Introduction through the Bourbon Restoration in France Pages

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1 Chapter 21: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform ( ) Reading and Study Guide (Divide and Conquer) Taking the time to do a study guide well reduces the time to study well for an exam. As you invest, so shall you prosper... BIG QUESTIONS: (as you work through the chapter, keep these questions in mind) 1. What were the challenges of nationalism and liberalism to the conservative order in the early 19 th century? 2. What were the domestic and international politics and policies of the conservative order from the Congress of Vienna through the 1820s? 3. How did Latin America become independent? 4. What were the revolutions of 1830 on the European continent and what was the Great Reform Bill in Britain? Mini Dictionary: Aggrandize: to increase the size or scope of something; to make somebody or something seem bigger or better than is actually the case, especially through exaggerated praise Codification: to arrange things, especially laws, rules, or principles, into an organized system or code Introduction: History is like a pendulum swinging to and fro from liberalism to conservatism and back again. Throw in a bit of nationalism, republicanism, socialism, and communism and the stage is set for shifting loyalties, reaction, and, unfortunately, violence. The Congress of Vienna managed to bring peace to the Continent for forty years, but it did not plan on handling internal civil wars. Introduction through the Bourbon Restoration in France Pages What is meant by the statement, trouble-breeding and usually thoughtobscuring terms? To what terms does this statement refer? 2. What ism proved to be the single most powerful European political ideology of the 19 th and early 20 th centuries? Upon what concept is it based? 3. How did the concept of popular sovereignty lead to confusion and/or conflict? 4. Who actually created nations and how did they do so? What role did language play in the creation of these nations? Nationhood came to be associated with groups that were large enough to do what? (4 items) 5. What were the six areas or regions of nationalistic pressure? 6. What does the word liberal mean? How did its meaning change over time? 7. From where did 19 th -century liberals derive their political ideas? How did liberals seek to achieve their goals? From what class(es) of people did liberals come? Did they advocate democracy? What was their feeling towards the unpropertied lower classes? Privileged aristocrats? 8. What were liberals economic goals? How was Great Britain and France structured to accommodate these goals? What did German liberals see as their primary goal? Demagogues: a political leader who gains power by appealing to people's emotions, instincts, and prejudices in a way that is considered manipulative and dangerous Espoused: to adopt or support something as a belief or cause Franchise: the right to vote, especially to elect representatives to a national legislature or a parliament Indemnify: to provide somebody with protection, especially financial protection, against possible loss, damage, or liability Inviolable: secure from being infringed, breached, or broken Pecuniary: relating to or involving money Peerage: noblemen and noblewomen considered as a class or group; a book listing the members of the nobility and giving information about their families Primogeniture: the right of the first-born child, usually the eldest son, to inherit the parents' entire estate 9. What was the relationship between nationalism and liberalism?

2 10. What were the three major pillars of 19 th -century conservatism? What was their main feeling about written constitutions? What was the role of churches? What was the attitude of conservative aristocrats? What did the absence of war mean for conservatives? 11. Who was the man that epitomized conservatism? In what country were the programs of liberalism and nationalism potentially dangerous? Why? What happened to the 360 semi-independent duchies of the Holy Roman Empire? 12. How was Prussian reform defeated? 13. What were the Burschenschaften? What were the Carlsbad Decrees? Who issued them? 14. What led to major problems in Great Britain? What actions did Parliament take to maintain high prices for English grain through import duties on foreign grain? What was the government s reaction to popular discontent? 15. What were Peterloo and the Six Acts? What was the Cato Street Conspiracy? Mini Dictionary-2 Remonstrance: a formal protest, usually in the form of a document or petition; a forceful argument in favor of or against something, or the act of making such an argument Tenet: an established fundamental belief, especially one relating to religion or politics Tercentenary: a year, or an exact day, 300 years after an event, usually one of special historic significance 16. Who was Louis XVIII? What was The Charter? What was the loyalists reaction? The Conservative International Order through The Wars of Independence in Latin America Pages What was the Concert of Europe? Who were the major powers involved? What was its initial goal/purpose? 2. What major changes did Ferdinand VII of Spain make to the Spanish government? What happened in Naples? What was Metternich s response? What was the main point of the Protocol of Troppau? What happened at the Congress of Verona? What was George Canning s stand on the U.S. s Monroe Doctrine? Why? 3. Briefly trace the development of the Greek Revolution of Who became Greece s first monarch? What was his ancestral heritage? 4. Briefly trace the development of Serbian Independence. What religious tensions were prevalent (and still are in 2008)? 5. How did Haiti achieve independence? Who was Toussaint L Ouverture? 6. What was the source of Creole discontent? What is a junta? 7. What was the first South American region to assert its independence? Who was San Martín? Who was Bernardo O Higgins? 8. How did Simon Bolivar liberate Venezuela? 9. Briefly trace the development of New Spain s (Mexico) independence. 10. Briefly trace the independence movement of Brazil. What was unusual about it (compared to other Latin American independence movements)? 11. What was the ultimate consequence of Latin American independence? Who did the newly formed Latin American governments look to for protection, markets, and capital investment?

3 The Conservative Order Shaken (not stirred!) in Europe through The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) Pages How did Tsar Alexander I come to the Russian throne? Overall, what did he do to liberalism and nationalism? Where did these ideas of liberalism come from? 2. Briefly trace the Decembrist Revolt. What was especially significant about it? 3. What was Nicholas I afraid of? What is official nationality? What was the Russian Orthodox church supposed to do? Who was left alienated from the tsarist government? 4. What was the Organic Statute? 5. What led to the French Revolution of 1830? In what did Charles X believe? Briefly trace his reactionary actions/policies. What was the July Revolution? What were the Four Ordinances? Who was Louis Philippe? Why was he called the king of the French? What became of liberalism? Conservatism? 6. Briefly trace the independence of Belgium (1830). Who was its first monarch? 7. How did the forces of liberalism and conservatism accommodate each other in Great Britain? What was the Catholic Emancipation Act? What did this mean for the Irish? What legislative changes did Britain s Whig ministry present to the House of Commons? 8. What was the significance of the Great Reform Bill? Be sure to read Art and the West John Constable s Harmonious Landscapes in Unstable Times & take notice of the Constable print on the classroom wall. Identify each one of the following used in the text. Refer to the text as necessary. Irish Problem 708 Pillars of Conservatism 711 Karl Sand 713 Carlsbad Decrees 714 Combination Acts 714 Peterloo Massacre 715 Ultraroyalism 716 Quadruple Alliance 717 George Canning 718 Philhellenic societies 718 Karageorge 719 Creole elites 721 José Mariá Morelos y Pavón 722 Dom Pedro 723 Northern and Southern Societies 724 Count Uvarov 725 Charles X 726 July Monarchy 728 Daniel O Connell 730 Multiple Choice: 1. The real goal of this era s political liberals was a. mass democracy b. political reform 2. was an important complement to liberalism in this period. a. economic liberalism b. nationalism c. free education for all d. the end of poverty c. Christianity d. urbanization

4 3. Whom of the following was not an English radical? a. Edmund Burke b. William Cobbett 4. Alexander I s reign ( ) can be considered as a. liberal throughout b. conservative throughout 5. The Concert of Europe was a. a radical political party b. the dream child of the Russian Tsar c. John Cartwright d. Henry Hunt c. initially liberal and later conservative d. none of these c. a symphony orchestra d. none of these 6. What became known as the Eastern Question in European affairs was actually a reflection of the a. war for Greek independence d. Polish resistance to Russian reform b. weakness of the Ottoman Empire programs there c. European fear of Russia 7. Early in the 19 th century assumed the role as a protector of Serbia. a. Austria c. France b. England d. Russia 8. The Decembrists in Russia wanted to achieve all of the following except: a. constitutional government c. Constantine to be Tsar b. election of Tsars d. abolition of serfdom 9. The Four Ordinances issued by Charles X a. restricted freedom of the press b. restricted the franchise to only the wealthiest people in the country c. brought a strong reaction throughout much of French society d. all of these 10. The Great Reform Bill of 1832 finally passed because a. of fears of mob violence b. new elections were held for the House of Commons c. the king threatened to alter the structure of the House of Lords d. of the Peterloo Massacre Answers: 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. C

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