International Migration and Sending Countries

Transcription

1 International Migration and Sending Countries

2 Also by Eva Østergaard-Nielsen TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS: Turks and Kurds in Germany

3 International Migration and Sending Countries Perceptions, Policies and Transnational Relations Edited by Eva Østergaard-Nielsen Marie Curie Research Fellow Migration Research Group Department of Geography Autonomous University of Barcelona

4 Editorial matter, selection and Chapters 1, 4 and 10 Eva Østergaard-Nielsen 2003 Chapters 2 3 and 5 9 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No production, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International migration and sending countries: perceptions, policies and transnational relations/edited by Eva Østergaard-Nielsen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Emigration and immigration. 2. Transnationalism. I. Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva, 1969 JV6032.I dc

5 Contents Preface Notes on the Contributors List of Abbreviations vii viii x Part I Introduction 1 International Migration and Sending Countries: Key Issues and Themes 3 Eva Østergaard-Nielsen Part II From Exit to Voice? 2 Los Olvidados Become Heroes: The Evolution of Mexico s Policies Towards Citizens Abroad 33 Jesús Martínez-Saldaña 3 Dominicans Abroad: Impacts and Responses in a Transnational Society 57 David Howard 4 Turkey and the Euro Turks : Overseas Nationals as an Ambiguous Asset 77 Eva Østergaard-Nielsen 5 Overseas Filipino Workers: Sacrificial Lambs at the Altar of Deregulation 99 Mary Lou L. Alcid Part III Old Homelands, New Policies 6 Mother India s Forgotten Children 121 Marie Lall 7 Courting a Diaspora: Armenia Diaspora Relations since Razmik Panossian v

6 vi Contents Part IV Sending Countries in Conflict 8 Long-Distance Nationalism and the Responsible State: The Case of Eritrea 171 Khalid Koser 9 Priming the Diaspora: Cyprus and the Overseas Greek Cypriots 185 Madeleine Demetriou Part V Conclusion 10 Continuities and Changes in Sending Country Perceptions, Policies and Transnational Relations with Nationals Abroad 209 Eva Østergaard-Nielsen Bibliography 225 Index 236

7 Preface This volume originates in a workshop organized at the London School of Economics and Political Science in July The result of this workshop and subsequent discussions between the editor and the contributors is a volume that focuses on eight sending countries, from the Americas, Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. Drawing on the expertise and recent research of the eight contributors, the volume s primary aim is to highlight sending countries role and influence on migration management and relations with emigrants or established diasporas, in particular the extent to which these countries facilitate overseas nationals engagement in the national economy and political sphere. It shows the differences and parallels between sending countries previously involved in labour export but now trying to include these emigrants in the national polity from afar; homelands who, after gaining independent statehood, struggle to find the right balance between support from and interference by already established diasporas; and sending countries in conflict who may or may not turn to their overseas nationals for support. Some of the original contributions to the workshop are, for various reasons, not included in this volume, but have been replaced with other chapters by authors joining the project at a later stage. I am grateful to all contributors for their enthusiasm for this volume and for going through several rounds of revisions so carefully. I would like to thank the Economic and Social Research Council s Transnational Communities Programme and the International Relations Department at the London School of Economics for their financial and logistic support during the initial stages of this project. I am grateful to those colleagues and friends, in particular William Wallace, Rebecca Golbert, Alisdair Rogers and Christian Thune, who have provided thoughtful comments on earlier versions of the general chapters of the volume. EVA ØSTERGAARD-NIELSEN vii

8 Notes on the Contributors Mary Lou L. Alcid is Assistant Professor at the Department of Social Work, College of Social Work and Community Development at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. She is also the Executive Director of KANLUNGAN Centre Foundation, a nongovernmental organization that works for the promotion and protection of the rights and welfare of overseas Filipino workers, especially women, and their families, and President of the Network Opposed to Violence against Women Migrants (NOVA). She has been involved in issues relating to international labour migration as a social worker and activist since Her published articles include Remittances: the new empowering tool of overseas Filipinos (co-written with Andres G. Panganiban), in Helping Build Local Economies: A Framework for Microfinance Practitioners (New Rural Bank of San Leonardo, 2002); The impact of the Asian economic crisis on women migrant workers, and Trends in the overseas employment of Filipina workers four years after the Asian financial and economic crisis, in Carrying the Burden of the World: Women Reflecting on the Effects of the Crisis on Women and Girls (J. Illo and R. P. Ofreno (eds), University of the Philippines, 2002). Madeleine Demetriou received her PhD from the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent in Canterbury in The thesis was entitled Politicising the Diaspora: Contested Identities Among the Greek Cypriot Community in Britain. On diasporic politics, she has published: Beyond the nation-state? Transnational politics in the age of diaspora, ASEN Bulletin, no. 16, David Howard is Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Edinburgh. His principal research and teaching interests focus on the social and urban geographies of Caribbean and Latin American societies, with a particular emphasis on issues of international migration, racism and multicultural policies. Recent publications include Cities of the Imagination: Kingston (Signal Books, 2003) and Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic (Lynne Rienner, 2001). Khalid Koser is Lecturer in Human Geography at University College London, and a member of the Migration Research Unit. He is co-editor viii

9 Notes on the Contributors ix of The New Migration in Europe (Macmillan, 1998), The End of the Refugee Cycle? (Berghahn, 1999) and New Approaches to Migration? (Routledge, 2002). Marie Lall is a research associate at the Social Science Research Unit in the Institute of Education, London. She finished her PhD at the London School of Economics in Her thesis was published by Ashgate under the title India s Missed Opportunity in Since then she has undertaken a study on the Punjab and the Punjabi Diaspora and has worked and published on a variety of issues relating to diaspora/ migration studies, education policy and social exclusion. The focus countries have included Britain, Portugal and India. Jesús Martínez-Saldaña is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chicano and Latin American Studies at California State University, Fresno. A native of Michoacán, Mexico, he belongs to a family with a strong and old tradition of migration. He received a BS in Political Science from Santa Clara University, an MA in Latin American Studies from the University of California at Berkeley, and a PhD in Ethnic Studies from the same institution. His works on Mexican immigration have been published in Mexico, the United States and Europe. His most recent work is La dimensión política de la migración Mexicana (The political dimension of Mexican migration) (Mexico: Instituto José María Luis Mora), co-authored with Leticia Calderón Chelius. Eva Østergaard-Nielsen is a Marie Curie Research Fellow at the Migration Research Group, Department of Geography, at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. She is author of Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany (Routledge, 2003) and has published several articles on the issue of migrants political participation, transnational networks and international relations. Razmik Panossian teaches at the Department of Government at the London School of Economics. He has published a number of articles on Armenia diaspora relations, and his forthcoming book is on Armenian nationalism and the diaspora.

10 List of Abbreviations AK Party AMEND ANAP ARF BJP CDU CFO CHP DoLE DSP ELF EPLF ERA EZLN FERA GNP HPSA IFE ILO IMF IOM IRCA JCE KLA MHP MIT NAFTA NRI OECD OWWA PAN PVEM PFDJ PIO Justice and Development Party (Turkey) Alliance of Migrant Workers and Advocates for the Amendment of RA 8042 (The Philippines) Motherland Party (Turkey) Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bharatia Janata Party (India) Christian Democratic Union (Germany) Commission of Filipinos Overseas Republican People s Party (Turkey) Department of Labour and Employment (The Philippines) Democratic Left Party (Turkey) Eritrean Liberation Front Eritrean People s Liberation Front Eritrean Relief Association Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Mexico) Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (India) Gross National Product Hawaii Sugar Planters Association Federal Electoral Institute (Mexico) International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund International Organization for Migration Immigration Reform and Control Act (USA) Central Electoral Board (Dominican Republic) Kosovo Liberation Army National Movement Party (Turkey) Turkish Secret Service North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Resident Indian Organization for Economic Cooporation and Development Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (The Philippines) National Action Party Green Ecological Party of Mexico People s Front for Democracy and Justice (Eritrea) Person of Indian Origin x

11 List of Abbreviations xi PIO PLD POEA POMAK PRD PRD PRI PRSC PSEKA RBI SG SP SPD SRE TRNC UNCTAD ZfT Press and Information Office (Cyprus) Dominican Liberation Party Philippine Overseas Employment Administration World Federation of Overseas Cypriots Dominican Revolutionary Party Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico) Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico) Christian Social Reform Party (Dominican Republic) International Coordinating Committee Justice for Cyprus Reserve Bank of India Secretary of Governance (Gobernación) (Mexico) Happiness Party (Turkey) Social Democratic Party (Germany) Secretariat of Foreign Relations (Mexico) Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Zentrum für Türkeistudien