Name: Grade 10 AP World History. Chapter Study Guide

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1 Chapter Study Guide Chapter 36: Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21 st Century Chapter 38: Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence Short Answer Questions Read chapters from your textbook and answer the following questions based on the reading in the space provided. 1. What events led to the Cold War? 2. Describe the Cuban revolution of the 1950s. 3. How did western Europe change after World War II? 4. How did culture and society in the West change during the decades of the Cold War? 5. What were the main events in eastern Europe after World War II? 1

2 6. What types of cultural and social unrest occurred in the Soviet Union during the 1980s? 7. Define authoritarian reformer. How have authoritarian reforms had a role in Latin America since 1945? 8. Compare and contrast the radical revolutions of the 1950s in Cuba and Guatemala. 9. Discuss the role of the military in Latin American political development during the late 20th century. 10. What problems tend to be typical of all third world nations? 2

3 11. How have women fared in the newly independent nations of the third world? 12. Compare and contrast the postcolonial governments of India and Egypt. 13. In what sense was the Iranian revolution of 1979 a throwback to the fundamentalist revolts of the 19th century? 14. In what sense has the process of decolonization been a positive movement? 3

4 Create a list of important terms and concepts you will need to know. Chapters Term/Name Definition Memory Clue Page# 4

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8 1. What crisis emerged in 1956 that demonstrated the diminished powers of European nations in world affairs? a. Portugal attempted to reassert its control over Goa. b. The Netherlands sought to establish colonial rule in South Africa. c. Britain and France attempted forcibly to halt Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal. d. France was driven from Libya. 2. U.S. opposition to Soviet aggression in western Europe was predicated on a. a massive superiority in men under arms. b. the technological superiority of it tanks and artillery. c. a nuclear "umbrella." d. the political division within the Soviet Union. 3. Which of the following statements concerning the U.S. military spending is most accurate? a. After World War II, U.S. military spending continuously declined. b. Under Democratic presidents, the percentage of U.S. resources devoted to the military increased while under Republican presidents the same expenditures decreased. c. The U.S. abandoned military preeminence to the growing power of France. d. Regardless of the party in political power, the percentage of the U.S. budget going to the military remained stable from the 1950s to the 1980s. 4. Which of the following statements concerning the European welfare state is most accurate? a. The imposition of the welfare state was accompanied by the elimination of the private sector in most European nations. b. Middle-class people, in general, failed to realize any benefits from the welfare state. c. The welfare state cushiones citizens against major expenses and unusual hardships, though it did not rearrange overall social structure. d. All of the tax schemes introduced by the welfare state were intended to redistribute income from the wealthy to the poor. 5. Which of the following paralleled the development of the welfare state? a. Increased military spending b. Increased government role in economic policy c. Increased political conservatism d. Decreased government spending overall 6. Which of the following statements concerning Western culture during the later 20th century is most accurate? a. In the fine arts, most artists attempted a return to the classical forms of the Renaissance and the ancient world. b. More than any other scientific field, the social sciences abandoned the traditional emphasis on consistency in human and social behavior. c. In the field of physics, modern scientists were unable to go beyond the startling discoveries of the 19th century. d. Western culture in the 20th century, both in art and in science, became largely relative rather than objective. 8

9 7. Despite the loosening of Soviet control over eastern Europe following Stalin's death, what aspects of Soviet domination continued to be enforced? a. Single-party dominance and military alignment with the Soviet Union b. Centralized economic planning c. Total rejection of Catholicism d. Agricultural collectivization 8. In what way did the social organization of the industrialized Soviet Union come to resemble that of the West? a. Emphasis on service industries and managerial hierarchies b. The division of urban society between workers and a managerial middle class c. The absence of a true proletariat d. Lack of a peasantry 9. Immediately after Stalin's death in 1953, what form of government was established? a. A liberal democracy b. A ruling committee rather than single-man rule c. Autocracy under Leonid Brezhnev d. Rule by the Supreme Soviet 10. Which of the following was a Soviet success during the years of Khrushchev's dominance? a. The Cuban missile crisis b. The development of agriculture in Siberia c. The launching of Sputnik d. Increases in overall agricultural productivity 11. What distinguishes those regions referred to as the "third world" from other societies? a. Lack of stable political institutions b. Lack of industrialization c. Lack of major religious systems d. Isolation in the world commercial network 12. The "second world" refers to a. the industrialized West. b. Latin America. c. industrialized communist nations. d. unindustrialized nations. 13. What corporation in Guatemala became the centerpiece of the dispute between the United States and reform governments in the Central American country? a. U.S. Steel b. Ford Motor Company c. Continental Can Company d. United Fruit Company 9

10 14. Which of the following statements concerning the revolution in Guatemala in 1954 is most accurate? a. The communist Arbenz government that ruled Guatemala was overthrown by liberal reformers under Arevalo. b. Communist revolutionaries overthrew the conservative military government despite active U.S. support. c. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency aided conservative dissidents in overthrowing the nationalistic Arbenz government. d. The U.S.-supported regime that replaced the Arbenz government introduced significant land reform and limited foreign ownership of Guatemalan industry. 15. The revolutionary government of Cuba traded economic dependency on the U.S. for a. economic autonomy with a successful program of industrialization. b. increasing political and economic ties with Japan. c. increasing economic dependency on the Soviet Union. d. a significant share of the world's petroleum market. 16. The common thread running through all of the military regimes of Latin America was a. they were all supported by the Soviet Union. b. they were all supported by the working populations. c. they were all reform-minded. d. they were all nationalistic. 17. Which of the following statements concerning military governments in Latin America after 1960 is most accurate? a. Military governments tended to favor labor and the working classes at the expense of the traditional oligarchy. b. Political repression and torture were often used to silence critics. c. None of the military governments was successful in introducing social or economic reforms. d. Military governments were uniformly surrogates for conservatives in Latin American society. 18. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the progress of democratization in Latin America during the 1980s? a. Despite return to democratic government in many Latin American countries, problems with populist movements, threats from military leaders, inflation, and the drug trade weakened the new regimes. b. Once democratic governments were restored in much of Latin America, the influence of the U.S. in the region began to wane. c. The return of democracy to Latin America was so universal that military governments ceased to exist. d. Democratic governments in the 1980s ceased to be troubled by the existence of leftist, guerrilla movements. 19. Conservative governments and dictatorships established in the aftermath of U.S. military intervention in Latin America were referred to as a. "Uncle Sam's Amigos." b. "C.I.A. heaven." c. "Banana Republics." d. "Burrito Bandits." 10

11 20. What led to the U.S. return to more aggressive policies including direct military intervention following World War II? a. The desire to contain communism and the cold war b. The discovery of uranium in Mexico c. The increasing intervention of Japan into Latin American economies d. The alliance of many Latin American countries with fascist governments during the war 21. Which of the following was NOT a US method of influence within Latin America after World War II? a. Participation in regional organizations b. Support of governments that expressed pro-democratic sentiments c. Covert undermining of "unfriendly" countries d. Direct annexation 22. Why have ethnic rivalries and communal violence been endemic in decolonized African and Asian states? a. The level of civilization in Africa and Asia was more primitive at the time of colonization. b. Tribal life in Africa and Asia was traditionally more violent than other cultures. c. The introduction of slavery by whites in the 19th century brutalized African and Asian culture. d. Europeans hastily colonized Africa and Asia and established boundaries without reference to ethnic groups or cultural homogeneity. 23. One of the chief by-products of population growth in third world nations has been a. industrialization. b. mass migrations to urban areas. c. imposition of effective state birth control programs. d. intensive programs of land redistribution. 24. Which of the following statements concerning the urban poor in third world cities is most accurate? a. Despite their condition and large numbers, the urban poor of the third world have not had a political impact. b. Development specialists have concluded that slums provide the only urban housing the poor are likely to find. c. Cities in the third world, fueled by the existence of cheap labor supply, have become the most productive centers of the economy. d. Third world cities generally display the markings of careful urban planning in their programs of expansion. 25. One of the most common elements of African and Asian governments since decolonization is a. the creation of liberal democracies. b. military takeovers. c. communism. d. effective industrialization. 11

12 26. The military government of Egypt after 1952 attempted all of the following reforms EXCEPT a. land redistribution schemes limiting the amount of land a single individual could own. b. state-financed education through the college level. c. state subsidies to lower the price of food staples. d. an isolationist foreign policy to minimize military expenses. 27. In which of the following ways did Anwar Sadat alter Egyptian policies established by the military government after 1952? a. He increased state control of the economy b. He created stronger ties with the Soviet Union as a means of increasing foreign investment in Egypt c. He ended the costly confrontation with Israel after 1973 d. He increased Egyptian support for Arab revolutionary movements 28. Iran, unlike other areas of the third world, a. had not been formally colonized by European powers, but had been reduced to an informal sphere of influence. b. did not have problems with inequitable land distribution. c. possessed a substantial Western-educated middle class. d. was heavily industrialized and not dependent on the export of cash crops or mineral wealth. 29. Which of the following was not an intended role of apartheid in South Africa? a. To spread the profits from the country's mineral wealth to where it would do the most good b. Economic dominance for the white majority c. Monopoly of political power d. To impose a system of extreme segregation on all races of the country 30. One of the signs that the white majority was willing to negotiate the future of South African politics and society was the freeing of a. Steve Biko. b. Julius Nyerere. c. Nelson Mandela. d. Jomo Kenyatta. 12

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP Edition, 6e (Stearns) Chapter 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP Edition, 6e (Stearns) Chapter 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Why have ethnic rivalries and communal