xi xvi xvii Assessing political/military developments after the departure of Khin Nyunt 1. The political situation in Myanmar 1 Vicky Bowman 2. A Burmese perspective on prospects for progress 18 Khin Zaw Win 3. Of kyay-zu and kyet-su: the military in Mary Callahan 4. Conflict and displacement in Burma/Myanmar 54 Ashley South 5. Foreign policy as a political tool: Myanmar Trevor Wilson Assessing the economic situation after the banking crisis 6. Myanmar s economy in Sean Turnell 7. Transforming Myanmar s rice marketing 135 Ikuko Okamoto 8. Industrial zones in Burma and Burmese 159 labour in Thailand Guy Lubeigt

6 vi Implications of current development strategies for Myanmar s environment 9. Environmental governance in the SPDC s Myanmar 189 Tun Myint 10. Environmental governance of mining in Burma 218 Matthew Smith 11. Spaces of extraction: governance along the riverine 246 networks of Nyaunglebin District Ken MacLean 12. Identifying conservation issues in Kachin State 271 Tint Lwin Thaung Index 290 Tables 1.1 The SPDC s seven-step road-map of 30 August Chapters of the Draft Constitution Typology of forced migration Claimed annual GDP growth rates, Economic growth estimates, State share of Myanmar s financial resources, 114 selected indicators, Customs duty revenues, Indicative (unofficial) exchange rates, Myanmar s external sector, selected indicators, Composition of exports, Foreign direct investment flows, Foreign exchange reserves, selected countries, Selected financial indicators, Estimated volume of domestically marketed rice, Changes in milled rice by MAPT-owned 141 and MAPT-contracted mills,

7 7.3 Changes in volume of rationed rice Direction of Myanmar s rice exports, Number of private mills registered with MAPT Number of private mills contracted for 148 procurement of paddy, Development of the private sector in Industrial zones in Burma, Labour force and unemployment rate, Illegal migrant labour from Burma in Thailand Types of jobs and salaries paid to Burmese 177 workers in Thailand 9.1 Current major environmental legislation International environmental conventions 202 ratified or signed by Burma 11.1 Selected list of rents extracted in the mining 260 concessions, Shwegyin Township, Categories of stakeholders interviewed Large-scale issues arising from official projects withinstitutional support and driven by larger commercial interests Small-scale issues, often driven by financial hardship Threats ranked by stakeholders, regardless of scale Official logging companies in northern Myanmar 286 Figures 7.1 Changes in procurement and farm-gate prices, Shwegyin Township Mining Area 247 Maps 8.1 Industrial zones in Burma Industrial zones along the Thailand-Burma border Asian highways across Burma 173 vii