Unit 1 Study Guide. 3. The United States grew as industrial jobs increased.

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1 Unit 1 Study Guide Name: ate: 1. What stimulated the growth of labor unions in the United States during the Industrial Revolution?. The Sherman ntitrust ct of 1890 proved to be ineffective.. Workers were subjected to low pay and poor working conditions. 3. The United States grew as industrial jobs increased. What significant new development made mass production possible?. cotton gin. assembly line. steam engine. spinning machine. Progressives were elected to ongress in large numbers after The federal government supported railroad workers in the altimore and Ohio railroad strike. 2. How did political bosses in major industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s?. The political machines exploited immigrants by buying votes with favors, jobs, and housing.. The immigrants created ethnic neighborhoods to insulate themselves from controlling political bosses.. The political bosses were outnumbered; the immigrants seized control and passed laws similar to those in Europe. 4. Where did immigrants from central, eastern, and southern Europe tend to settle after they arrived in the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s?. Most tended to settle in rural areas of the tlantic oast states where they became farmers.. The majority moved to the West to work on the railroads and in the mines.. Most settled in the coastal South to work in the fishing industry.. The majority settled in Eastern and Midwestern cities to work in factories.. The immigrants were unhappy with the corrupt political machines, and joined anarchist and socialist movements instead. page 1

2 5. fter 1880, many merican citizens were concerned about the large numbers of immigrants. What was one reason for their concern?. Immigrants would not work for lower wages than merican citizens.. Many people did not understand or accept people from different countries.. Immigrants refused to learn English or become merican citizens.. Many people thought that there was not enough land for more people to live here. 7. uring the 1800s, the movement of large numbers of immigrants from many different countries into large merican cities resulted in the rapid growth of. effective public health programs.. ethnic neighborhoods.. public parks and recreation areas.. plentiful and affordable public housing. 8. These statements describe the experiences of one group of immigrants to the United States. 6. Privately owned U.S. railroads used monopolistic practices between 1870 and How did farmers respond?. They tried to develop other ways to move their crops to market.. They boycotted railroads that charged unfair rates.. They supported the adoption of the gold standard.. They organized groups such as the Grange and the Populist Party to work for reforms. They entered through ports on the West oast. Many workers built railroads for low wages. Labor unions usually refused them membership. Which group of 19th century immigrants do these statements describe?. hinese. Irish. Germans. Mexicans page 2 Unit 1 Study Guide

3 In the years after Reconstruction, sharecropping was a common land arrangement. SHREROPPING Tenant farmer rented small tract of land. Tenant paid rent in the form of a share of the year s crop. fter harvest, tenant repaid landowner for costs of equipment. ccording to the map above, in 1890 most Native merican reservations were located in. South akota.. Idaho.. Oklahoma.. Montana. Tenants were often in debt after the year s accounts were settled. The system described above brought about which result?. continued cycle of poverty. Federal regulation of farm credit. Establishment of agricultural colleges. Low food prices due to overproduction 10. Use the photograph below to answer the following question. Why did merican Indians living on the Great Plains in the late 1800s use this type of housing?. to follow herds of animals. to stay near other tribes. to move to a better climate. to stay near their crops page 3 Unit 1 Study Guide

4 How were the lives of many hinese immigrants affected by the transcontinental railroad?. They were given jobs to plan the transcontinental railroad, but they were underpaid.. They were employed to build the railroad tracks, but they also suffered from discrimination.. They used factories to manufacture railroad tracks and ties, and they became economically and politically powerful. The above poster suggests that 19th-century industrialization was often accompanied by. They used the transcontinental railroad to travel west to search for gold, but they had to leave their families behind.. labor strife.. farm protests.. technological progress.. political stability. 15. The federal government s approach to regulating monopolies in the early 1900s was to. break up corporate trusts. avoid interfering with strikes. regulate corporate profits. avoid free and open competition 13. s a symbol of friendship, France gave merica the. Liberty ell.. Statue of Liberty.. Lincoln Memorial.. Washington Monument. 16. The layton ntitrust ct of 1914 and the Sherman ntitrust ct both tried to. restrict labor unions.. regulate foreign trade.. restrict the power of big businesses.. regulate the employment of children. page 4 Unit 1 Study Guide

5 17. Which of these groups most favored immigration to the United States between 1880 and 1910? 20. Manufacturing was first developed in which economic region of the United States?. unskilled workers. rural farmers. urban nativists. factory owners. Midwest. Northeast. Southeast. Northwest 18. What impact did the transcontinental railroad have on the economy of the West during the mid-1800s?. decreased the need for government regulation. increased the time needed to ship products to other regions. decreased the use of eastern rail lines. increased settlement and growth in the region 21. Use the list to answer the following question. Increased coal mining Increased petroleum refining evelopment of the essemer process evelopment of the incandescent light bulb What do the events in the list have in common?. They are results of the policy of ollar iplomacy. 19. Why did immigrants support political machines?. to have more educational opportunities. to reform city governments. to get better public housing. They are results of the policy of Manifest estiny.. They are factors contributing to the rise of industrialization.. They are events contributing to the increase of agricultural production.. to gain employment page 5 Unit 1 Study Guide

6 22. Use the political cartoon to answer the question. 24. Which issue led to the organization of the Populist Party?. the desire to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers. the collapse of the Second ank of the United States. an increase in immigration. limited availability of land in the West for use by new farmers In the political cartoon, President Theodore Roosevelt is depicted opposing which group?. labor unions. political reformers. civil servants. corporate monopolies 25. Which was the major reason people migrated to the western United States during the nineteenth century?. economic opportunity. religious persecution. de facto segregation 23. The economy and settlement of the West in the late 19th century were shaped by which industries?. industrial revolution. Mining and cattle ranching. Manufacturing and fishing. griculture and forestry. efense and high technology page 6 Unit 1 Study Guide

7 26. Use the diary entry below to answer the following question. 28. Land! Land! came the joyous shout. merica! We re in merica!... ll crowded and pushed on deck. They strained and stretched to get the first glimpse of the golden country, lifting their children on their shoulders.... From Regions Near and Far, c 1991, published by Simon and Schuster. The diary entry above was most likely written by. an immigrant.. a slave.. a Native merican.. a pioneer. The map above suggests that in 1892 the Populist Party, or People s Party, was strongest in which of the following regions?. Northeast. eep South. Great Plains. Southwest 27. Why were immigrants more likely to settle in urban, industrial centers rather than rural, agricultural regions?. Housing was plentiful.. Factories provided much-needed jobs.. Immigrants knew nothing of farming techniques.. Immigrants could receive citizenship quicker. 29. The verb gild means to apply a thin coating of gold on the surface of another less valuable material to make it appear more attractive and valuable. The late 19th century United States is often referred to as The Gilded ge because of the. use of gold instead of silver or other metals to back merican currency.. widespread use of valuable metals in constructing new buildings.. underlying poverty and corruption that were present despite the appearance of great wealth and prosperity.. great technological gap that existed between industrialized urban areas and agricultural rural areas. page 7 Unit 1 Study Guide

8 30. Which of the following had the greatest impact on the growth of cities in the late 1800s?. The expansion of industry. The introduction of the automobile. The success of the Harlem Renaissance 33. Select a group that immigrated to the United States since Reconstruction. Explain why that group migrated to the United States and settled in a particular region, how that group contributed to U.S. society, and one public or governmental response to that group s settlement in the United States.. The onset of the Spanish-merican War 31. How did economic opportunities encourage the hinese and the Irish to immigrate to the West oast?. The massive cattle drives lacked cowhands.. The transcontinental railroads needed builders.. Oil companies in Texas required drillers.. orporate farms employed temporary farmhands. 34. You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold! William Jennings ryan, ross of Gold speech William Jennings ryan made the statement above during a speech at the 1896 emocratic convention demanding. a minimum wage law for miners.. the unlimited coinage of silver.. the end to spiraling inflation.. an end to subsidies to gold mining companies. 32. Who best completes this diagram? 35. uring the post-reconstruction Era, the United States began to develop its western territories. ll of the following groups of mericans contributed to this development except. J.P. Morgan. lger Hiss. Robert LaFollette. Jacob Riis. miners. cattlemen. farmers. shipbuilders page 8 Unit 1 Study Guide

9 36. Why did many immigrants move from eastern and southern Europe to the United States between 1880 and 1920?. to escape the threat of war in Europe. to spread new political ideas from Europe. to bring new industrial techniques to the United States. to take advantage of economic opportunities in the United States 38. How did labor unions affect the lives of many workers during the late nineteenth century?. They won shorter hours and better pay for workers.. They helped workers take over ownership of factories and mines.. They worked with lawmakers to pass pro-business legislation.. They welcomed workers of any race or gender to join in their strikes. 37. Political economist Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty in The wealthy class is becoming more wealthy, but the poorer class is becoming more dependent. The gulf between the employed and the employer is growing wider; social contrasts are becoming sharper; as liveried [horse-drawn] carriages appear; so do barefoot children. Which factor led to the economic division described by Henry George?. Stock market upturn. Rapid industrialization. Passage of antitrust laws. Production of raw materials 39. Which of these technological developments had the greatest impact on patterns of settlement in the merican West?. canals. railroads. telegraphs. steamboats 40. Which of the following social factors contributed most to the passage of the hinese Exclusion ct in 1882?. Widespread support for imperialism in sia and the Pacific Rim. elief that hinese immigrants had to be protected against discrimination. oncern about hinese communism in the United States. fear of unfamiliar hinese customs and practices page 9 Unit 1 Study Guide

10 41. Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry when he developed the 44. How did government policies of the Gilded ge of the late 1800s promote industrialization?. concept of standardized parts.. internal combustion engine.. inflatable rubber tire.. assembly line.. Imperialism fueled steel production in the United States.. New eal policies created jobs for many of the unemployed.. The Sherman ntitrust ct allowed for regulation of big business.. Laissez-faire economic policies allowed private businesses to operate freely. 42. How did passing the Sherman ntitrust ct attempt to reform U.S. business practices in the late 1800s?. The legislation made business monopolies illegal, though enforcement of the law proved ineffective until later.. The act allowed the federal government the right to seize certain private businesses and place them under public control.. The act prevented U.S. businesses from establishing subsidiaries in foreign countries.. The legislation created a bimetallic standard based on gold and silver. 45. How did the government s policy of manifest destiny affect Native mericans living on the plains in the late 1800s?. Native mericans were forced to accept treaties and land east of the Mississippi River.. Native mericans were forced to give up reservations with the passage of the Monroe octrine.. Native mericans were forced to mine gold discovered by settlers.. Native mericans were forced onto reservations while settlers took their land. 43. Members of the Populist Party supported public ownership of railroads because they thought it would. help small farmers.. reduce immigration.. decrease income taxes.. change monetary policy. 46. Which method of transportation contributed most to westward migration in the late 19th century?. Steamboats. Railroads. utomobiles. anal barges page 10 Unit 1 Study Guide

11 47. Use the following graph to answer the question. 49. Why did the Homestead ct attract farmers to the frontier?. It guaranteed farmers access to the railroad.. It provided farmers with subsidies for their crops.. It offered tax incentives to farmers who settled in the West.. It offered free land to farmers who would improve it within five years. The economic development of the United States between 1870 and 1950 helped produce the results shown in the graph above. The trend shown in the graph is associated with. increased urbanization.. decreased immigration.. advances in communication.. reduced population growth. 50. Which invention made western farming more efficient in the mid-1800s?. the Model T. the steel plow. the essemer process. the assembly line 48. Which characteristic of the Industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of labor unions?. The competition created by immigrant workers. The working conditions found in many factories. The results of mass production on agricultural prices. The influence of political machines on company towns 51. One of the major demands of the Populists of the late nineteenth century was that the government should. encourage immigration.. increase tariff rates.. regulate the railroads.. prevent inflation. page 11 Unit 1 Study Guide

12 52. This graph illustrates immigrant settlement patterns between 1870 and Foreign-orn Population by Region 54. Why was the formation of labor unions an effect of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800s?. Unions were needed to guarantee a steady supply of workers.. Union membership was required for employment in new industries.. Factory owners set up labor unions in order to control their large workforce.. Unions organized industrial workers to protest unsafe working conditions and long workdays. Source: U.S. ensus ureau North South West Which statement provides an accurate analysis of the trend shown in this graph?. Immigrants settled in rural areas to establish farms.. Immigrants were attracted to areas with factory jobs.. Immigrants settled in areas with warmer climate conditions.. Immigrants were attracted to areas with little ethnic diversity. 55. In the 1920s the mass production of the automobile in the United States. caused a decrease in the need for mineral resources.. created related industries that increased employment.. was restricted to areas of the mid-south. 53. Which business strategy would a late-1800s industrial leader use to establish a monopoly?. caused factories to relocate to anada.. form a joint stock company. use a horizontal integration system. make a contract with labor union leaders. develop a nationwide advertising campaign page 12 Unit 1 Study Guide

13 56. This excerpt is from legislation passed by the U.S. ongress in one effect railroads had on Native mericans living in the western United States was the Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor... What is the historical significance of this legislation?. eastern migration of most western Native merican tribes.. gradual improvement of the Native mericans standard of living.. eventual destruction of the Native mericans way of life.. complete incorporation of Native mericans into United States society.. It represents the first attempt by ongress to regulate trade between two or more states.. It was the first law that attempted to prohibit one company from controlling an entire industry.. It represents the first attempt by ongress to criminalize corruption among corporate officials.. It was the first law that attempted to regulate trade between domestic companies and foreign nations. 59. Reasons for migrations of people are described as push factors and pull factors. Which was a pull factor for many immigrants coming to the United States between 1780 and 1850?. job opportunities. political oppression. colonization. overpopulation 57. Many people in the United States resented the new wave of immigration that began in the 1890s and early 1900s because. available land for farming did not exist in the United States.. immigrants were wealthier than most merican citizens.. new immigrants were willing to work for less money.. factories closed rather than hire workers from foreign nations. 60. One effect of the building of the transcontinental railroad was to. make more land for Native mericans in the West. attract more Latin mericans to the West. make land available for cotton plantations in the West. attract more migrants to the West page 13 Unit 1 Study Guide

14 61. uring the late 1800s, the development of new industrial products such as the steel plow and barbed wire most directly contributed to the migration of people to the. Pacific Northwest.. Great Plains.. Mississippi elta.. Great Lakes region. 64. In merica during the Gilded ge, robber barons were people who mainly. seized the possessions of ivil War prisoners.. conducted brutal military campaigns across the country.. exploited natural resources of frican colonies.. used aggressive business practices to dominate industries. 62. uring the 1800s, Midwestern farmers demanded the free coinage of silver because they believed that it would. help control inflation.. lower the prices of manufactured goods.. increase the money supply.. lead to lower freight charges. 65. This summary describes immigration trends between 1870 and More than 25 million people migrated to the United States between 1870 and Immigration, along with natural increase, caused the U.S. population to grow dramatically, rising from about 40 million to about 100 million during this time period. Why was the population boom at the turn of the twentieth century important to merican industrialization? 63. One effect of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th century was. a decrease in child labor.. an increase in demand for handicraft goods.. a decrease in immigration to the United States.. It resulted in increased use of natural resources.. It provided a larger labor force and consumer market.. It increased jobs in the fields of marketing and advertisement.. It encouraged a variety of cultural influences in economic innovation.. an increase in urbanization. page 14 Unit 1 Study Guide

15 66. What did the merican Federation of Labor try to achieve in the late 1800s? 69. The graph below shows the number of farms in the United States in 1860 and control of decision making in the market. higher wages and better working conditions. employee ownership of factories and mines. elimination of racial discrimination in the workplace 67. Why did the Populist Party of the late 1800s want the United States government to adopt a bi-metallic standard?. Gold coins were in greater supply than silver coins.. Gold coins were more expensive to produce than silver coins.. Increased circulation of silver coins would reduce freight costs.. Increased circulation of silver coins would stabilize the agricultural sector. How did the Homestead ct of 1862 contribute to the changes shown on the graph?. The government provided land to settlers in the West.. The government gave funds to railroad companies in the West.. The government funded large-scale irrigation projects in the West.. The government promised to buy cash crops from farmers in the West. 68. The intent of the awes Severalty ct, passed by ongress in 1887, was to. assimilate Native mericans.. provide housing for sian immigrants.. restrict immigration from Europe.. grant citizenship to Hispanic mericans. page 15 Unit 1 Study Guide

16 70. One of the key goals of the 1913 Federal Reserve ct was to. place a banking system under the direct control of ongress.. decentralize the banking industry in order to allow for local control of money.. protect the banking industry by removing the country from the gold standard. 72. Ford s production of Model Ts in the early 20th century demonstrated the economic relationship between specialization and. reduced labor demand.. greater efficiencies in production.. higher production costs.. decreased union organization.. create a banking system that could regulate the amount of money in circulation. 73. This table compares the major reform laws passed in What factor contributed to the migration of large numbers of people from Europe to the United States in the late 19th century?. Industrialization in the United States attracted laborers from Europe.. Economic prosperity in Europe allowed people to purchase land in the United States.. European social reform movements wanted to spread their beliefs to the United States.. The United States needed people to colonize the overseas territories it had recently acquired. LYTON NTI-TRUST T, 1914 Prohibited business practices leading to the formation of monopolies. FEERL TRE OMMISSION T, 1914 reated a new agency to ensure business competition. Which goal did ongress have in passing these laws?. Enabling corporations to consolidate under federally appointed supervisors. Establishing the federal government as a regulator of corporate activities. Restricting the growth of corporations to prevent a market crash. Expanding corporate marketplaces by offering subsidies page 16 Unit 1 Study Guide

17 74. Which factor contributed most to the rise of cities in the East between 1880 and 1900?. The development of inexpensive urban housing through improved construction techniques. Growth of industry and the spread of factories. wave of immigration from South merica. Federal highway programs helping to tie the cities together as transportation hubs 77. We are the nation of human progress, and who will, what can, set limits to our onward march? Providence is with us, and no earthly power can. We point to the everlasting truth on the first page of our national declaration, and we proclaim to the millions of other lands, that the gates of hell the powers of aristocracy and monarchy shall not prevail against it. This quotation was taken from a journal article in With which statement would the author of the article most likely agree?. The United States should be careful about growing too quickly. 75. The industrialization of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a result of. support for isolationism in merica.. the development of transportation and communication systems.. The United States should be ruled by a monarchy.. The United States was meant by God to expand and become great.. The United States does not need to protect its borders.. increased regulatory powers of federal government agencies.. the growth of powerful labor unions. 76. uring the Industrial Revolution, how did the economic hardships of immigrants influence social reform?. usinesses sponsored child-care programs.. Political machines demanded improved working conditions.. Settlement houses were established to provide services to the poor.. Federal offices distributed relief payments to unemployed workers. page 17 Unit 1 Study Guide

18 78. This list describes industrial working conditions in the United States during the Gilded ge. poor pay long hours frequent layoffs dangerous conditions Which tactic was effective in changing these conditions?. Staging factory riots 80. In the late 19th century, industrialization led to harsh working conditions in the United States. Which policies of the U.S. government allowed such conditions to develop and later led to the growth of labor unions to correct abuses of workers?. laissez-faire policies toward big business. antitrust policies toward monopolies. imperialist policies regarding territorial expansion. isolationist policies regarding international alliances. Urging public boycotts. Organizing labor unions. Supporting monopolistic practices 81. The railroad building boom during the nineteenth century contributed to 79. person s choice to migrate is often described in terms of push factors and pull factors. Which of the following was a pull factor for Irish immigrants coming to the United States between 1780 and 1850?. famine. political oppression. overpopulation. job opportunities. increasing agricultural production in the Northeast.. the establishment of trade relations with Mexico.. dramatic population decreases in Southern cities.. the rapid industrialization of the United States. page 18 Unit 1 Study Guide

19 82. Many people came to the United States after the ivil War. Which phrase shows the possible push and pull factors that brought people to the country? 83. Which merican policial party is best represented by the diagram?. pushed out of their country because of poverty, pulled to the United States for slavery. pushed out of their country because of job opportunities, pulled to the United States for poverty. pushed out of their country because of poverty, pulled to the United States for jobs and services for the poor. pushed out of their country because of unstable government, pulled to the United States for seasonal weather. Populist Party. Republican Party. Progressive Party. Know-Nothing Party page 19 Unit 1 Study Guide

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