Garden City High School Global History & Geography IV. lylr. M. Stratis, Esq.

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1 Garden City High School Global History & Geography IV lylr. M. Stratis, Esq. Lesson: South Asia Aim: What challenges have faced the countries of South Asia since independence? 1. How did the end ofbritish rule in India affect the region? r-- ~7/ C. India received independence from Britain in Violent riots between Hindus and Muslims broke out 2. Led to the creation oftwo countries out ofindia a. Heavily Muslim areas in the far west and far east became Pakistan b. Vast area in between, where most people were Hindus, became India 3. Led to the largest mass movement ofpeople million) in history and the death ofhundreds ofthousands 4. Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist on January 30, More than 60 million Muslims remained in India India's first prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru ) 1. Brought stability to India and tried to achieve a sense of"unity in diversity" a. India's new constitution granted universal suffrage, aimed to ban caste distinctions and improve status ofwomen 2. Followed policyof nonalignment avoiding ties with either the US or USSR) 3. Pursued a democratic path to Socialism by introducing a series of Five Year Plans for economic development 1950) 4. In 1962, China invaded India over a border dispute a. India turned to the USSR for military aid b. India beganto develop its own nuclearweapons Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected prime minister in First woman to lead the Indian government and the Congress Party 2. Although popular when she took office, she gradually began to govern with an "iron fist" in order to pursue her policies and keep power for herself and her family 3. Full-scale war broke out between India and Pakistanover the Kashmir region in 1967; ended with a UN ceasefire a. Two-thirds of the territory was governed by India although most Kashmiris are Muslims b. India claimed the right to administerterritory and promised to hold plebiscite to support its claims c. Many Muslims challenged India's claims 4. Inrlia tp.dp.n its fir~t ::!tnmi~ hnmh in 1Q7L1.

2 - Ci 5. When convicted ofcorruption in 1975, she suspended the constitution, proclaimed a "state of emergency" and arrested thousands of her poli tical opponents 6. In 1977, she unexpectedly lost the election to her political opponent Morarji Desai ofthe Janata Dal Party 7. Due to divisions among her opponents, Indira was reelected prime minister in She had to deal with severe internal problems involving reli gious minorities and by the Sikh desire for indep endence in the Punjab region a. In 1983, over 20,000 people died from clashes between Hindus and Muslims in Assam province b. In 1984, Indira Gandhi crushed a rebellion ofsikhs by sending tanks and troops into the holi est Sikh shrine, the Golden Temple ofamritsar c. Two ofher personal bodyguards, themselves Sikhs, assassinated her D. Rajiv Gandhi, Indira's son, succeeded in He triedto obtain foreign aid for India in meetings with U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev 2. Rajiv proved to be weak and unpopular, and made little progress in solving domestic problems 3. In the 1989 elections, he and his Congress Party were defeated by V.P. Singh and the Janata Dal Party 4. Ruling coalition fell apart and new elections were called in Rajiv Gandhi was poised for a sure victory but was assassinated by a Tamil woman angered by his actions as prime minister he helped Sri Lanka put down a Tamil rebellion May 1991)) E. India's prime ministership has changed hands many times since 1991 '. 1. P.V. Narasimha Rao ) made progress in boosting India's economy 2. Chandra Shekhar 1996) failed to form a strong government 3. H.D. Deve Gowda ) also lost control when his coalition fell apart following the withdrawal ofthe Congress Party 4. I.K Gujral ) temporarily succeeded in forming a stronger coalition government 5. J. Vajpayee 1988-present) presently rules the country II. How did Pakistan and Bangladesh develop after Pakistan faced difficulties ofjoining two distinct Muslim regions separated by over 1,000 miles ofindian territory 1. West Pakistan was dry and mountainous; most spoke Urdu 2. East Pakistan was a wet lowlands region; most spoke Bengali In March 1971, civil war broke out between the two regions ~~) 1. In December 1971, India joined the war in support ofeast Pakistan \,;;:-.~~,:; :._

3 C. 2. Fighting spread to West Pakistan and Kashmir 3. War ended quickly and East Pakistan won independence as the Republic of Bangladesh Both countries contended with military regimes and short-lived democracies 1. Bangladesh's first two prime ministers were assassinated a. Army generals controlledbangladesh from 1975 to 1990 b. Popular demonstrations in 1991 forced military to hold free elections c. Khalida Zia became prime minister 2. Pakistansuffered from political instability and militaryrule a. Popularly elected Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was assassinated by military operatives b. Military takeover was achieved by General Zia al-huq c. General Zia was killed in a suspicious airplane explosion d. Benazir Bhutto daughter ofthe assassinated Bhutto) was elected prime minister in 1988 but ousted from power in 1990 e. Free elections took place in 1993 and Bhutto was re-elected prime minister f. Political scandals and corruption led to the downfall of Bhutto's government and the return ofthe military g. General Pervez Musharafrules as dictator 3. Pakistan allied itself with the U.S. during the 1970s and '80s to counter India's close military and economic ties with the USSR a. Pakistanis allowed the US to channel military arms to anti Soviet rebels in neighboring Afghanistan b. Afghan rebels used Pakistan as a base ofoperations c. Military spending has taken a large share ofpakistan's budgetbecause oftensions with India d. Pakistan's efforts to develop nuclear weapons led the US to cut economic aid in 1990 e. By the year 2000, Pakistan and India developed nuclear weapons III. Why does Sri Lanka have problems? Britain granted independence to the island ofceylon in ill 1972, the island republic was renamed Sri Lanka 2. Ethnic civil war broke out since the 1980s a. Sinhalese 75% ofpopulation) are Buddhists b. Tamils 20%) are Hindus Tamils complain ofdiscrimination and demand the creation ofa Tamil state within Sri Lanka 1. This had led to years ofclashes between Tamil guerillas and government troops

4 ~.. Garden City High School Global History & Geography IV Mr. M. Stratis, Esq. Lesson: Southeast Asia Aim: How did Southeast Asia develop into an area ofbooming economies? 1. How did Thailand and Myanmar develop after World War II? Thailand known as Siam] continues to be a stabilizing force in the region 1. The Thai state was never colonized nor did it fight for independence 2. Thai monarchy is still in power but the real power is now held by top military leaders a ' In 1991, a new government took over and abolished the constitution and the parliament h. In 1992, widespread demonstrations forced military government to resign and called for new elections c. Pro-military parties won most ofthe seats 3. Thailand was firmly anti-communist during the Cold War 4. Thai economy and standard ofliving continue to prosper Myanmar [known as Burma] has faced a rocky road in the last halfcentury 1. Became an independent republic in 1948 after years ofbritish rule 2. The new Burmese govermnent was opposed by Communists and various ethnic groups a. In 1962, military leaders seized control to restore order b. Turned nation into a dictatorship during the 1960s-70s c. Dictators took control ofeconomy, took an isolationist stance in foreign policy and contacts, and forbade political criticism 3. In the late 1980s, Burmese citizens protested and demanded democracy a. Military promised free elections in 1990 b. Leader ofmain opposition party, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, was arrested just prior to the opening ofthe polls i. In spite ofher arrest, her party won the elections c. Military leaders refused to accept election results and drafted a new constitution defining the role ofthe military in the government d. For her nonviolent struggle, Aung San Suu Kyi won the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize II. How did the rim ofsoutheast Asia develop during the post-war years? ~ ='" Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in

5 '. r----. C. 1. New nation consisted of 13,000 islands across 3,000 miles with a population oftwo hundred million, which is predominantly Muslim 2. First president, Achmed Sukarno, did much to unite the nation and adopted the use ofa national language 3. In 1956, Communists tried to seize control ofthe Indonesian government a About 300,000 ethnic Chinese suspected ofbeing Communist were massacred by the Sukarno government b. Sukarno was forced out ofoffice and replaced by General Suharto, a staunch anti-communist 4. In 1975,Indonesia seized the former Portuguese colony ofeast Timor a. Indonesia has refused to grant Timorese independence b. Some 200,000 Timorese have died as a result of Indonesian oppression 5. Suharto continued to rule and led the country into a period ofeconomic growth and political stability a Indonesia has oil and many natural resources b. European, Japanese and Americans compete for Indonesian trade Malaysia was created by the merger ofseveral former British colonies in Made up ofterritory On the Malay Peninsula and on the island ofborneo 2. Conflict between Malays and Chinese has been a source oftension 3. Since the early 1970s, Malaysia has been relatively stable 4. Has enjoyed an economic boom in the last decade Singapore is a small island republic offthe tip ofthe Malay Peninsula 1. Became independent in Serves as a leading international port and commercial center 3. Involved in shipping, banking, insurance and telecommunications 4. Singapore's population is well-educated and prosperous with a standard of living second only to Japan's in Asia 5. Economic growth occurred under the authoritarian leadership ofprime minister Lee Kuan Yew ) 6. Government focused on encouraging high tech industries and foreign business investment 2

Reading Essentials and Study Guide Independence and Nationalism in the Developing World

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