Revolutions Review. American Revolution ( ) -war of independence against a mother country. -Causes

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1 Revolutions Review American Revolution ( ) -war of independence against a mother country -Causes -1. Enlightenment Ideas -Montesquieu-separation of powers and checks and balances -Locke-natural rights and social contract -Rousseau-social contract -2. Seven Years War/French and Indian War ( or ) -occurred over the Ohio River Valley Region in the U.S. -fur trade was an issue as well as other colonial concerns -British won -Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war -gave the British control of Canada and French territories, Spain got Louisiana Territory -Britain got control over India -created two problems: -1. Possible renewed conflict with Native Americans due to expanding frontier -2. Heavy debt form war led to increased taxes -3. British Policies -Proclamation of established western limit for settlement -Taxation issues -fundraising efforts occurred in the colonies -Stamp Act of Tea Act of led to the Boston Tea Party -colonial activists insisted they needed direct representation in the English Parliament -argued taxation without representation was going on -Key Figures -George Washington -Thomas Jefferson -Key Events -early events -Boston Massacre in Boston Tea Party in Battles of Lexington and Concord -Continental Congress created in popular support grew with things like Thomas Paine s Common Sense -Declaration of Independence -Enlightenment inspired document -affirmed popular sovereignty and individual rights

2 -people had the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness -all Enlightenment Ideas -Revolutionary forces used guerilla war and help from foreign countries like France and Spain to defeat the British by Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 to end war -results -Constitution written -reflected Enlightenment ideas -protection of private property -checks and balances -separation of powers -civil liberties and rights -social change did not really happen -slavery still present -women still could not vote -first anti-imperial revolution -served as an inspiration elsewhere French Revolution ( ) -challenge/revolt against the established political and social structure (wanted to end absolutism and feudal remnants) -Long Term Causes -1. Enlightenment -political theories of Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and other philosophers were popular -criticism grew against government inefficiency, corruption, and privileges of the aristocracy -French people upset that they had no representation in the government -2. Unfair Social Classes -France based around a system called the Estates General -First Estate-Clergy -20 percent of land owned despite being only 100,000 people and exempt from taxes -Second Estate-Nobility -300,000 people, but owned 25 percent of the land, were exempt from taxes, and had special privileges -Third Estate-Everyone Else -95% of the population -paid almost all of the taxes (land tax, church tax, income tax, salt tax, etc.) -had feudal obligations to honor -middle class upset and wanted more power

3 -3. Famine -1780s had tons of crop failures, which resulted in a shortage in grain thus raising the price of bread -led to massive starvation and peasant unrest -also had harsh winters due to the continued Little Ice Age -Short Term -1. Budget issues -France had enormous debt (half the budget was being used to pay off the debt) and other spending problems -the monarchy borrowed recklessly to pursue wars and high living -when more money was needed in the 1780s, the monarchy asked the nobility for more and they refused -King Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates General (a congress of all the estates) to meet at his palace at Versailles to deal with the financial crisis -Key Figures -Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -Maximillian Robespierre -Jean Paul Marat -Napoleon Bonaparte -Key Events -Constitutional Monarchy Stage ( ) -1. Estates General Meeting (May-June 1789) -declared themselves to be a legitimate governing body and challenged the authority of the king -assumed sovereign power for the nation and called themselves the National Assembly -decided to write a constitution -2. Events of mobs of angry Parisians that were starving and tired of inequality stormed the symbol of absolutism in Paris, the Bastille, on July 14, peasants in the country side began to take over nobles estates and attack property -women in Paris in October, 1789 marched to the King s palace, Versailles, took him back to Paris and made him a prisoner of the city until they were executed in Reforms of the National Assembly -issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (August 26, 1789) -announced basic rights that were inspired by the Enlightenment -abolished all remaining features of feudalism -abolished the tithe for the Catholic Church -created a constitutional monarchy and limited the King s power -completely abolished the nobility -secularized the state (no religion) -made a new constitution in 1791

4 -4. War -many figures in France rose up against these changes and various foreign nations were appalled -nations of Europe joined together against France and would be at war until Second Stage: Radical Stage/Reign of Terror ( ) -Key events -5. Establishment of New Government -in 1792, the French government reformed itself into a republic -no more monarchy would be allowed -would be based on liberty, equality, and fraternity -King executed in January of 1793, Queen in October -because of this action, more resistance formed and more countries began to invade -6. Reign of Terror -with counterrevolutionary forces across the country and France at war with most of Europe, radicals called Jacobins took over the government -established the Committee of Public Safety led by the figures Robespierre and Marat -this was an emergency executive that took dictatorial power to stop chaos -influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau s idea of the general will -took radical actions -killed all suspected enemies with the use of the guillotine -instituted a military draft that raised 800,000 men for war -abolished slavery -de-christianized the country -cult of reason -price controls put in place and government controlled the economy -7. Overthrow -people grew fearful and tired of the Reign of Terror and Robespierre was overthrown in July Directory Stage -key events -8. Return to normal -French government now moved to a Directory -a rule of five directors/presidents over the country -Directory became corrupt though and abused its power -9. Napoleon Bonaparte s Rise -taking advantage of the dissatisfaction with the government, the figure Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799 using a military coup

5 -Results -Rule of Napoleon -ruled France as a consul from , when he became an emperor until implemented a new law code called the Napoleonic Code that had Enlightenment ideas -no increase of rights for women though -established a police state in France to ensure he kept power -went on wars of expansion across Europe, taking over most of it by eventually defeated by a coalition of European powers, and exiled in Congress of Vienna in 1815 reestablished the monarchy in France, punished France, and attempted to ensure the ideas from the French Revolution did not spread -also established a balance of power idea -ideas spread across the world -idea of nationalism grew as well as liberalism -idea of a nation-state now, which spread Haitian Revolution ( ) -Causes -1. Enlightenment Ideas -2. French Revolution Inspiration -revolutionary events in France influenced people in Haiti to revolt -created chaos in the established order -led to two groups: -Plantation owners -wanted to obtain independence and greater control over economy -Creoles and Mixed Race Groups -wanted political equality with Whites -neither wanted freedom for slaves -3. Slavery/Plantation System -was a French colony and very wealthy with plantations -produced sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee -produced nearly 1/3 of all French trade and 2/3 of tropical goods -slavery was very cruel in Haiti -Key Figures -Toussaint L Ouverture

6 -Key Events -1. Slave Revolt ( ) -slave rebellion started in 1791 with plantations -plantations destroyed, masters killed, and crops burned -leader emerged named Toussaint L Ouverture -crated a military force -defeated slave owners by 1800, and Toussaint took power -made a constitution in 1801 that granted citizenship and equality for all residents -did not declare independence from France yet -2. Anti-Imperial Revolt ( ) -Napoleon had taken over France by this point -wanting to restore order in Haiti, he sent military troops in -Toussaint was arrested and died in prison -slave forces rose up and began to defeat French forces -were heavily aided by yellow fever that swept through their ranks -independence declared in results -first independent black republic -massive economic problems occurred -violence and chaos occurred throughout the rest of the 19 th century and into the 20 th -British were inspired to end the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in white plantation owners elsewhere were fearful Latin American ( ) -Causes -1. Enlightenment inspiration -2. Creole Issues -by this point, they outnumbered peninsulares, but had less rights -also resented control by the mother countries -well read in Enlightenment philosophy -wanted political rights that were equal to their political accomplishments -wanted political independence, but not social reform -a conservative revolution -3. Napoleon -Napoleon s wars of expansion crated chaos in Spain and Portugal -invasion in 1807 of Spain and Portugal resulted in instability, which led to military leaders taking control in Spanish colonies with institutions called Juntas -also led to new economic wealth and profit

7 -Key Figures -Simon Bolivar -Jose San Martin -Key Events -1. Bolivar s Revolution -started in the Venezuela area -Simon Bolivar, a creole military officer, raised support to win victories against Spanish forces in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador -wanted to unite all of South America under one government, but different interests led to a failure in this effort -Bolivar wrote the Jamaica Letter, attacking mercantilist ideas and advocating for political rights -2. San Martin -Started in Argentina -Jose de San Martin led military forces against Spanish forces in Argentina, Chile, and Peru -won victories and attempted to unite these areas like Bolivar -failed to do so -however, by 1825, all of Spanish America was free though -3. Brazil -plantation owners were afraid of a large slave rebellion here -Portuguese royal family fled here after Napoleon invaded Portugal in King Pedro I took the initiative to present an uprising and declared Brazil an independent nation in was a monarchy, but a written constitution was allowed for -slavery kept until Results -independence from Spain by 1825 for all areas -not much social change -mostly the Creole elite, plantation owners, and merchants benefited -stage set for later revolutions and movements since not everyone was helped Mexico causes -1. Enlightenment ideas -2. Crop failures and disease -3. High unemployment from the people -4. Inequality in terms of land ownership -5. Unrest from Napoleonic Wars

8 -Key Figures -Miguel Hidalgo -Jose Maria Morelos -Key Events -1. Uprising led by Hidalgo -Miguel Hidalgo started the revolution in 1810 with a mass uprising -targeted Spanish officials and wealthy Creoles -Creoles turned on Hidalgo, crushed the rebellion, captured him, and executed him in Jose Maria Morelos -continued Hidalgo s actions, but also executed in Independence -wanting independence from Spain, Creole military officials made an agreement with the rebellious peasants and declared a republic in Results -chaotic political system -coups common as well as military rule and dictatorships despite being declared a republic -Foreign investments and involvement still present -Size reduced in half -Central American regions broke off and Texas gained independence -also lost territories to the U.S. in the Mexican-American War in the 1840s -economic problems persisted -no rights for lower classes Mexico Causes -1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz ( ) -Diaz had used terror and corruption to maintain power between allowed foreign interests into the country -2. Inequality -95% of the peasantry owned no land, fewer than 200 Mexican families owned 25% of land -only the upper classes had any real rights and power -people also going hungry while plenty of land was available to fix this -3. Foreign Investments -Foreign investors owned 20-25% of the land and territory

9 -Key Figures -Emiliano Zapata -Pancho Villa -Key Events -1. Revolt happened in peasants rose up in anger when Diaz tried to run for the presidency again -2.Regional leaders emerged -Zapata -advocated for Land and Liberty -freedoms for the people and equal land distribution -peasants began to seize large sugar estates with these ideas in their heads -Zapata assassinated in Villa -also advocated for land reform -attacked foreign interests in Mexico, namely the United States -3. Constitution of chaos died down when conservative leaders took control -constitution passed that increased rights -minimum wages and minimum hours -social benefits -restrictions placed on the Catholic Church and clergy -restrictions placed on foreign interests -some land reform, 3 million acres redistributed -results -heavy inspiration for other Latin American countries -true land reform did not come until the 1930s -15 million dead Chinese Revolution of 1911 and Causes -1. Weakened Qing Dynasty -British imperialism in the region, rebellions, and Japanese invasions had weakened the regime significantly -2. British Imperialism -people were tired of foreign nations controlling China s trade and economy -3. Enlightenment ideas of representative government for Sun Yat Sen crated a Revolutionary Alliance in 1908 that advocated for three things: -Nationalism, Democracy, and People s Livelihood -4. Inequality

10 -most people still peasants and had no rights -Key Figures -Sun Yat-Sen -Chiang Kai Shek -Mao Zedong -Key Events: -1. Revolution in civilians and army rose up against the state in Qing Emperor overthrown -Sun Yat Sen s party, the Guomindang (National People s Party) inspired many individuals across the country -despite the popularity, China descended into chaos -warlords and regional rulers took control and the Japanese began to have more influence in China -2. Civil War -when Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925, party leadership passed to Chiang Kai-Shek and his nationalist supporters -unified China under his rule and then attempted to crush communists led by the figure Mao Zedong -Communists fought back, but the two sides put aside differences to deal with Japan during WWII -3. Communist Revolution under the leadership of Mao, communists were able to defeat Chiang Kai-Shek and his forces and take over in 1949, creating a Communist country -Results -Communists took power -brutal civil war that killed many -Mao s policies hurt China economically and in terms of population

11 Russian Causes -1. Backwardness in Russia -poor classes and inequality still existed -Russia lacked industrialized areas -2. Racial ideas -Vladimir Lenin developed socialism in Russia with new ideas -argued revolution could start at any time and that it needed a revolutionary elite to control it -3. Government was ineffective and inept -4. WWI led to further issues, casualties, and famine -straw that broke the camel s back -Key Figures: -Tsar Nicholas II -Vladimir Lenin -Joseph Stalin -Leon Trotsky -Key Events -1. February Revolution (1917) -initial support for WWI quickly turned south -in February 1917, revolts and strikes broke out across St. Petersburg and the army joined protestors -women rioted for bread in the streets -Tsar was forced to abdicate in March a provisional government took over, which promised reforms after WWI was taken care of -2. October Revolution/Socialist Takeover (1917) -with people wanting more reforms, groups of soviets formed across Russia -councils of workers and soldiers -peasants began to seize aristocratic estates as well -with the chaos going on, Lenin arrived in Russia in April had the idea of Peace, Land, and Bread written in his April Theses -called for a socialist revolution -an initial attempt at revolution failed in July 1917, but a second attempt in October succeeded -Lenin took control over the country -results -Lenin established an authoritarian government -police state established -reforms implemented -land reform for the peasants -end of WWI -bread given out

12 -not everyone was on board and a civil war broke out -western powers interfered -Red/communist forces won -first Communist country established -Stalin took over after Lenin and implemented very damaging policies for his country