The Spread of Industrialization

Transcription

1 The New Factories The factory was very important to industrialization. Early on, factories were situated near water and powered by mills. When new energy sources were developed, however, factories could be located in cities near workers. This new industrial economy created an entirely new labor system. Because factory owners wanted their machines producing goods constantly, workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines going. Early factory workers migrated from rural areas. In the country, they were used to periods of hectic work, followed by periods of rest. Factory owners wanted workers to work without stopping. They disciplined workers to a system of regular hours and repetitive tasks. Anyone who came to work late was fined, or quickly dismissed for misconduct, especially for drunkenness. Child workers were often beaten. Reading Check Describing Why did employers feel they needed to discipline factory workers? Population (in millions) Railroad Track (in thousands of miles) Comparing Britain and the United States* Britain 31. Britain Population (in millions) Railroad Track (in thousands of miles) United States United States The Spread of Industrialization The pace of industrialization in Europe, the United States, and Japan depended on many factors, including government policy. Reading Connection Are some groups more willing to change than others? Read about the factors that help explain why nations adapt to change at different speeds. By the mid-nineteenth century, Great Britain, the world s first industrial nation, was also the richest. It produced half the world s output of coal and manufactured goods. Its cotton industry alone was equal in size to the combined industries of all other European countries. Most of them were just beginning to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution spread to continental Europe at different times and speeds. Countries with more urban areas and a tradition of trade industrialized earlier. Belgium and France did not have all of Britain s advantages, but both countries showed significant industrial growth after 18. In the German states, it was another story. There was no single nation, but more than states, many very small. Instead of selling goods in a national market, manufacturers had to face multiple governmental 76. units and regulations. In the early 18s, Prussia, one of the largest German states, took an important 195. *As you compare, keep in mind the vast difference in area between Britain and the United States. Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland) totals 94,548 square miles (244,879 sq km); the continental United States, 3,717,796 square miles (9,629,91 sq km). 1 Britain was the leading industrial nation in the early and mid-nineteenth century, but countries such as the United States eventually surpassed Britain in industrial production. 1. Comparing How did Britain s population growth, from 18 to 187 and 187 to 1, compare to the United States s growth? How did Britain s expansion in railroad tracks compare to that of the United States during the same period? 2. Problem Solving Which country had the highest percentage of railroad track miles in comparison to total square miles in 187? In 1? 257

2 Industrialization of Europe by W 55 N 5 N 1 W Atlantic Ocean Edinburgh Glasgow UNITED KINGDOM Bradford Liverpool Manchester Birmingham Bristol 5 W 2 E Leeds Sheffield W S N E North London Brussels BELGIUM Amsterdam NETH. Oslo NORWAY Cologne Copenhagen DENMARK Hamburg SWEDEN Berlin Stockholm Baltic PRUSSIA Vistula R. POLAND Breslau Neman R. Warsaw St. Petersburg RUSSIA Paris GERMANY Prague 45 N SPAIN Ebro R. Loire R. FRANCE Bordeaux Marseille SWITZERLAND Turin Genoa Po R. Mediterranean Milan Munich ITALY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Venice Florence Rome Adriatic Vienna Pest 4 kilometers Chamberlin Trimetric projection Danube R. SERBIA 4 miles Black Manufacturing and industrial area Major industrial center Major railways by 187 Industry: Coal mining Iron working Textile production step by creating a free trading zone. Industrialization began, but it did not transform the economy until 187 when Germany was united. In Britain, a freer society, private entrepreneurs took the lead. In France, Belgium, and the German states, governments tended to be active in promoting industrialization. Often governments funded roads, canals, and railroads. One of the most important facts in modern history is that Western Europe and the United States industrialized first. They therefore had an immense advantage in becoming wealthy, powerful nations, nations that soon dominated other parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution spread throughout nineteenthcentury Europe. 1. Interpreting Maps What was the predominant industry in the United Kingdom? 2. Applying Geography Skills What patterns do you see in the distribution of the major industries? What geographical factors could account for these patterns? One Asian country, Japan, followed the Western example. Japan had seen the importance of industrial power in In that year, American admiral Matthew Perry steered his steam-powered ship into the Japanese harbor and demanded that Japan trade with the United States. Many Asian countries hesitated to change their culture and adopt some Western ways, but the new Japanese government of 1868 decided that it must copy Western technology to become a strong nation. 258

3 In the United States, the pace of industrializing was fairly quick, especially considering that Americans were also busy expanding across the continent. In 18, six of seven American workers were farmers, and no city had more than 1, people. Between 18 and 18, the population of the United States grew from about 5 million to million. In the same period, cities grew, too. Nine cities had populations over 1,, and now only half of Americans worked as farmers. Once the United States extended to the Pacific, a national transportation system was vital. Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link east and west. Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in 187. By 18, a thousand steamboats plied the Mississippi River and made transportation easier on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast. It was the railroad that really brought the nation together. In 18, there were fewer than 1 miles of track (1.9 km). By 18, about, miles of track (48,27 km) had been built. In the early years, factory workers came from the farms of the Northeast. Women and girls made up a History This English train of the mid-184s shows early passenger travel. The first line to handle both passengers and goods opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 18. What does the style of the rail coaches remind you of? substantial majority of textile workers. Early capitalists even advertised for whole families. In Utica, New York, one newspaper ran this ad: Wanted: A few sober and industrious families of at least five children each, over the age of eight years, are wanted at the cotton factory in Whitestown. Widows with large families would do well to attend this notice. Reading Check Evaluating Why was the railroad important to the industrialization of the United States? Social Impact in Europe Industrialization urbanized Europe and created new social classes, as well as the conditions for the rise of socialism. Reading Connection Do you know any entrepreneurs who run their own businesses? Read about how early entrepreneurs contributed to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution drastically changed the societies of Europe and, eventually, the world. The major signs of this change were the growth of cities and the emergence of two new social classes, the industrial middle class and the industrial working class. Growth of Population and Cities In 175, European population stood at an estimated 14 million. By 185, the population had almost doubled to 266 million. The key to this growth was a decline in death 259 Lambert/Archive Photos/Hulton Archive

4 rates, wars, and diseases such as smallpox and plague. Because of an increase in the food supply, more people were better fed and resistant to disease. Famine largely disappeared from Western Europe. Cities and towns in Europe grew dramatically in the first half of the 18s. The growth was directly related to industrialization. By 185, especially in Great Britain and Belgium, many factories were located in cities, which now grew rapidly factories were a magnet for anyone looking for work. In 18, Great Britain had one major city, London, with a population of 1 million, and six more cities had populations of 5, to 1,. Fifty years later, London s population had swelled to nearly 2,5,. Growth was seen all over Britain now nine cities had more than 1, residents, and 18 had populations between 5, and 1,. By 185, half of the people were urban residents. This process of urbanization was going on in other European countries, but it happened more quickly and more completely in Britain than in many other countries. History A late-nineteenth-century photo shows housing conditions in England. Typically, houses backed up against one another, creating narrow alleyways that did not allow for a patch of grass. How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to such scenes? Cities grew faster than the basic facilities like a clean water supply and sewers. Thus industrial cities bred dirt and disease as workers crowded into ramshackle housing. Upset by disease and human suffering, reformers called for government action, but their pleas were not met until later in the century. The Industrial Middle Class Capitalism had existed since the Middle Ages, when men with capital could invest in long-distance trade for profit. In this period, industrial capitalism, an economic system based on manufacturing, took hold. With a new kind of economy, a new social group emerged the industrial middle class. In earlier times the term bourgeoisie, or middle class, referred to burghers, or town dwellers. They were merchants, artisans, professionals such as lawyers or doctors, and government officials. The bourgeoisie were not noble, but they were not poor. Some were quite wealthy. During the Industrial Revolution, a new group was added to the middle class. The industrial middle class were the men who built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were. They had initiative, vision, ambition, and quite often, greed. As one manufacturer put it, Getting of money... is the main business of the life of men. The Industrial Working Class The Industrial Revolution also created a new kind of worker, the industrial worker. Industrial workers worked from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, with only a half hour for lunch and dinner. They had no minimum wage and could be fired at a moment s notice. In the cotton mills, the heat was stifling. In the cotton-spinning work, it was reported, these creatures are kept, 14 hours in each day, locked up, summer and winter, in a heat of from 8 to 84 degrees. Dirt and dust filled the air, and machines operated without safety codes for the workers. Coal miners also faced harsh and dangerous conditions. Steam-powered engines could lift the coal from the pits to the surface, but deep below ground, miners had to dig out this black gold with sledges, pick axes, and chisels. Horses, mules, women, and children worked underground, too, hauling carts full of coal on rails to the lift. Cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes (called bad air ) were a way of life. The cramped conditions in mines tunnels were often only three or four feet high and their constant dampness led to deformed bodies and ruined lungs. As in the United States, women and children made up a high percentage of workers in the cotton industry 2 Mary Evans Picture Library

5 about two-thirds by 18. Reformers condemned the factories for enslaving children. The situation improved after the Factory Act of It set 9 years of age as the minimum for child labor, but children between 9 and 13 could still work 9 hours a day, and those between 13 and 18 years of age could work 12 hours. As the number of working children declined, more women were employed, and before 187 they made up half of the labor force in British textiles. Women were mostly unskilled and were paid half or less than half of what men received. Excessive working hours for women were outlawed in One reason women and children began by working such long hours in factories was that families were accustomed to working together in cottage industry. When laws limited working hours for women and children, a new pattern began to be established. Men would be expected to work outside the home, while women took over running the home. Women continued to add to family income by taking low-paying jobs that could be done at home, such as washing laundry or sewing. Early Socialism The transition to factory work was not easy. Although workers lives eventually improved, they suffered terribly during the early decade of industrialization. Their family life was disrupted, they were separated from the countryside, hours were long, and pay was low. Some reformers opposed a capitalist system which they saw as responsible for destroying people s lives. They advocated socialism. Socialism is an economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls important parts of the economy, such as factories and utilities. In socialist theory, this public ownership of the means of production would allow wealth to be distributed more equally to everyone. Early socialists wanted to replace competition with cooperation. They wrote books about the ideal society that might be created, a hypothetical society where workers could use their abilities and where everyone would be cared for. Later socialists said that these ideas were impractical dreams. Karl Marx contemptuously called earlier reformers of this group utopian socialists. (He borrowed the term from Utopia, a medieval work describing an ideal society by Sir Thomas More.) To this day, we refer to the early socialists in this way. One utopian socialist was Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer. Owen believed that if only people lived in a cooperative environment, they would show their natural goodness. At New Lanark in Scotland, Owen transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing community. He created a similar community at New Harmony, Indiana, in the 182s, which failed. Not everyone was as committed to sharing and caring as Owen himself, and New Harmony split up in the late 182s. Reading Check Describing How did socialists respond to new and harsh working conditions? HISTORY Study Central For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History Modern Times, go to wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Checking for Understanding 1. Vocabulary Define: dynamic, enclosure movement, capital, entrepreneur, cottage industry, puddling, migrate, industrial capitalism, socialism. 2. People Identify: James Watt, Robert Fulton. Reviewing Big Ideas 3. Describe the importance of the railroads in the growth of cities in Europe and the United States. Critical Thinking 4. Connecting Ideas Analyze how the Industrial Revolution changed the way families lived and worked. CA HI 1 5. Cause and Effect Use a diagram like the one below to list the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution. Causes Industrial Revolution Effects Analyzing Visuals 6. Examine the picture of female textile workers shown on page 255 of your text. How does this picture reflect the role that women played in the Industrial Revolution? 7. Informative Writing You are a nineteenth-century journalist. Write a brief article depicting the working conditions in cotton mills and an explanation of how mill owners defend such conditions. CA WA2.3b 261