The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4. Napoleon s Fall

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1 Main Idea Napoleon s Fall After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe.

2 1) Disaster and Defeat /The Russian Campaign Russia Czar Nicholas I didn t like French troops on western border Sends troops to border Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports Napoleon did not like Russia troops movements wanted to teach Czar a lesson Costly Mistake Napoleon turned east in 1812 for attacks on Russia Was not prepared for attack on Russia

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4 1)The Russian Campaign-Beginning of the End June 1812 Problems for French Army Napoleon w/ 600,000 troops Marched across Russian border New recruits with no loyalty Supplies lost or spoiled Disease, desertion, and hunger French Move to Russia Russian troops/citizens pulled east burned towns and fields French victory at Borodino, but Russian army is larger Found Moscow in flames, where they had hoped to stay winter. Retreat from Moscow Lacked food/supplies for brutal winter temp. Attacked by citizen on march Only 94,000 men survived

5 Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France. French Army very weak. Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris. Terms of surrender 2)Defeat and Exile to Elba Napoleon gave up throne Exiled on tiny island of Elba Given a small pension and guards

6 3)The Last Campaigns French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII King was unpopular (brother of Louis XVI):feared return of Old Order

7 4)The Hundred Days Napoleon returns after year in exile: Louis leaves in panic Napoleon declared outlaw by allies French citizens were split on Napoleon s return Hundred Days- Brief period of renewed glory

8 The Last Campaigns 5)Battle of Waterloo Duke of Wellington led final confrontation British and Prussian armies defeat weak French troops Crushing defeat for Napoleon End of Napoleons control End of the Napoleonic Wars 6)Napoleon s Final Days Tried to escape capture during battle Exile to Saint Helena Volcanic island in South Atlantic 1200 miles from land Remained imprisoned for six years Died at 51; cause of death never determined

9 7) The Congress of Vienna/The Negotiators 700 delegates attend the negotiators Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain Czar Alexander I of Russia Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria Leader Reactionary Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France Goals for Other Decision Makers Make sure France could not rise again to power Remove traces of Napoleon and revolution; Restore Order to Europe Put down revolution wherever it might appear Gave $$ to allies for war Redraw map of Europe

10 8)Redrawing the Map National borders New Countries Congress changed many borders Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France Reduce chances of French attacks Netherlands created Sweden and Norway combine Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation Process Countries that aided France lost territory Countries that fought France gained territory France s loss All conquered territory Boundaries back to 1792 Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

11 9)Metternich s Influence His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. Wanted conditions to return to an earlier time He hated constitutions, voting rights, freedom of religion and press. Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy. Secret police spied on violators Opponents were jailed or fined

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13 The Revolution s Legacy 10 Was the French Revolution a failure? After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again Citizens rights restricted Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles French Revolution changed Europe Monarchies no longer secure Common people learned they could change the world Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa