Period 6: C. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns.

Transcription

1 Period 6: In a Nutshell The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes. Key Concepts Part 1 A. Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States. B. Large-scale industrial production accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. C. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns. D. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers. Part 2 E. The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change. F. International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture. G. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict. Part 3 H. The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies. I. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. J. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government. Period 6 / Page 43

2 Significant Topics 1. The Industrial Revolution Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America. Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods. As the price of many goods decreased, workers real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew. Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America. Corporations need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture. a. Frederick Taylor 2. Formation of Trusts and Monopolies Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth. a. J.P. Morgan b. John D. Rockefeller c. Andrew Carnegie d. horizontal integration e. vertical integration f. robber baron Period 6 / Page 44

3 g. conspicuous consumption h. Gilded Age i. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, The American Labor Movement The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration; child labor also increased. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/ or directly confronting business leaders. a. Knights of Labor, 1869 b. Great Railroad Strike of 1877 c. Haymarket Square 1886 d. Homestead Strike, 1892 e. Pullman Strike, 1894 f. Eugene Debs Period 6 / Page 45

4 g. American Federation of Labor (AFL), 1886 h. Samuel Gompers i. Mother Jones 4. The Southern Economy Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a New South agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South. a. The New South b. sharecropping (tenant farming) 5. American Social and Economic Theory Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns. Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable. Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments. A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society. a. laissez faire b. Social Darwinism Period 6 / Page 46

5 c. Henry George d. Edward Bellamy e. Gospel of Wealth f. Social Gospel 6. Farmers Organizations Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices. Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations. a. Grange, 1867 b. Granger Laws c. Farmers Alliance d. Colored Farmers Alliance, 1886 e. Las Gorras Blancas (The White Caps ), 1889 Period 6 / Page 47

6 7. The Populist Movement Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system. a. People s (Populist) Party, 1891 b. Omaha Platform, 1892 c. gold standard d. free silver e. Panic of 1893 f. William Jennings Bryan, Immigration and Domestic Migration during the Late 1800s As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions. Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States. a. Old Immigration b. New Immigration Period 6 / Page 48

7 c. Ellis Island d. assimilation e. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 f. American Protective Association, The Effect of Urbanization on Politics, Society, and Culture Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers. In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. a. tenements 10. Migration to the American West The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. a. railroad subsidies b. Morrill Land-Grant Acts, 1862 and 1890 c. Frederick Jackson Tuner Period 6 / Page 49

8 11. The Conquest of the West As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty. Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices. a. Crazy Horse b. Sitting Bull c. Great Sioux War, d. Little Big Horn, 1876 e. Chief Joseph f. Helen Hunt Jackson g. Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 h. Ghost Dance i. Massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890 Period 6 / Page 50

9 12. Government Corruption and Reform The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government. a. patronage (spoils system) b. Crédit Mobilier c. Tammany Hall d. William Tweed e. Whiskey Ring f. Mugwumps g. Pendleton Act, 1883 h. Thomas Nast i. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 j. Australian (secret) ballot Period 6 / Page 51

10 k. initiative and referendum l. socialism 13. Discrimination and Segregation The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality. a. Jim Crow Laws b. grandfather clause c. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 d. Booker T. Washington e. Atlanta Compromise, 1895 f. Ida Wells-Barnett g. W.E.B. DuBois Period 6 / Page 52

11 14. Women s Activism and the Struggle for Women s Rights Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs. a. National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 1869 b. American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA), 1869 c. Women s Christian Temperance Uniton (WCTU), 1874 d. Jane Addams e. Lillian Wald Period 6 / Page 53

12 Period 7: In a Nutshell An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role. Key Concepts Part 1 A. Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system. B. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. C. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. D. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. Part 2 E. Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. F. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. G. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. Part 3 H. Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation s proper role in the world. I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America s role in the world. J. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. K. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership. Period 7 / Page 54

13 Significant Topics 1. Economic Developments during the Early 1900s New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems. By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system. a. Wright Brothers, 1903 b. Model T Ford introduced, 1908 c. assembly line d. Charles Lindbergh, The Progressive Era, Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and woman suffrage. Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources. The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction. a. Progressive Era, b. muckrakers Period 7 / Page 55

14 c. Florence Kelly d. Square Deal e. Northern Securities Company, 1904 f. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 g. Meat Inspection Act, 1906 h. Election of 1912 i. New Nationalism j. New Freedom k. Underwood Tariff, 1913 l. Federal Reserve Act, 1913 m. Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914 Period 7 / Page 56

15 n. Federal Trade Commission, 1914 o. Progressive Amendments 3. U.S. Foreign Policy during the Late 1800s and Early 1900s Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the Western frontier was closed to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe. Anti-imperialists cited principles of self- determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territory overseas. The American victory in the Spanish American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines. a. closing of the Frontier, 1890 b. Alfred Thayer Mahan c. Queen Liliuokalani d. yellow journalism e. U.S.S. Maine f. Filipino Rebellion, Period 7 / Page 57

16 g. Insular Cases, 1901 h. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903 i. Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 j. Dollar Diplomacy k. Pancho Villa s raid, World War I, After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S. s entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies. Despite Wilson s deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. a. US. enters World War War I, 1917 b. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) c. Fourteen Points, 1918 d. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 Period 7 / Page 58

17 e. League of Nations 5. Postwar Red Scare Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture. a. Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 b. Schenck v. United States, 1919 c. Palmer Raids, d. Sacco and Vanzetti, Immigration and Domestic Migration during the Early 1900s Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. a. Gentleman s Agreement, 1907 b. Great Migration of African Americans c. National Origins Act, 1924 Period 7 / Page 59

18 7. Immigration from Mexico and Latin America Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration. a. Mexican Repatriation, b. Bracero Program, 1942 c. Luisa Moreno 8. American Culture during the Early 1900s New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures. Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such the Harlem Renaissance movement. a. Harlem Renaissance b. jazz c. Jelly Roll Morton d. Louis Armstrong e. Ashcan School f. Edward Hopper Period 7 / Page 60

19 g. Yiddish Theater h. KDKA in Pittsburgh, 1920 i. The Jazz Singer, Political and Cultural Conflict during the 1920s In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration. a. Ku Klan Klan March on Washington, 1925 b. Fundamentalism vs Modernism c. Prohibition 10. The Great Depression and the New Deal, Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy. Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal s scope. Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working- class communities identified with the Democratic Party. a. Great Depression, b. Stock Market Crash, 1929 Period 7 / Page 61

20 c. Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930 d. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932 e. Bonus March, 1932 f. Roosevelt s New Deal, g. New Deal Programs to Stimulate Economic Activity h. Glass-Steagall Act, 1933 i. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 1933 j. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 1934 k. Wagner Act, 1935 l. Social Security Act, 1935 m. Court-Packing Plan, 1937 Period 7 / Page 62

21 n. Roosevelt Recession, 1938 o. Congress of Industrial Organizations, 1938 p. New Deal Democratic Coalition q. Huey Long r. Charles Coughlin 11. U.S. Foreign Policy during the 1920s and 1930s In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism. In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II. a. Washington Naval Conference, b. Stimson Doctrine, 1932 c. Good Neighbor Policy d. Neutrality Acts, Period 7 / Page 63

22 e. Lend-Lease Act, 1940 f. Atlantic Charter, 1941 g. Pearl Harbor, World War II, Americans viewed World War II as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies.this perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust. The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country s strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war. The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific island-hopping and the D-Day invasion.the use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons. a. Manhattan Project, 1942 b. Invasion of Normandy (D-Day), 1944 c. Yalta Conference, 1945 d. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Women and Minorities during World War II Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war s duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans. Period 7 / Page 64

23 a. Rosie the Riveter b. A. Philip Randolph c. Congress of Racial Equality, 1942 d. Japanese-American Internment, 1942 e. Zoot Suit Riots, World War II and American Power The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth. Period 7 / Page 65

24 Period 8: In a Nutshell After World War II, the United States grappled with prosperity and unfamiliar international responsibilities while struggling to live up to its ideals. Key Concepts Part 1 A. The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences. B. United States policymakers engaged in a Cold War with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system. C. Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties. Part 2 D. New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses. E. Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow. F. Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment. G. Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement. Part 3 H. Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture. I. Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years. J. New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation. Period 8 / Page 66

25 Significant Topics 1. U.S. Foreign Policy after World War II As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-communist nations. The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente). Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal, the military-industrial complex, and the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy. a. United Nations, 1945 b. Cold War, c. Iron Curtain d. containment e. Truman Doctrine, 1947 f. National Security Council, 1947 g. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1947 h. Marshall Plan, 1948 Period 8 / Page 67

26 i. Berlin airlift, 1948 j. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 k. development of the hydrogen bomb, 1952 l. New Look, 1955 m. massive retaliation n. brinkmanship o. Sputnik I, 1957 p. space race q. Nikita Khruschev r. peaceful coexistence s. flexible response Period 8 / Page 68

27 t. Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963 u. Nixon Doctrine v. détente w. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972 x. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 1979 y. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, The Red Scare Americans debated policies and methods designed to expose suspected communists within the United States even as both parties supported the broader strategy of containing communism. a. fellow-traveler b. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) c. Alger Hiss Period 8 / Page 69

28 d. McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950 e. McCarran-Walter Act, 1952 f. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg g. Joseph McCarthy h. McCarthyism i. Army-McCarthy Hearings, Decolonization and the Spread of Nationalism Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned. a. Chinese Civil War b. Mohammed Mossadegh c. Gamal Abdel Nasser 4. The U.S. and Latin America Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the U.S. supported non-communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy. Period 8 / Page 70

29 a. Organization of American States, 1948 b. Alliance for Progress, 1961 c. Bay of Pigs, 1961 d. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 e. Mann Doctrine, 1964 f. U.S. Occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1965 g. Salvador Allende h. Panama Canal Treaty, 1977 i. Sandinista Liberation Front 5. War in Southeast Asia Korea and Vietnam Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea and Vietnam. Although anticommunist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate antiwar protests that became more numerous as the war escalated, and sometimes led to violence. Period 8 / Page 71

30 a. Korean War, b. Vietnam, (Eisenhower Administration) c. Ho Chi Minh d. domino theory e. Vietnam, (Kennedy Administration) f. Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964 g. Vietnam, (Johnson Administration) h. Vietcong i. Tet Offensive, 1968 j. Eugene McCarthy k. Robert Kennedy Period 8 / Page 72

31 l. My Lai, 1968 m. Vietnam War, (Nixon Administration) n. Vietnamization, o. U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam, 1973 p. War Powers Act, 1973 q. Fall of South Vietnam, 1975 r. Students for a Democratic Society, 1960 s. Kent State, 1970 t. Pentagon Papers, The U.S. and the Middle East Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy. a. Palestine, 1948 Period 8 / Page 73

32 b. Suez Crisis, 1956 c. Eisenhower Doctrine d. Yom Kippur War, 1973 e. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) f. Camp David Accords, 1979 g. mujahedeen h. Carter Doctrine, The Civil Rights Movement During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combatted racial discrimination utilizing a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics. The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services, Brown v. Board of Education, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality. Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after a. Desegregation of the Armed Services, 1948 b. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Period 8 / Page 74

33 c. Southern Manifesto, 1954 d. Rosa Parks e. Martin Luther King, Jr. f. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 1957 g. Civil Rights Act of 1957 h. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960 i. sit-in j. freedom rides, 1961 k. public order laws l. James Meredith Period 8 / Page 75

34 m. March on Washington, 1963 n. Freedom Summer, 1964 o. Civil Rights Act of 1964 p. March from Selma to Montgomery, 1965 q. Voting Rights Act of 1965 r. Watts, 1965 s. Black Power t. Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) u. Malcolm X v. Black Panthers w. race riots, 1968 Period 8 / Page 76

35 x. George Wallace 8. The Rights Revolution Feminist and gay and lesbian activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic,and social equality. Latino, American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices. a. American GI Forum, 1948 b. The Feminine Mystique, 1963 c. Equal Pay Act, 1963 d. Title VII, 1964 e. National Organization for Women (NOW), 1966 f. Stonewall Riot, 1969 g. Equal Rights Amendment, 1972 h. Chicano Movement Period 8 / Page 77

36 i. César Chávez j. American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968 k. Russell Means l. Alcatraz, 1969 m. Wounded Knee, 1973 n. Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, s Liberalism and The War on Poverty Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, many people raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem. Liberalism, based on anticommunism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s. Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson s Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues. A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties. a. Baker v. Carr, 1962 b. Engel v. Vitale, 1962 c. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 Period 8 / Page 78

37 d. Lyndon Johnson s Great Society, 1964 e. War on Poverty, 1964 f. Medicaid, 1965 g. Medicare, 1965 h. Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965 i. Miranda v. Arizona, Post-War Economic Prosperity A burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth. As higher education opportunities and new technologies rapidly expanded, increasing social mobility encouraged the migration of the middle class to the suburbs and of many Americans to the South and West. The Sun Belt region emerged as a significant political and economic force. a. GI Bill of Rights, 1954 b. National Defense Student Loans, 1958 c. Sun Belt Period 8 / Page 79

38 11. Immigration Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in a. Immigration and Nationality Act of The Environmental Movement Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and regulations. a. Silent Spring, 1962 b. Earth Day, 1970 c. Environmental Protection Agency, 1970 d. Clean Air Act, 1970 e. Three Mile Island, Post-World War II Culture and Society Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth. Feminists and young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms. a. baby boom Period 8 / Page 80

39 b. Beats c. rock and roll d. counterculture (hippies) e. Woodstock, Attacks on 1960s Liberalism and the Rise of Conservatism Some groups on the left rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad. Conservatives also challenged liberal laws and court decisions and perceived moral and cultural decline, seeking to limit the role of the federal government and enact more assertive foreign policies. The 1970s saw growing clashes between conservatives and liberals over social and cultural issues, the power of the federal government, race, and movements for greater individual rights. The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations was accompanied by greater political and social activism on the part of religious conservatives. a. Students for a Democratic Society b. Berkeley Free Speech Movement, c. New Right d. southern strategy Period 8 / Page 81

40 e. Watergate, 1972 f. Roe v. Wade, 1973 g. Right-to-Life Movement h. Proposition 13, 1978 i. Bakke v. University of California, 1978 j. Phyllis Schlafly k. Focus on the Family, 1977 l. Moral Majority, The Malaise of the Late 1970s Public confidence and trust in government s ability to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises. a. energy crisis b. stagflation Period 8 / Page 82

41 c. Carter s Malaise speech, 1979 d. Iranian hostage crisis, 1979 Period 8 / Page 83

42 Period 9: 1980 to the Present In a Nutshell As the United States transitioned to a new century filled with challenges and possibilities, it experienced renewed ideological and cultural debates, sought to redefine its foreign policy, and adapted to economic globalization and revolutionary changes in science and technology. Key Concepts Part 1 A. A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades. B. Conservative beliefs regarding the need for traditional social values and a reduced role for government advanced in U.S. politics after Part 2 C. Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes. D. New developments in science and technology enhanced the economy and transformed society, while manufacturing decreased. E. The U.S. population continued to undergo demographic shifts that had significant cultural and political consequences. Part 3 F. The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world. G. The Reagan administration promoted an interventionist foreign policy that continued in later administrations, even after the end of the Cold War. H. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts focused on fighting terrorism around the world. Significant Topics 1. Reagan s Conservative Revolution and Policies that Followed Ronald Reagan s victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact significant tax cuts and continue the deregulation of many industries. Conservatives argued that liberal programs were counterproductive in fighting poverty and stimulating economic growth. Some of their efforts to reduce the size and scope of government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programs remained popular with voters. Policy debates continued over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system. a. Ronald Reagan Period 9 / Page 84

43 b. supply-side economics (Reaganomics) c. Economic Recovery Tax Act, 1981 d. sagebrush rebellion e. Contract with America, 1994 f. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 1992 g. increase in the budget deficit and national debt h. The Third Way i. North American Free Trade Agreement, 1993 j. Medicare Modernization Act, 2003 k. Affordable Care Act, 2010 Period 9 / Page 85

44 2. The End of the Cold War and the Events that Followed President Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons. Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan s diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War. a. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) b. Mikhail Gorbachev c. Iran-Contra Scandal, 1987 d. Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) e. Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty, 1987 f. Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 g. Fall of the Soviet Union, 1991 h. Persian Gulf War, 1991 i. Dayton Agreement, 1995 Period 9 / Page 86

45 j. Bombing of Yugoslavia, The War on Terrorism In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. a. Al Qaeda b. Taliban c. Attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, September 11, 2001 d. Patriot Act, 2001 e. Department of Homeland Security, 2001 f. War in Afghanistan, 2001 g. Iraq War, h. weapons of mass destruction Period 9 / Page 87

46 4. Changes in the American Economy Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation in worldwide economic opportunities. Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined. Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality. a. Rust Belt b. boomburbs: 5. Technology, Energy, and the Environment Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the Internet transformed daily life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviors and networks. Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment. a. information technology b. Kyoto Agreement, 1997 c. global warming 6. Immigration and Domestic Migration After 1980, the political, economic, and cultural influence of the American South and West continued to increase as population shifted to those areas. International migration from Latin America and Asia increased dramatically. The new immigrants affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the economy with an important labor force. a. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 b. Immigration Act of 1990 Period 9 / Page 88

47 7. The Transformation of American Society Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures. a. cultural pluralism b. glass ceiling c. Don t Ask, Don t Tell, 1994 d. Defense of Marriage Act, 1996 e. Nancy Pelosi f. Barack Obama g. United States v. Windsor, 2013 h. Obergefell v. Hodges, The United States in the Early 21st Century Despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States continued as the world s leading superpower in the 21st century. Period 9 / Page 89