American Foreign Policy and Political Ambition

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1 SUB Hamburg / American Foreign Policy and Political Ambition Second Edition James Lee Ray Vanderbilt University (USAGE Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC JH CQPRESS

2 CONTENTS Tables, Figures, and Maps Regional Maps xiii Preface xx About the Author xxvi xi PART I Laying the Foundation: The Importance, the History, and Competing Theories of American Foreign Policy 1 1 The Impacts of American Foreign Policy 2 Key Concepts 11 2 Analyzing Modern American Foreign Policy: Competing Approaches 12 Realism: The Predominant Theory 15 Liberalism: The Main Alternative 19 Neoconservatism: A Hybrid? 21 Constructivism: A New Approach 23' Radical and Traditional Leftist Approaches 26 Modern, Antiestablishment Approaches 28 > Rational Political Ambition Theory 29 Conclusion 35 Key Concepts 36 * Lessons Learned 36 3 The Past as Prologue: American Foreign Policy from the American Revolution through World War II 38 The Proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine 42 U.S. Expansion in the Nineteenth Century 43 The Louisiana Purchase 43 The Acquisition of Florida 44 Taking over Texas 44 The Acquisition of the Oregon Territory 46 The Foreign Politics of the Civil War 46 Further Expansion 48 The Differing Fates of North and South America 49 Foreign Policy Challenges in the First Half of the Twentieth Century 53 Conclusion 58 Key Concepts 59 Lessons Learned 59

3 4 The Cold War 60 Strains in the World War II Coalition 63 Was the Cold War "Symmetrical?" 66 Or Was It Mosdy the Fault of the United States? 66 Or Was the Soviet Union Mostly at Fault? 67 Or Was the Structure of the Postwar International System to Blame? Cold War Milestones 71 The Korean War 72 The War in Vietnam 74 Why Did the Cold War End? 82 Did Containment End the Cold War? 84 Did Reagan's Rollback Policies End the Cold War? 85 A Critique of Reagan's Rollback Policies 89 Conclusion 90 Key Concepts 91 Lessons Learned 92 PART II Foreign Policy Processes Inside and Outside the Government 93 5 The President and Congress 94 The President and American Foreign Policy 95 President Obama and the War Powers Resolution The President's Constitutional Foreign Policy Role Is the President Too Powerful? 98 Congress and American Foreign Policy 102 Congress and the Authorization of Military Action Congress and Treaty Ratification 105 Congress and International Trade 106 Should Politics Stop at the Water's Edge? 109 Conclusion 114 Key Concepts 116 Lessons Learned Government Agencies, Economic Issues, and Foreign Policy 118 The Department of State 119 The National Security Council: A Pseudo State Department? 126 The Department of Defense 129 The Intelligence Community 133 Dealing with Economic Issues 139 The Origins of the Contemporary Global Economic System 140 The Evolution of the Bretton Woods System

4 The State Department and International Economic Issues 146 The Role of the U.S. Department of the Treasury 147 The Department of Commerce and the United States Trade Representative 148 The Department of Agriculture 149 Conclusion 150 Key Concepts 151 Lessons Learned The Impact of Extragovernmental Factors on American Foreign Policy: Political Parties, Interest Groups, the Mass Media, and Public Opinion 152 Interest Groups and Foreign Policy 153 Business Interests 153 Ethnic Groups, NGOs, and Intellectuals 158 Political Parties 160 Mass Communications, Media, and Foreign Policy 163 Creating Public Opinion 164 The CNN Effect 167 Public Opinion: Should It Have an Impact on Foreign Policy? 169 What Does the Public Want? 171 Public Opinion on U.S. Military Actions 173 The Rally Round the Flag Effect 175 The Impact of Anticipated Public Reactions 177 Conclusion 181 Key Concepts 181 Lessons Learned 182 PART III U.S. Foreign Policy in Regional Contexts The United States and Europe: A Parting of the Ways? 184 The Early Cold War Years 186 The Beginnings of European Integration: The Failure of the European Defense Force 187 Another Attempt: Launching European Economic Integration 188 Early Tensions between France and the United States 189 The 1970s: A Time of Troubles for the European Community? 191 The Rebirth of the Cold War 191 The End of the Cold War in Europe 192 The Post-Cold War Era 194 Yugoslavia in World War II and Its Aftermath 195 Dissolution after Tito 197

5 I viii CONTENTS Expanding NATO, or Expanding the EU? 200 The War against Serbia over Kosovo 202 U.S.-European Relations in the Twenty-First Century 206 Conclusion 211 Key Concepts 213 Lessons Learned Inter-American Relations 214 Early U.S. Interventions in South America 215 The Good Neighbor Policy 219 Exit the Good Neighbor Policy, Enter the Cold War 220 Nixon's Trip to Venezuela 224 Confronting Cuba: The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis 225 The Formation and the Failure of the Alliance for Progress 229 President Johnson and the Dominican Republic 230 The Rise and Fall of Salvador Allende 231 Bringing the Cold War to an End in Latin America 232 Inter-American Relations after the End of the Cold War 237 Into the Twenty-First Century 240 Conclusion 242 Key Concepts 243 Lessons Learned The United States and Sub-Saharan Africa 244 Forging the Link: The Slave Trade 245 The Creation of Liberia 247 U.S.-African Relations in the Early Twentieth Century 248 World War II and Its Aftermath 251 U.S.-African Relations during the Cold War 252 Supporting a Dictator: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) 252 Dealing with Soviet Success 255 Angola 255 Ethiopia 257 Mozambique 258 Confronting Apartheid: South,Africa 259 U.S. African Relations after the End of the Cold War 263 Somalia 263 Rwanda 266 Zaire 268 The Era of the Global War on Terror 270 Conclusion 273

6 CONTENTS Key Concepts 274 Lessons Learned The United States in Asia: The Coming Clash with China? 276 Is Europe's Past Asia's Future? 277 The United States Enters Asia 279 The Chinese Civil War and the Role of the United States 283 The Korean War and the U.S.-Chinese Relationship 284 The Evolving Cold War Relationship among the United States, China, and the Soviet Union 285 Power Transition Theory and the Future of U.S. Chinese Relations 290 The Strong Points of Power Transition Theory's Analysis 291 Reasons to Doubt the Prediction of a Future War 294 U.S. Foreign Policy Alternatives for Dealing with China 297 The Taiwan Issue 301 Conclusion 303 Key Concepts 304 Lessons Learned The United States, Israel, and Its Neighbors 306 The Emergence of Israel 309 From Independence to War 311 The Suez Crisis (1956) 313 The Six-Day War (1967) 315 The Yom Kippur War (1973) Lebanon (1982) 321 The Oslo Accords and the Road to Peace? 323 U.S. Policies in the Rest of the Middle East 325 Iran 325 Dealing with the United Arab Republic and Iraq 327 The Persian GulfWar 328 The Arab Spring, the United States, and Israel 330 Conclusion 334 Key Concepts 335 Lessons Learned The U.S. Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Their Origins (and Legality) 336 Why the Soviet Union Lost in Afghanistan 338 Afghanistan in the 1900s: Hell in a Large Place 341 Toward 9/11 344

7 CONTENTS Operation Enduring Freedom 348 The Turn to Iraq 349 The Legality of the War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq 354 Does Legality Matter? 360 Conclusion 361 Key Concepts 363 Lessons Learned The Evolution and Conclusion of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq 364 How to Deal with Afghanistan 365 How to Deal with Iraq 367 President Obama Ends the War in Iraq 377 Ending the War in Afghanistan 378 Conclusion 381 Key Concepts 382 Lessons Learned 382 PART IV The Future: Threats and Possibilities U.S. Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century 384 The Nuclear Threat 387 Twenty-First-Century Regional Priorities 393 The Global Environment 396 Conclusion 399 Key Concepts 400 Lessons Learned 400 Bibliography 401 Glossary 425 For Further Research 434 Photo Credits 446 Index 447

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