1 Senate and House of Representatives.

Transcription

1 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES-' 1 WE THE PEOPLE of the Unted States, n Order to form a more perfect Unon, establsh Justce, nsure domestc Tranqulty, provde for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blesngs of Lberty to ourselves and our Posterty, do ordan and establsh ths Consttuton for the Unted States of Amerca. 1 - SECTON 1. All legslatve Powers heren granted shall be vested! n a congress of the Unted States, whch shall consst of a 1 Senate and House of Representatves. Ths text of the Consttuton follows the engrossed copy sgned by Gen. Washngton and the deputes from 12 States. The small superor fgures precedng the paragraphs desgnate clauses. and were not n the orgnal and have no reference to footnotes. The Consttuton was adopted by a conventon of.the States on September and was subsequently ratfed by the several States. on the followng dates: Delaware. December : Pennsylvana. December ; New,Jersey. December ; Georga, January 2, 1788; Connectcut. January : Massachusetts. February : Maryland. Aprl ; South Carolna. May : New Hampshre. June Ratfcaton was completed on June : The Consttuton was subsequently ratfed by Vrgna. June ; New York. July ; North Carolna. November ; Rhode sland. May : and Vermont. January n May a commttee of Congress made a report recommendng an alteraton n the Artcles, of Confederaton. but no acton was taken on t. and t was left to the State Legslatures to pro-, ceed n the matter. n January the Legslature of Vrgna passed a resoluton provdng for the appontment of fve commssoners. who. or any three of them. should meet such commsson ers as mght be apponted n the other States of the Unon. at a tme and place to be agreed upon. to take nto consderaton the trade of the Unted States; to consder how far a unform system n ther commercal regulatons may be necessary to ther common nterest and ther permanent, harmony; and to report to the several States such an act. relatve to ths great object,as, when ratfed by them. wll enable the Unted States n Congress effectually to provde for the same. ; The Vrgna commssoners. after some correspondence. fxed the frst Monday n September as : the tme, and the cty of Annapols as the place for the meetng, but only four other States were represented, vz: Delaware. New York. New Jersey. and Pennsylvana: the commssoners apponted by Massachusetts. New Hampshre. North Carolna. and Rhode sland faled to attend. Under the crcumstances of so partal a representaton. the commssoners present agreed upon a report,! (drawn by Mr. Hamlton. of New York.) expressng ther unanmous convcton that t mght es sentally tend to advance the nterests of the Unon f the States by whch they were respectvely delegated would concur. and use ther endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States. n the appontment of commssoners to meet at Phladelpha on the Second Monday of May fol- ( lowng. to take nto consderaton the stuaton of the Unted States: to devse such further pmv- slons as should appear to them necessary to render the Consttuton of the Federal Government adequate to the exgences of the Unon: and to report such an act for that purpose to the Unted States n Congress assembled as. when agreed to by them and afterwards confrmed by the Legs- ; latures of every State. would effectually provde for the same. Congress. on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resoluton n favor of a conventon, and the Legslatures of those States whch had not already done so (wth the excepton of Rhode sland) promptly apponted delegates. On the 25th of May. seven States havng convened. George Wash- : ngton. of Vrgna. was unanmously elected Presdent. and the consderaton of the proposed consttuton was commenced. On the 17th of September the Consttuton as engrossed and agreed upon was sgned by all the members present. except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts. and Messrs. Mason and Randolph. of Vrgna. The presdent of the conventon transmtted t to Congress. wth a resoluton statng how the proposed Federal Government should be put n operaton. and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September. 1787, drected the Consttuton so framed, wth the resolutons and letter concernng the same. to "be transmtted to the several (1) ' -

2 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES t...-. *CO~STTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES 3 SECTON. 2. The House af Representatves shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the.sever,-- a1 States, and-tk?e Electors h each State shall have the Qualfcatons *quste for.electors of the most numerous Branch of the State' Legslature... NO Persqn shall be. a Representatve whd shall hot have attaned to the Age of twenty fve Years, and been seven Years a Ctzen of the Unted States, and who shall not, when elected, be an nhabtant of that State n whch he shall be chosen. Representatves and drect Taxes shall be apportoned among the several States whch may be ncluded wth71 ths Unon, accordng to ther respectve Numbers, whch shall be determned by addng to the whole Number of free Persons, ncludng those bound to Servce for a Term of Years, and excludng ndans not taxed, three ffths of all other Persons2 The actual Enumeraton shall be made wthn three Years after the frst Meetng of the Congress of the Unted States, and wthn every subsequent Term of ten Years, n such Manner as they shall by Law drect. The Number of Representatves shall not exceed one for every thrty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representatve; and untl such enumeraton shall be made, the State of New Hampshre shall be enttled to chuse three, Massachusetts eght, Rhode-sland and Provdence Plantatons one, Connectcut fve, New-York sx, New Jersey four, Pennsylvana eght, Delaware one, Maryland sx, Vrgna ten, North Carolna fve, South Carolna fve, and Georga three. When vacances happen n the Representaton from any State, the Executve Authorty thereof shall ssue Wrts of Electon to fll such Vacances. The House of Representatves shall chuse ther Speaker and other Offcers; and shall have the sole Power of mpeachment. SECTON. 3. The Senate of the Unted States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legslature thereof.3 for sx Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. mmedately after they shall be assembled n Consequence of the frst Electon, they shall be dvded as equally as may be nto three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the frst Class shall be vacated at the Expraton of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expraton of the fourth Year, and of the thrd Class at the Expraton of the sxth Year, so that one thrd may be chosen every second Year; and f Vacances happen by Resgna- Legslatures n order to be submtted to a conventon of delegates chosen n each State by the people thereof. n conformty to the resolves of the conventon." On the 4th of March the day whch had been fxed for commencng the operatons of Government under the new Consttuton. t had been ratfed by the conventons chosen n each State to consder t, as follows: Delaware. December : Pennsylvana. December ; New Jersey. December : Georga. January : Connectcut. January : Massachusetts. February : Maryland. Aprl : South Carolna. May : New Hampshre. June ; Vrgna. June : and New York. July The Presdent nformed Congress. on the 28th of January, that North Carolna had ratfed the Consttuton November ; and he nformed Congress on the 1st of June that Rhode sland had ratfed the Consttuton May Vermont. n conventon. ratfed the Consttuton January and was. by an act of Congress approved February "receved and admtted nto ths Unjon as a new and entre member of the Unted States." ZThe part of ths clause relatlng to the mode of apportonment of representatves among the several States has been affected by secton 2 of amendment XV, and as to taxes on ncomes wthout apportonment by amendment XV. 'Ths clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XV.! ton, or otherwse,, durng the Recess of the Legslature of any State, the E.&ecutve thereof may make temporary Appontments.. ' untl the next Meetng qf the Legslhture, whch shall then fll. '. such Vacan~es.~ NO Person shall be a Senator who shall hot have'attanedcto the Age of thrty Years, and been nne- Years a Ctzen of the - Unted States, and who shall not, when elected, be an nhabtant of that State for whch he shall be chosen. The Vce Presdent of the Unted States shall bedpresdent of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally dvded. The Senate shall chuse ther other ~fcers, and also a Presdent pro tempore, n the Absence of the Vce Presdent, or when he shall exercse the Offce of Presdent of the Unted States. =The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all mpeachments. When sttng for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affrmaton. When the Presdent of the Unted States s tred, the Chef Justce shall presde; And no Person shall be convcted wthout the Concurrence of two thrds of the Members present. Judgment n Cases of mpeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Offce, and dsqualfcaton to hold and enjoy any Offce of honor, Trust or Proft under the Unted States: but the Party convcted shall nevertheless be lable and subject to ndctment, Tral, Judgment and Punshment, accord- ng to Law. SECTON. 4. 'The Tmes, Places and Manner of holdng Electons for Senators and Representatves, shall be prescrbed n each State by the Legslature thereof; but the Congress may at any tme by Law make or alter such Regulatons, except as to the Places of chusng Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once n every Year. and such Meetng shall be on the frst Monday n De~ember,~ unless they shall by Law appont a dfferent Day. SECTON. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Electons, Returns and Qualfcatons of ts own Members, and a Majorty of each shall consttute a Quorum to do Busness; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorzed to compel the Attendance of absent Members, n such Manner, and under such Penaltes as each House may provde. *Each House may determne the Rules of ts Proceedngs, punsh ts Members for dsorderly Behavour, and, wth the Concurrence of two thrds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of ts Proceedngs, and from tme to tme publsh the same, exceptng such Parts as may n ther Judgment requre Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of ether House on any queston shall, at the Desre of one ffth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 4 Nether House, durng the Sesson of Congress, shall, wthout the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that n whch the two Houses shall be sttng. Ths clause has been affected by clause 2 of amendment XV. =Ths clause has been affected by amendment XX.

3 4. CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES SECTDN. 6. The Senators and Representatves shall regve a.. 2 Compensat~n for ther Servces, to be ascertaned by Law, and " pad out of the Treasury of the Unted States.6 They shall h all* Casb, ezcept Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be prv- ' ' leged from Arrest durng ther Attendance at the Sessandf ther resp'ectv: Houses, and n gong to and returnng from the h e ; and for any Speech or Debate n ether House, they shall not be questoned n any other Place. No Senator or Representatve shall, durng the Tme for whch he was elected, be apponted to any cvl Offce under the Authorty of the Unted States, whch shall have been created, or, the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased durng such tme; and no Person holdng any Offce under the Unted States, shall be a Member of ether House durng hs Contnuance n Offce. SECTON. 7. All Blk for rasng Revenue shall orgnate n the House of Representatves; but the Senate may propose or concur wth Amendments as on other Blls. Every Bll whch shall have passed the House of Representatves and the Senate, shall, before t become a Law, be presented to the Presdent of the Unted States; f he approve he shall sgn t, but f not he shall return t, wth hs Objectons to that House n whch t shall have orgnated, who shall enter the Objectons at large on ther Journal, and proceed to reconsder t. f after such Reconsderaton two thrds of that House shall agree to pass the Bll, t shall be sent, together wth the Objectons, to the other House, by whch t shall lkewse be reconsdered, and f approved by two thrds of that House, t shall become a Law. But n all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determned by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons votng for and aganst the Bll shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectvely. f any Bll shall not be returned by the Presdent wthn ten Days (Sundays excepted) after t shall have been presented to hm, the Same shall be a Law, n lke Manner as f he had sgned t, unless the Congress by ther Adjournment prevent ts Return, n whch Case t shall not be a Law. 3 Every Order, Resoluton, or Vote to whch the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatves may be necessary (except on a queston of Adjournment) shall be presented to the Presdent of the Unted States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by hm, or beng dsapproved by hm, shall be repassed by two thrds of the Senate and House of Representatves, accordng to the Rules and Lmtatons prescrbed n the Case of a Bll. SECTON. 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Dutes, mposts and Excses, to pay the Debts and provde for the common Defence and general Welfare of the Unted States; but all Dutes, mposts and Excses shall be unform throughout the Unted States; 2 TO borrow Money on the credt of the Unted States; 3 TO regulate Commerce wth foregn Natons, and among the several States, and wth the ndan Trbes; 6Ths clause has been affected by amendment XXV CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES 5 :..-);..?To establsh an unform Rule op Naturalzaton, and unform' Laws 'on the.subject of Bankrutjces throughout the Unted States;,. 9 To con Money, tegulde the Value thereof, and of foregn Con, and fx the Standard of Weghts and Measures; To provde for the Punshment of counterfetng the Securtes and current Con of the Unted States; To establsh Post Offces and post Roads; TO promote the Progress of Scence and useful Arts, by securng for lmted Tmes to Authors and nventors the exclusve Rght to ther respectve Wrtngs and Dscoveres; TO consttute Trbunals nferor to the supreme Court; lo To defne and punsh Praces and Felones commtted on the hgh Seas, and Offences aganst the Law of Natons; l1 To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprsal, and make Rules concernng Captures on Land and Water; l2 TO rase and support Armes, but no Appropraton of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; l3 TO provde and mantan a Navy; 14To make Rules for the Government and Regulaton of the land and naval Forces; l5 TO provde for callng forth the Mlta to execute the Laws of the Unon, suppress nsurrectons and repel nvasons; '6 TO provde for organzng, armng, and dscplnng, the Mlta, and for governng such Part of them as may be employed n the Servce of the Unted States, reservng to the States respectvely, the Appontment of the Offcers, and the Authorty of tranng the Mlta accordng to the dscplne prescrbed by Congress; l7 To exercse exclusve Legslaton n all Cases whatsoever, over such Dstrct (not exceedng ten Mles square) as may, by Cesson of partcular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the Unted States, and to exercse lke Authorty over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legslature of the State n whch the Same shall be, for the Erecton of Forts, Magaznes, Arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful Buldngs;-And l8 TO make all Laws whch shall be necessary and proper for carryng nto Executon the foregong Powers, and all other Powers vested by ths Consttuton n the Government of the Unted States, or n any Department or Offcer thereof. SECTON. 9. The Mgraton or mportaton of such Persons as any of the States now exstng shall thnk proper to admt, shall not be prohbted by the Congress pror to the Year one thousand eght hundred and eght, but a Tax or duty may be mposed on such mportaton, not exceedng ten dollars for each Person. 2 The Prvlege of the Wrt of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when n Cases of Rebellon or nvason the publc Safety may requre t. 3 NO Bll of Attander or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 4No Captaton, or other drect, Tax shall be lad, unless n Proporton to the Census or Enumeraton heren before drected to be taken.? Ths clause hss been affected by amendment XV.

4 6 CO-NSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES No Tax or Duty shall be lad on Artcles exported from any State. NO Preference, shall be gven by any Regulaton of Commerceor Revenue.to the,porta of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessqls bound to, dr from, one State, be oblged to enter, ' clear, or pay Dutes n another.:. - NO Money shall be drawn from the Treasury. but n Consequence of Appropratons made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Recepts and Expendtures of all publc Money shall be publshed from tme to tme. 8 N Ttle ~ of Noblty shall be granted by the Unted States: And no Person holdng any Offce of Proft or Trust under them, shall, wthout the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Offce, or Ttle, of any knd whatever, from any Kng, Prnce, or foregn State. SECTON. 10. NO State shall enter nto any Treaty, Allance, or Confederaton; grant Letters of Marque and Reprsal; con Money; emt Blls of Credt; make any Thng but gold and slver Con a Tender n Payment of Debts; pass any Bll of Attander, ex post facto Law, or Law mparng the Oblgaton of Contracts, or grant any Ttle of Noblty. NO State shall, wthout the Consent of the Congress, lay any mposts or Dutes on mports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executng t's nspecton Laws: and the net Produce of all Dutes and mposts, lad by any State on mports. or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the Unted States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revson and Controul of the Congress. NO State shall, wthout the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Shps of War n tme of Peace, enter nto any Agreement or Compact wth another State, or wth a foregn Power, or engage n War, unless actually nvaded, or n such mmnent Danger as wll not admt of delay. SECTON. 1. The executve Power shall be vested n a Presdent of the Unted States of Amerca. He shall hold hs Offce durng the Term of four Years, and, together wth the Vce Presdent, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows Each State shall appont, n such Manner as the Legslature thereof may drect, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatves to whch the State may be enttled n the Congress: but no Senator or Representatve, or Person holdng an Offce of Trust or Proft under the Unted States, shall be apponted an Elector. 3 The Electors shall meet n ther respectve States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an nhabtant of the same State wth themselves. And they shall make a Lst of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; whch Lst they shall sgn and certfy, and transmt sealed to the Seat of the Government of the Unted States, drected to the Presdent of the Senate. The Presdent of the Senate shall, n the Presence of the Senate and House of Repre- - *... CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTP STATES 7 sentatves, open all the Certfcates, and the votes shall then be. counted. The Person havng the greatest Number of Votes shall - * be the Presdent, f -such hmber.be a Majorty ldf the wh$e, '. Number of- Electors.apponted; and f there.be more 'tha'n one who have such Majorty, and have aq equal Number of Votes. then the House of Representatves shall mmedately chuse by Ballot one of them for Presdent; and f no Person have a Majorty, then from the fve hghest on the Lst the sad House shall n lke Manner chuse the Presdent. But n chusng the Presdent, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representaton from each State havng one Vote; A quorum for ths Purpose shall consst of a Member or Members from two thrds of the States, and a Majorty of all the States shall be necessary to a Choce. n every Case, after the Choce of the Presdent, the Person havng the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vce Presdent. But f there should reman two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vce Pre~dent.~ *The Congress may determne the Tme of chusng the Electors, and the Day on whch they shall gve ther Votes; whch Day shall be the same throughout the Unted States. No Person except a natural born Ctzen, or a Ctzen of the Unted States, at the tme of the Adopton of ths Consttuton, shall be elgble to the Offce of Presdent; nether shall any Person be elgble to that Offce who shall not have attaned to the Age of thrty fve Years, and been fourteen Years a Resdent wthn the Unted States. n Case of the Removal of the Presdent from Offce, or of hs Death, Resgnaton, or nablty to dscharge the Powers and Dutes of the sad Off~e,~ the Same shall devolve on the Vce Presdent, and the Congress may by Law provde for the Case of Removal, Death, Resgnaton or nablty, both of the Presdent and Vce Presdent, declarng what Offcer shall then act as Presdent, and such Offcer shall act accordngly, untl the Dsablty be removed, or a Presdent shall be elected. The Presdent shall, at stated Tmes, receve for hs Servces, a Compensaton, whch shall nether be encreased nor dmnshed durng the Perod for whch he shall have been elected, and he shall not receve wthn that Perod any other Emolument from the Unted States, or any of them. 8 Before he enter on the Executon of hs Offce, he shall take the followng Oath or Affrmaton:-" do solemnly swear (or affrm) that wll fathfully execute the Offce of Presdent of the Unted States, and wll to the best of my Ablty, preserve, protect and defend the Consttuton of the Unted States." SECTON. 2. The Presdent shall be Commander n Chef of the Army and Navy of the Unted States, and of the Mlta of the several States, when called nto the actual Servce of the Unted States; he may requre the Opnon, n wrtng, of the prncpal Offcer n each of the executve Departments, upon any Subject relatng to the Dutes of ther respectve Offces, and he shall *Ths clause has been superseded by amendment X. 9 Thk clause has been affected by amendment XXV.

5 ~ 8.. CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES have power to qant R.epreves and Pardons for Offences aganst the Uted States,"except n Cases of mpeachment. He shall have Power, by and wth.the Advce and Consent of the Senate, to make Treates, provded two thrds of :the Sendtors present concu.r;.and he,shall nomnate, and'by and wth th'e.advce and Consent of.theasenate, shall appont Ambassadors, other publc Mnsters znd Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Offcers of the Unted States, whose Ap-. pontments are not heren otherwse provded for, and whch shall be establshed by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appontment of such nferor Offcers, as they thnk prober, n the Presdent alone, n the Courts of Law, or n the Heads of Departments. The Presdent shall have Power to fll up all Vacances that may happen durng the Recess of the Senate, by grantng Commssons whch shall expre at the End of ther next Sesson. SECTON. 3. He shall from tme to tme gve to the Congress nformaton of the State of the Unon, and recommend to ther Consderaton such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedent; he may, on extraordnary Occasons, convene both Houses, or ether of them, and n Case of Dsagreement between them, wth Respect to the Tme of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Tme as he shall thnk proper; he shall receve Ambassadors and other publc Mnsters; he shall take Care that the Laws be fathfully executed, and shall Commsson all the Offcers of the Unted States. SECTON. 4. The Presdent, Vce Presdent and all cvl Offcers of the Unted States, shall be removed from Offce on mpeachment for, and Convcton of, Treason, Brbery, or other hgh Crmes and Msdemeanors. SECTON. 1. The judcal Power of the Unted States, shall be vested n one supreme Court, and n such nferor Courts as the Congress may from tme to tme ordan and establsh. The Judges, both of the supreme and nferor Courts, shall hold ther Offces durng good Behavour, and shall, at stated Tmes, receve for ther Servces, a Compensaton, whch shall not be dmnshed durng ther Contnuance n Offce. SECTON. 2. The judcal Power shall extend to all Cases, n Law and Equty, arsng under ths Consttuton, the Laws of the Unted States, and Treates made, or whch shall be made, under ther Authorty;-to all Cases affectng Ambassadors, other publc Mnsters and Consuls;-to all Cases of admralty and martme Jursdcton;-to Controverses to whch the Unted States shall be a Party;-to Controverses between two or more States;- between a State and Ctzens of another State; lo-between Ctzens of dfferent States,-between Ctzens of the same State clamng Lands under Grants of dfferent States, and between a State, or the Ctzens thereof, and foregn States, Ctzens or Subjects. lo Ths clause has been affected by amendment X..- - CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES -. 9 n all Cases affectng mbassadors, other publc Mnsters and Consuls, and those n whch a State shall be Party, -the supreme court shall havc orgnal. Jufsdcton. n a11.the other.-. Cases before mentoned, the supreme Court shall have appellate.., Jursdcton, both as to.law and Fact, wth such Exceptons, and under such Regulatons a the Congress shall make. 3The Tral of all Crmes, except n Cases of mpeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Tral shall be held n the State where the sad Crmes shall have been commtted; but when not commtted wthn any State, the Tral shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have drected. SECTON. 3. Treason aganst the Unted States, shall consst only n levyng War aganst them, or n adherng to ther En emes, gvng them Ad and. Comfort. No Person shall be convct-! ed of Treason unless on the Testmony of two Wtnesses to the l same overt Act, or on Confesson n open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punshment of! Treason, but no Attander of Treason shall work Corrupton of Blood, or Forfeture except durng the Lfe of the Person attanted... ARTCLE. V. SECTON. 1. Full Fath and Credt shall be gven n each State to the publc Acts, Records, and judcal Proceedngs of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescrbe the Manner n whch such Acts, Records and Proceedngs shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. SECTON. 2. The Ctzens of each State shall be enttled to all Prvleges and mmuntes of Ctzens n the several States. A Person charged n any State wth Treason, Felony, or other Crme, who shall flee from Justce, and be found n another State, shall on Demand of the executve Authorty of the State from whch he fled, be delvered up, to be removed to the State havng Jursdcton of the Crme. NO Person held to Servce or Labour n one State, under the Laws thereof, escapng nto another, shall, n Consequence of any Law or Regulaton theren, be dscharged from such Servce or Labour, but shall be delvered up on Clam of the Party to whom such Servce or Labour may be due. SECTON. 3. New States may be admtted by the Congress nto ths Unon; but no new State shall be formed or erected wthn the Jursdcton of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Juncton of two or more States, or Parts of States, wthout the Consent of the Legslatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dspose of and make all 1 needful Rules and Regulatons respectng the Terrtory or other Property belongng to the Unted States; and nothng n ths Consttuton shall be so construed as to Prejudce any Clams of the Unted States, or of any partcular State. --- ~ L Ths clause has been affected by amendment X.

6 10. CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED' STATES. SECTON. 4. The Unted States shall guarantee to every State n :.. ths.unon a Republcan Forq of Government, and.shall proteot each'of them aganst nvason; and on Applcaton of the Legsla-, ture, or 'of the Executve (when the Legslature cannot be convened) aganst domestc Volence. The Congress, whenever two thrds of both Houses shall dbem t necessary. shall propose Amendments to ths Consttuton, or, on the Applcaton of the Legslatures of two thrds of the sever- a1 States, shall call a Conventon for proposng Amendments, whch, n ether Case, shall be vald to all ntents and Purposes,! as Part of ths Consttuton, when ratfed by the Legslatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventons n three, fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratfcaton may be proposed by the Congress; Provded that no Amendment whch may be made pror to the Year One thousand eght hundred and eght shall n any Manner affect the frst and fourth Clauses n the Nnth Secton of the frst Artcle; and that no State, wthout ts Consent, shall be deprved of ts equal Suffrage n the Senate. ARTCLE. V. All Debts contracted and Engagements entered nto, before the Adopton of ths Consttuton, shall be as vald aganst the, Unted States under ths Consttuton, as under the Confedera ton. Ths Consttuton, and the Laws of the Unted States whch shall be made n Pursuance thereof; and all Treates made, or whch shall be made, under the Authorty of the Unted States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges n every State shall be bound thereby, any Thng n the Consttuton or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwthstandng. The Senators and Representatves before mentoned, and the Members of the several State Legslatures, and all executve and judcal Offcers, both of the Unted States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affrmaton, to support ths Consttuton; but no relgous Test shall ever be requred as a Qualfcaton to any Offce or publc Trust under the Unted States. ARTCLE. V. The Ratfcaton of the Conventons of nne States, shall be suffcent for the Establshment of ths Consttuton between the States so ratfyng the Same. DONE n Conventon by the Unanmous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September n the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eghty seven and of the ndependence of the Unted States of Amerca the CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES 11 Twelfth N WTNESS whereof We have hel'emto subscrbed qur Names, -.. GO WASHNGTON-Presd '. and deputy from Vrgna Delaware JACO: BROOM Maryland [Sgned also by the deputes of twelve States.] New Hampshre Massachusetts NATHANEL GORHAM RUFUS KNG Connectcut J m s MCHENRY DAN OF ST THO^. JENFER W. SAM^. JOHNSON DmL CARROLL. ROGER SHERMAN Vrgna North Carolna South Carolna Georga Attest WLLAM JACKSON Secretary. New York New Jersey Pennsylvana B FRANKLN THOMAS MF~N ROB' MORRS GEO. CLYMER THO=. FTZSMONS JARED~NGERSOLL JAMES WLSON. Gouv MORRS

7 ARTCLES N ADDTON -TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 'THE. -.CONSTTUTON OF.THE UNTED STATES OF AMERCA PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATFED BY THE LEG: SLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES. PURSUANT TO- THE FFTH ARTCLE OF THE ORGNAL CONSTTU- TON l2 ' Congress shall make no law respectng an establshment of relgon, or prohbtng the free exercse thereof; or abrdgng the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the rght of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petton the Government for a redress of grevances. well regulated Mlta, beng necessary to the securty of a ' w free State, the rght of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be nfrnged. No Solder shall, n tme of peace be quartered n any house, wthout the consent of the Owner, nor n tme of war, but n a manner to be prescrbed by law. The rght of the people to be secure n ther persons, houses, papers, and effects, aganst unreasonable searches and sezures, shall not be volated, and no Warrants shall ssue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affrmaton, and partcularly descrbng the place to be searched, and the persons or thngs to be sezed. No person shall be held to answer for a captal, or otherwse nfamous crme, unless on a presentment or ndctment of a. Grand '=The frst ten amendments to the Consttuton of the Unted States (and two others. one of whch faled of ratfcaton and the other whch later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Frst Congress on September The frst ten amendments were ratfed by the followng States. and the notfcatons of ratfcaton by the Governors thereof were successvely communcated by the Presdent to Congress: New Jersey. November : Maryland. December ; North Carolna. December ; South Carolna. January ; New Hampshre. January : Delaware. January : New York. February ; Pennsylvana. March : Rhode sland. June ; Vermont. November ; and Vrgna. December Ratfcaton was completed on December The amendments were subsequently ratfed by the legslatures of Massachusetts. March ; Georga. March : and Connectcut. Aprl Only the 13th. 14th. 15th. and 16th artcles of amendment had numbers assgned to them at the tme of ratfcaton. (13)

8 14 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES 9 Jury, except n -cases arsng Mhe land or naval forces, or n the Mlta, actual servce n tme of War or publc dang~r; nor shall any person be subjkct for the same offence to be twce put n jeopardy. of lfe or lmb; nor shall be- compelled n any crmnal case to be a wtness aganst hmself, nor be deprved of. -. :. lfe, lberty; or property, wthout due pro&ss of law; nor shall. prvate'property be taken for publc use, wthout just compensaton. ARTCLE CV.1 n all crmnal prosecutons, the accused shall enjoy the rght to a speedy and publc tral, by an mpartal jury of the State and dstrct wheren the crme shall have been commtted, whch dstrct shall have been prevously ascertaned by law, and to be nformed of the nature and cause of the accusaton; to be confronted wth the wtnesses aganst hm; to have compulsory process for obtanng wtnesses n hs favor, and to have the Assstance of Counsel for hs defence. n Suts at common law, where the value n controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the rght of tral by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tred by a jury. shall be otherwse re-examned n any Court of the Unted States, than accordng to the rules of the common law. Excessve bal shall not be requred, nor excessve fnes mposed, nor cruel and unusual punshments nflcted. The enumeraton n the Consttuton, of certan rghts, shall not be construed to deny or dsparage others retaned by the people. The powers not delegated to the Unted States by the Consttuton, nor prohbted by t to the States, are reserved to the States respectvely, or to the people. [ARTCLE X.] The Judcal power of the Unted States shall not be construed to extend to any sut n law or equty, commenced or prosecuted aganst one of the Unted States by Ctzens of another State, or by Ctzens or Subjects of any Foregn State. The eleventh amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Thrd Congress. on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared n a message from the Resdent to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of three-fourths of. the States. The dates of ratfcaton were: New York. March : Rhode sland. March 31, 1794; Connectcut, May ; New Hampshre; June ; ~assachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and November 9, 1794; CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED SwTES-- n....a - 15 ' ~rna. ~povember : Georga, November ; Kentucky. December ; Maryland, December : Delaware. January ; North Carolna. February '% Ratfcaton was completed on February 7, The amendment was subsequently atfed.by south ckolna on December 4, New Jersey and Pennsylvana dd nqt? take acton on the amendment. The Electors shall meet n ther respectve states, and vote by ballot for Presdent and Vce-Presdent, one of whom, at least, shall not be an nhabtant of the same state wth themselves; they shall name n ther ballots the person voted for as Presdent, and n dstnct ballots the person voted for as Vce-Presdent, and they shall make dstnct lsts of all persons voted for as Presdent, and of all persons voted for as Vce-Presdent, and of the number of votes for each, whch lsts they shall sgn and certfy, and transmt sealed to the seat of the government of the Unted States, drected to the Presdent of the Senate;-The Presdent of the Senate shall, n the presence of the Senate and House of Representatves, open all the certfcates and the votes shall then be counted;-the person havng the greatest number of votes for Presdent, shall be the Presdent, f such number be a majorty of the whole number of Electors apponted; and f no person have such majorty, then from the persons havng the hghest numbers not exceedng three on the lst of those voted for as Presdent, the House of Representatves shall choose mmedately, by ballot, the Presdent. But n choosng the Presdent, the votes shall be taken by states, the representaton from each state havng one vote; a quorum for ths purpose shall consst of a member or members from two-thrds of the states, and a majorty of all the states shall be necessary to a choce. And f the House of Representatves shall not choose a Resdent whenever the rght of choce shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next followng, then the Vce-Presdent shall act as Presdent, as n the case of the death or other consttutonal dsablty of the Presdent.l4-The person havng the greatest number of votes as Vce-presdent, shall be the Vce- Presdent, f such number be a majorty of the whole number of Electors apponted, and f no person have a majorty, then from the two hghest numbers on the lst, the Senate shall choose the Vce-Presdent; a quorum for the purpose shall consst of twothrds of the whole number of Senators, and a majorty of the whole number shall be necessary to a choce. But no person consttutonally nelgble to the offce of Presdent shall be elgble to that of Vce-Presdent of the Unted States. The twelfth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Eghth Congress, on the 9th of December. 1803, n leu of the orgnal thrd paragraph of the frst secton of the second artcle; and was declared n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State. dated the 25th of September to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 13 of the 17 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: North Carolna. December ; Maryland. December : Kentucky. December ; Oho, December 30,1803; Pennsylva- '4 Ths sentence has been superseded by secton 3 of amendment XX.

9 16 "' CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES na.2anuary ; Vermont. January ; Vrgna. February ; New. York. February :; New Jersey, -February ; Rhode slapd. March 12, 1804: Soath- Caro1na;May ;. Georga. May ; New Hampshre. June 15. k80k -... Ratfcaton was completed on-june The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Tennessee, July The amendment vas rejkcted by Delaware. January ; Maskchus~tts. Wb- ruary ; Connectcut. at ts sesson begun May 10, ARTCLE X. SECTON 1. Nether slavery nor nvoluntary servtude, except as a punshment for crme whereof the party shall have been duly convcted, shall exst wthn the Unted States, or any place sdbject to ther jursdcton. SECTON 2. Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. The thrteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Thrty-eghth Congress. on the 31st day of January. 1865, and was declared. n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State. dated the 18th of December, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of twenty-seven of the thrty-sx States. The dates of ratfcaton were: llnos, February ; Rhode sland. February ; Mchgan. February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3,1865; New York, February ; Pennsylvana. February ; West Vrgna. February ; Mssour. February 6, 1865: Mane. February 7, 1865: Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Vrgna, February 9, 1865; Oho, February ; ndana. February 13, 1865; Nevada. February ; Lousana. February ; Mnnesota. February : Wsconsn. February ; Vermont. March 9, 1865; Tennessee. Aprl ; Arkansas, Aprl ; Connectcut. May ; New Hampshre. July ; South Carolna. November 13, 1865; Alabama, December ; North Carolna. December ; Georga. December Ratfcaton was completed on December 6, The amendment was subsequently ratfed'by Oregon. December ; Calforna. December ; Florda. December (Florda agan ratfed on June upon ts adopton of a new consttuton); owa. January ; New Jersey. January (after havng rejected the amendment on March ); Texas. February : Delaware. February (after havng rejected the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after havng rejected t on February ). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratfed) by Msssspp. December 4, ARTCLE XV. SECTON 1. All persons born or naturalzed n the Unted States, and subject to the jursdcton thereof, are ctzens of the Unted States and of the State wheren they resde. No State shall make or enforce any law whch shall abrdge the prvleges or mmuntes of ctzens of the Unted States; nor shall any State deprve any person of lfe, lberty, or property, wthout due process of law; nor deny to any person wthn ts jursdcton the equal protecton of the laws. SECTON 2. Representatves shall be apportoned among the several States accordng to ther respectve numbers, countng the whole number of persons n each State, excludng ndans not taxed. But when the rght to vote at any electon for the choce of electors for Presdent and Vce Presdent of the Unted States, Representatves n Congress, the Executve and Judcal offcers of a State, or the members of the Legslature thereof, s dened * to any of the male nhabtants of such ~tate.'beng twenty-one... years of,age,15 and ctzens of the Unted States, or n any way abrdged, except for partcpatqn n rebellon, or other. erm6,...the bass of representaton theren shall be reduced n the proporton whch the number of such male ctzens shall bear to the whole number of male ctzens twenty-one years of age n such State., SECTON 3. NO person shall be a Senator or Representatve n Congress, or elector of Presdent and Vce Presdent, or hold any offce, cvl or mltary, under the Unted States, or under any State, who, havng prevously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an offcer of the Unted States, or as a member of any State legslature, or as an executve or judcal offcer of any State, to support the Consttuton of the Unted States, shall have engaged n nsurrecton or rebellon aganst the same, or gven ad or comfort to the enemes thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thrds of each House, remove such dsablty. SECTON 4. The valdty-of the publc debt of the Unted States, authorzed by law, ncludng debts ncurred for payment of pensons and bountes for servces n suppressng nsurrecton or rebellon, shall not be questoned. But nether the Unted States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or oblgaton ncurred n ad of nsurrecton or rebellon aganst the Unted States, or any clam for the loss or emancpaton of any slave; but all such debts, oblgatons and clams shall be held llegal and vod. SECTON 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by approprate legslaton, the provsons of ths artcle. PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON The fourteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Thrty-nnth Congress, on the 13th of June, t was declared. n a certfcate of the Secretary of State dated July to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Connectcut. June 25, 1866; New Hampshre, July ; Tennessee. July : New Jersey. September (subsequently the legslature rescnded t. ratfcaton. and on March readopted ts resoluton of rescsson over the Governor's veto, and on Nov expressed support for the amendment); Oregon, September (and rescnded ts ratfcaton on October ); Vermont. October ; Oho. January 4, 1867 (and rescnded ts ratfcaton on January ); New York. January ; Kansas. January 11, 1867; llnos. January 15, 1867; West Vrgna, January 16, 1867; Mchgan. January 16, 1867; Mnnesota. January ; Mane. January ; Nevada, January 22, 1867; ndana, January 23, 1867; Mssour, January 25,1867: Rhode sland, February ; Wsconsn. February ; Pennsylvana. February ; Massachusetts. March ; Nebraska. June 15, 1867; owa. March ; Arkansas, Aprl 6, 1868; Florda, June 9, 1868; North Carolna, Jbly 4, 1868 (after havng rejected t on December ); Lousana. July tafter havng rejected t on February ); South Carolna. July (after havng rejected t on December ). Ratfcaton was completed on July 9, The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georga, July tafter havng rejected t on November ); Vrgna, October 8, 1869 tafter havng rejected t on January ); Msssspp. January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after havng rejected t on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February tafter havng rejected t on February ); Maryland, Aprl 4. J See amendment XX and secton 1 of amendnlent XXV.

10 18 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES 1989 (after-havng rejectq: t on March ); ~alfoa, May ;Xmtueky. March (after havng rejected t on January 8,1867).. ARTCLE XV. -. b' SECTON.. The.rgbt.of -ctzens of the Unted states to vote shall not be dened' or abrdged by the Unted States o': by 'any State on-account of race, color, or prevous condfton ~f servtude. SECTON 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. The ffteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Forteth Congress, on the 26th of February and was declared, n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State, dated March , to have been ratfed by the legslatures of twenty-nne of the thrty-seven States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Nevada. March 1, 1869; West Vrgna, March 3, 1869; llnos, March 5, 1869; Lousana, March 5, 1869; North Carolna. March 5, 1869; Mchgan. March ; Wsconsn. March 9, 1869; Mane. March 11, 1869; Massachusetts. March ; Arkansas. March : South Carolna. March 15, 1869; Pennsylvana. March ; New York. Aprl 14, 1869 tand the legslature of the same State passed a resoluton January to wthdraw ts consent to t. whch acton t rescnded on March ); ndana. May ; Connectcut. May 19, 1869; Florda. June ; New Hampshre, July ; Vrgna, October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Mssour, January 7, 1870; Mnnesota. January ; Msssspp. ~ huary ; Rhode sland. January 18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Oho, January 27, 1870 (after havng rejected t on Aprl ): Georga. February ; owa. February 3, Ratfcaton was completed on February 3, unless the wthdrawal of ratfcaton by New York was effectve: n whch event ratfcaton was completed on February when Nebraska ratfed. The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Texas, February ; New Jersey. February (after havng rejected t on February ); Delaware. February tafter havng rejected t on March ); Oregon. February 24, 1959; Calforna, Aprl (after havng rejected t on January ); entucky, March (after havng rejected t on March ). The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May ; Maryland havng prevously rejected t on February 26,1870. The amendment was rejected tand not subsequently ratfed) by Tennessee. November The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on ncomes, from whatever source derved, wthout apportonment among the several States, and wthout regard to any census or enumeraton. The sxteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Sxty-frst Congress on the 12th of uly. 1909, and was declared. n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State, dated the 5th of February, to have been ratfed by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of atfcaton were: Alabama. August ; Kentucky. February ; South Carolna. February ; llnos. March 1, 1910: Msssspp. March 7, 1910: klahoma. March ; Maryland. Aprl ; Georga, August ; Texas. August 16, 1910; Oho. January ; daho, January ; Oregon. January ; Washngton. January ; Montana. January ; ndana. January ; Calforna. January ; Neveda. January : South Dakota. February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolna, February 11, 1911; olorado. February ; North Dakota. February 17, 1911; Kansas, February ; Mchgan, February ; owa, February ; Mssour, March 16, 911; Mane. March 31, 1911: Tennessee. Aprl ; Arkansas, Aprl CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES ' '(after havng rejected t earler); Wsconsn. May ; New York, July ;. - Arzona. Aprfl ; Mnnesota. June ; Lousana. June ; West Vrgna, January ; New Mexco, Feb1yary.3, Ratfcaton was completed on ~ebryar$ , The am'endment wassubsequently ratfek by ~assakhusetts. March :New Hampshre, March 7, 1913 tafter havng rejected t on March ). The amendment, was reject& (and not subsequently ratfed) by Connectcut, Rhode sland, and Otah., ' [ARTCLE XV.1 The Senate of the Unted States shall.be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for sx years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors n each State shall have the qualfcatons requste for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legslatures. When vacances happen n the representaton of any State n the Senate, the executve authorty of such State shall ssue wrts of electon to fll such vacances: Provded, That the legslature of any State may empower the executve thereof to make temporary appontments untl the people fll the vacances by electon as the legslature may drect. Ths amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the electon or term of any Senator chosen before t becomes vald as part of the Consttuton. PROPOSAL AND ~TFCATON The seventeenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Sxty-second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and was declared, n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912: Arzona. June ; Mnnesota, June ; New York. January 15, 1913; Kansas, January ; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolna, January 25, 1913; Calforna, January 28, 1913; Mchgan. January ; owa. January 30, 1913; Montana. January 30, 1913; daho, January ; West Vrgna. February ; Colorado. February ; Nevada. February : Texas. February 7, 1913; Washngton. February ; Wyomng. February : Arkansas. February ; Mane. February : llnos. February ; North Dakota, February ; Wsconsn. February 18, 1913; ndana, February ; New Hampshre, February ; Vermont, February ; South Dakota, February ; Oklahoma. February 24, 1913; Oho, February ; Mssour. March ; New Mexco. March ; Nebraska. March ; New Jersey. March ; Tennessee. Aprl ; Pennsylvana. Aprl ; Connectcut, Aprl 8, Ratfcaton was completed on Aprl 8, The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Lousana, June 11, The amendment was rejected by Utah tand not subsequently ratfed) on February 26, ARTCLE CXV. SECTON 1. After one year from the ratfcaton of ths artcle the manufacture, sale, or transportaton of ntoxcatng lquors wthn, the mportaton thereof nto, or the exportaton thereof from the Unted States and all terrtory subject to the jursdcton thereof for beverage purposes s hereby prohbted. SEC. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. '8 Repealed by sectlon 1 of amendment XX.

11 20.* CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES SEC. 3. Ths'artcle shall.be noperatve unless t shall have - been ratfed as an amen,dment to the Consttuton. by the legsla-. tures of the several Stgtes; as provded' l- the ConSttuto?,... wtw seven years from.t.he date of. the.submsson. hereof to the-'.. States by the Congress.... PROPOSAL AND RATP~CATON -. The eghteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Sxty-ffth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January. 1919, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Msssspp. January 8, 1918; Vrgna, January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolna. January 29, 1918; Maryland. February 13, 1918; Montana. February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, March ; Massachusetts. Aprl 2, 1918; Arzona. May 24, 1918; Georga. June 26,1918; Lousana. August 3, 1918; Florda. December 3, 1918; Mchgan, January ; Oho. January ; Oklahoma. January 7, 1919; daho, January ; Mane, January 8, 1919; West Vrgna. January ; Calforna, January ; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washngton, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January ; Kansas. January ; Alabama. January ; Colorado, January 15, 1919: owa, January ; New Hampshre, January 15, 1919; Oregon, _ January ; Nebraska. January ; North Carolna. January ; Utah. January ; Mssour. January ; Wyomng. January Ratfcaton was completed on January 16, See Dllon v. Gloss. 256 U.S (1921). The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Mnnesota on January 17, 1919; Wsconsn, January 17, 1919; New Mexco. January ; Nevada. January ; New York. January 29,1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvana. February ; Connectcut. May ; and New Jersey, March The amendment was rejected tand not subsequently ratfed) by Rhode sland. ARTCLE CXX. The rght of ctzens of the Unted States to vote shall not be dened or abrdged by the Unted States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON The nneteenth amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Sxty-sxth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, n a proclamaton of the Secretary of State. dated the 26th of August. 1920, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: llnos, June tand that State readopted ts resoluton of ratfcaton June 17, 1919); Mchgan, June 10, 1919: Wsconsn, June ; Kansas. June ; New York, June 16, 1919; Oho, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvana, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; owa, July 2, 1919; Mssour, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August ; Nebraska. August ; Mnnesota, September ; New Hampshre. September ; Utah. October ; Calforna. November ; Mane. November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December ; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December ; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode sland. January ; Oregon. January 13, 1920; ndana, January 16, 1920; Wyomng, January ; Nevada, February ; New Jersey. February ; daho, February 11, 1920; Arzona, February 12, 1920; New Mexco, February 21, 1920; Oklahoma, February ; West Vrgna, March ; Washngton. March ; Tennessee. August Ratfcaton was completed on August The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Connectcut on September tand that State reaffrmed on September 21, 1920); Vermont. February ; Delaware, March 6, 1923 tafter havng rejected t on June 2, 1920); Maryland,.'la - C~NSTTUTON OF THFUNTED STATES 21.. March (aftec havng rejected t onfebruary ratffcaton certfed of February 25, r958); Vrgna, February 21, 1952 (after havng rejected t on February ; Alabama, Sedember (after havng rejected t on September' '... 22, 1919); aorda, May ; South Carb1na;~uly (after havng rejected. t on January.28, r3tfcaton certfed on August ); Georga, F'ebruary taftek havng rejected t en July ); Lousana. June (after ' havng rejected t on July ); North Carolna. May 6, 1971; Mssjsspp, March (after havng rejected t on March 29;1920). _... ARTCLE CXX.1 SECTON 1. The terms of the Presdent and Vce Presdent shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Sena- tors and Representatves at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years n whch such terms would have ended f ths artcle had not been ratfed; and the terms of ther successors shall then begn. SEC. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once n every year, and such meetng shall begn at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appont-a dfferent day. SEC. 3. f, at the tme fxed for the begnnng of the term of the Presdent, the Presdent elect shall have ded, the Vce Presdent elect shall become Presdent. f a Presdent shall not have been chosen before the tme fxed for the begnnng of hs term, or f the Presdent elect shall have faled to qualfy, then the Vce Presdent elect shall act as Presdent untl a Presdent shall have qualfed; and the Congress may by law provde for the case wheren nether a Presdent elect nor a Vce Presdent elect shall have qualfed, declarng who shall then act as Presdent, or the manner n whch one who s to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordngly untl a Presdent or Vce Presdent shall have qualfed. SEC. 4. The Congress may by law provde for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Represent-, atves may choose a Presdent whenever the rght of choce shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vce Presdent whenever the rght of choke shall have devolved upon them. SEC. 5. Sectons 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October followng the ratfcaton of ths artcle. SEC. 6. Ths artcle shall be noperatve unless t shall have been ratfed as an amendment to the Consttuton by the legslatures of three-fourths of the several States wthn seven years from the date of ts submsson. PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON The twenteth amendment to the Consttuton was proposed to the legslatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, and was declared, n a proclamaton by the Secretary of State. dated on the 6th day of February to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Vrgna, March ; New York. March ; Msssspp, March 16, 1932; Arkansas. March ; Kentucky, March ; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolna. March ; Mchgan, March ; Mane. Aprl ; Rhode sland, Aprl ; llnos. Aprl Lousana, June ; West Vrgna. July 30, 1932; Pennsylvana. ~uguht 11,'1932- ndana. August 15, 1932; Texas. September 7, 1932; Alabama, September : Calforna. January ; North Carolna, January 5, 1933; North Dakota ~anu; ary ; Mnnesota. January ; Arzona, January 13,1933; ~ ontan Janu-

12 22. - '... CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES C Artj~le becomes 0peratve.f rom koldng the. ofkce of Presdent or actng as Presdent durng the remander of such term. -SEC. 2. Ths artcle shall be noperatve-unless t shall 'have been ratfed as an amendnent to.the Consttuton by the legsla-. tures of three-fourths of the several States wthn seven years from.thegdate of ts submsson to the States by the Congress. CONSTTUTON OF THE.UNTED STATES ary ; Nebryka. January.13, 2933; Oklahoma. January ; Kansas, Jan-. uary 16:1933; Oregon. January : Delaware. January 19, 1933; Washngton,. January 19, 1933; Wyomfpg, January 19,' 1933; owa. January ; South Dakota. January 20, 193.3; Tennessw. Jyuary ;'1daho. Jtnuarq 21, 1933; New Mexco. ~anuary : Georga. January 23, 1933: Mssour. January 23., ; Oho. January 23,1983; Utah. January Ratfcaton was completed on January , The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Massachusetts on January 24, 1933; Wsconsn. January 24,'1933; Colorado. January 24, 1933: Nevada. January 26, 1933: Connectcut. January : New Hampshre. January ; Vermont. February ; Maryland. March ; Florda. Aprl ARTCLE CXX.1 SECTON 1. The eghteenth artcle of amendment to the Consttuton of the Unted States s hereby repealed. SECTON 2. The transportaton or mportaton nto any State, Terrtory, or possesson of the Unted States for delvery or use theren of ntoxcatng lquors, n volaton of the laws thereof, s hereby prohbted. SECTON 3. Ths artcle shall be noperatve unless t shall have been ratfed as an amendment to the Consttuton by conventons n the several States, as provded n the Consttuton, wthn seven years from the date of the submsson hereof to the States by the Congress. PROPOSAL m RATFCATON The twenty-frst amendment to the Consttuton was proposed to'the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February and was declared. n a proclamaton by the Secretary of State. dated on the 5th day of December to have been ratfed by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Mchgan. Aprl ; Wsconsn. Aprl ; Rhode sland, May 8, 1933; Wyomng. May ; New Jersey. June ; Delaware. June ; ndana. June : Massachusetts. June : New York. June ; llnos. July 10, 1933; owa. July ; Connectcut. July 11, 1933; New Hampshre. July 11, 1933; Calforna. July ; West Vrgna, July 25, 1933; Arkansas. August 1, 1933; Oregon. August 7, 1933; Alabama. August ; Tennessee, August ; Mssour, August ; Arzona, September ; Nevada. September ; Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26, 1933; Washngton, October 3, 1933; Mnnesota, October 10, 1933; daho, October 17, 1933; Maryland, October ; Vrgna. October ; New Mexco. November ; Florda. November ; Texas. November ; Kentucky, November ; Oho. December : Pennsylvana, December 5, 1933; Utah. December 5, Ratfcaton was completed on December The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Mane, on December and by Montana. on August 6,1934. The amendment was rejected tand not subsequently ratfed) by South Carolna. on December ARTCLE CXX.3 SECTON 1. NO person shall be elected to the offce of the Presdent more than twce, and no person who has held the offce of Presdent, or acted as Presdent, for more than two years of a term to whch some other person was elected Presdent shall be elected to the offce of the Presdent more than once. But ths Artcle shall not apply to any person holdng the offce of Presdent when ths Artcle was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holdng the offce of Presdent, or actng as Presdent, durng the term wthn whch ths PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON Ths amendment was proposed to the legslatures of the several States by the Eghteth Congress on Mar. 21, 1947 by House Jont Res. No. 27, and was declared by the Admnstrator of General Servces, on Mar. 1, 1951, to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Mane, March ; Mchgan, March 31, 1947; owa. Aprl 1, 1947; Kansas, Aprl 1, 1947; New Hampshre. Aprl ; Delaware. Aprl ; llnos. Aprl ; Oregon. Aprl ; Colorado. Aprl 12, 1947; Calforna. Aprl : New Jersey, Aprl ; Vermont. Aprl 15, 1947; Oho, Aprl ; Wsconsn. Aprl 16, 1947: Pennsylvana, Aprl ; Connectcut, May 21, 1947; Mssour, May 22, 1947; Nebraska, May ; Vrgna, January ; Msssspp. February 12, 1948; New York. March ; South Dakota. January 21, 1949; North Dakota. February 25, 1949; Lousana. May 17, 1950; Montana. January 25, 1951: ndana. January 29, 1951; daho. January 30, 1951; New Mexco, February : Wyomng. February 12, 1951; Arkansas, February 15, 1951; Georga. February 17, 1951; Tennessee, February 20, 1951: Texas, February 22, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951; Utah, February ; Mnnesota. February 27, Ratfcaton was completed on February The amendment was subsequently ratfed by North Carolna on February 28, 1951; South Carolna, March 13, 1951: Maryland. March ; Florda, Aprl 16, 1951; Alabama. May The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratfed) by Oklahoma n June and Massachusetts on June Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Admnstrator of General Servces that the amendment had become vald was made on Mar. 1,1951, F.R. Doc , 16 F.R SECTON 1. The Dstrct consttutng the seat of Government of the Unted States shall appont n such manner as the Congress may drect: A number of electors of Presdent and Vce Presdent equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatves n Congress to whch the Dstrct would be enttled f t were a State, but n no event more than the least populous State; they shall be -n addton to those apponted by the States, but they shall be consdered, for the purposes of the electon of hesdent and Vce Presdent, to be electors apponted by a State; and they shall meet n the Dstrct and perform such dutes as provded by the twelfth artcle of amendment. SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. Ths amendment was proposed by the Eghty-sxth Congress on June 17,1960 and was declared by the Admnstrator of General Servces on Apr. 3,1961, to have been ratfed by 38 of the 50 States. The dates of ratfcaton were: Hawa, June tand that State made a techncal correcton to ts resoluton on June 30, 1960); Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 1960; New York, January 17, 1961; Calforna, January 19, 1961; Oregon, January 27, 1961; Maryland, January 30,

13 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES,25 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES.. -- ' 1961; 1da;ah.fanuary ; Mane. January ; Mnnesota, January ':196t New Mexco. Februarpl. 1961; Nevada. February ; Montana. February '.-SECTON 1. n case of the removal of the Presdent frem offce :.South Dakota. February ; Colorado. February ; Washngton... or of hs death or resgnaton, the Vce Presdent shall become February ; West Vrgna. February : Alaska. February ; Wyo- Presdent. mng. Februafy-13: 1961; Delaware. February 20, 1961; Utah, February : Wsconsn. Fesruary 21, -1961; Pennsylvana. February ; ndana. March ;. SEC. 2. Whenwer there s a vacancy n t+e offce of the Vce ~ o k Dakota.,March h ; Tennessee. March 6, 1961; Mchgan. March ;:, Presdent, the Presdent shall nomnate a Vce Presdent who Connectcut. March ; Arzona, March 10, 1961; llnos, March ; Ne-, shall take offce upon confrmaton by a majorty vote of both braska, March 15, 1961; Vermont, March ; 1o'wa. March 16, 1961: Mssour. Houses of Congress. March ; Oklahoma. March ; Rhode sland. March ; Kansas, - March , 1961: -..-, Oho. - March SEC. 3. Whenever the Presdent transmts to the Presdent pro Ratfcaton was completed on March tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Repre- The amendment was subsequently ratfed by New Hampshre on March 30, 1961 sentatves hs wrtten declaraton that he s unable to dscharge (when that State annulled and then repeated ts ratfcaton of March ). The amendment was rejected tand not subsequently ratfed) by Arkansas on Janthe powers and dutes of hs offce, and untl he transmts to uary them a wrtten declaraton to the contrary, such powers and dutes shall be dscharged by the,vce Presdent as Actng Presdent. Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Admnstrator of General Servces SEC. 4. Whenever the Vce Presdent and a majorty of ether that the amendment had become vald was made on Apr , F.R. Doc the prncpal offcers of the executve departments or of such 26 F.R other body as Congress may by law provde, transmt to the ARTCLE CXXV.1 Presdent pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatves ther wrtten declaraton that the SECTON 1. The rght of ctzens of the Unted States to vote n Presdent s unable to dscharge the powers and dutes of hs any prmary or other electon for Presdent or Vce Presdent, for offce, the Vce Presdent shall mmedately assume the powers electors for Presdent or Vce Presdent, or for Senator or Repre- and dutes of the offce as Actng Presdent. sentatve n Congress, shall not be dened or abrdged by the Thereafter, when the Presdent transmts to the Presdent pro Unted States or any State by reason of falure to pay any poll tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Repretax or other tax. sentatves hs wrtten declaraton that no nablty exsts, he SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by shall resume the powers and dutes of hs offce unless the Vce approprate legslaton. Presdent and a majorty of ether the prncpal offcers of the executve department l7 or of such other body as Congress may PROPOSAL AND RATPCATON by law provde, transmt wthn four days to the Presdent pro Ths amendment was proposed by the Eghty-seventh Congress by Senate Jont tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Repre- Resoluton No. 29, whch was approved by the Senate on Mar and by the sentatves ther wrtten declaraton that the Presdent s unable House of Representatves on Aug t was declared by the Admnstrator of to dscharge the powers and dutes of hs offce. Thereupon Con- General Sewces on Feb to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 38 of the 50 States. gress shall decde the ssue, assemblng wthn forty-eght hours Ths amendment was ratfed by the followng States: for that purpose f not n sesson. f the Congress, wthn twenty- llnos. November ; New Jersey. December ; Oregon. January 25. one days after recept of the latter wrtten declaraton, or, f 1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Vrgna, February 1,1963; New York, Febru- Congress s not n sesson, wthn twenty-one days after Congress ary 4, 1963; Maryland. February ; Calforna, February ; Alaska. February ; Rhode sland, February ; ndana, February ; Utah, s requred to assemble, determnes by two-thrds vote of both February ; Mchgan. February ; Colorado. February ; Oho. Houses that the Presdent s unable to dscharge the powers and February ; Mnnesota. February 27, 1963; New Mexco. March ; dutes of hs offce, the Vce Presdent shall contnue to ds- Hawa. March ; North Dakota. March 7, 1963; daho. March : Wash- charge the same as Actng Presdent; otherwse, the Presdent ngton. March 14, 1963; Vermont. March 15, 1963; Nevada, March ; Connectcut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963: Pennsylvana, March 25, 1963; shall resume the powers and dutes of hs offce. 1 Wsconsn. March ; Kansas. March 28, 1963; Massachusetts. March : Nebraska, Aprl 4, 1963; Florda. Aprl ; owa, Aprl ; Delaware, May PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON ; Mssour. May ; New Hampshre, June 12, 1963; Kentucky. June 27, 1963; Mane. January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January ; Vrgna. February Ths amendment was proposed by the Eghty-nnth Congress by Senate Jont Res oluton No. 1. whch was approved by the Senate on Feb and by the House Ratfcaton was completed on January of Representatves. n amended form. on Apr The House of Representa- The amendment was subsequently ratfed by North Carolna on May tves agreed to a Conference Report on June 30, 1965, and the Senate agreed to the The amendment was rejected by Msssspp (and not subsequently ratfed) on Conference Report on July t was declared by the Admnstrator of General December 20, Sewces. on Feb to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 39 of the 50 States. CERTFCATON OF VALDTY Ths amendment was ratfed by the followng States: Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Admnstrator of General Sewces that the amendment had become vald was made on Feb F.R. Doc , 29 F.R "So n orgnal. Probably should be "departments"

14 26 CONSTTUTON OF THE UNTED STATES ~ebrkkq. July ; Wsconsn. July ; Oklahoma. July ; Massa-.$husetk. August ; Pennsylvana, August ; Kentucky, September ; Arzona. Sept'ember ; Mchgan. October ; ndana. October 20. : 1965; Calforna. O'ctobek ; Arkansas, November ; New Jersey. November ; Delaware. December ; Utah. January ;.West-Vrgna.. ~arfuary 20, 1966; ~ de, January 24, 1966; Rhode sland, January 28, 1966; Colorado. February ; New Mexco. February ; Kansas. February 8. $966; Vermont. February ; Alaska. February ; daho. March ; Hawa. March 3, 1966; Vrgna. March 8, 1966; Msssspp. March 10, 1966; New York. March ; Maryland, March ; Mssour. March ; New Hampshre. June ; Lousana. July ; Tennessee. January ; Wyomng. January ; Washngton, January 26, 1967; owa. January ; Oregon. February ; Mnnesota, February ; Nevada. February 10,1967. Ratfcaton was completed on February 10, The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Connectcut, February ; Montana. February 15, 1967; South Dakota, March 6, 1967; Oho, March ; Alabama, March ; North Carolna, March ; llnos, March ; Texas. Aprl 25, 1967; Florda. May Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Admnstrator of General Servces that the amendment had become vald was made on Feb , F.R. Doc F.R SECTON 1. The rght of ctzens of the Unted States, who are eghteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be dened or abrdged by the Unted States or by any State on account of age. SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce ths artcle by approprate legslaton. PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON Ths amendment was proposed by the Nnety-second Congress by Senate Jont Resoluton No. 7. whch was approved by the Senate on Mar and by the Eouse of Representatves on Mar t was declared by the Admnstrator of General Servces on July to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 39 of the 50 States. Ths amendment was ratfed by the followng States: Connectcut, March ; Delaware. March 23, 1971; Mnnesota, March 23, 1971; Tennessee. March ; Washngton, March 23, 1971; Hawa, March 24, 1971; Massachusetts, March ; Montana, March ; Arkansas, March 30, 1971; daho. March 30, 1971; owa. March ; Nebraska, Aprl ; New Jersey, Aprl ; Kansas. Aprl 7, 1971; Mchgan. Aprl 7, 1971; Alaska, Aprl 8, 1971; Maryland. Aprl ; ndana, Aprl ; Mane. Aprl 9, 1971; Vermont. Aprl ; Lousana. Aprl ; Calforna, Aprl ; Colorado. Aprl 27, 1971; Pennsylvana. Aprl ; Texas. Aprl ; South Carolna. Aprl ; West Vrgna. Aprl ; New Hampshre. May 13, 1971; Arzona, May ; Rhode sland. May ; New York. June ; Oregon. June ; Mssour. June 14, 1971; Wsconsn, June ; llnos. June ; Alabama. June 30, 1971; Oho. June 30, 1971; North Carolna, July 1, 1971; Oklahoma, July 1, Ratfcaton was completed on July The amendment was subsequently ratfed by Vrgna. July 8, 1971; Wyomng. July ; Georga. October No 'law,"vayng the cor?pensaton for the servces of the Sena tors and Representsltves, shall take effect, untl an electon of.., Representatves shall have ntervened PROPOSAL AND RATFCATON + Ths amendment. beng the second of twelve artcles proposed by the Frst Congress on Sept was declared by the Archvst of the Unted States on May ; to have been ratfed by the legslatures of 40 of the 50 States. Ths amendment was ratfed by the followng States: Maryland. December 19, 1789; North Carolna. December ; South Carolna. January 19, 1790; Delaware. January ; Vermont. November ; Vrgna. December 15, 1791: Oho, May ; Wyomng, March 6, 1978; Mane. Aprl ; Colorado, Aprl ; South Dakota. February 21,1985; New Hampshre. March ; Arzona, Aprl ; Tennessee. May 23, 1985; Oklahoma. July ; New Mexco, Feb-. ruary 14, 1986; ndana. February ; Utah. February 25, 1986; Arkansas, March ; Montana. March 17, 1987; Connectcut, May 13, 1987; Wsconsn, July ; Georga, February ; West Vrgna. March 10, 1988; Lousana. July 7, 1988; owa. February ; daho. March : Nevada, Aprl 26, 1989; Alaska. May ; Oregon. May ; Mnnesota. May ; Texas. May ; Kansas. Aprl ; Florda. May ; North Dakota. March : Alabama. May ; Mssour. May ; Mchgan. May 7, 1992; New Jersey. May Ratfcaton was completed on May The amendment was subsequently ratfed by llnos on May Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Archvst of the Unted States that the amendment had become vald was made on May F:R. Doc , 57 F.R [EDTORAL NOTE: There s some conflct as to the exact dates of ratfcaton of the amendments by the several States. n some cases, the resolutons of ratfcaton were sgned by the offcers of the legslatures on dates subsequent to that on whch the second house had acted. n other cases, the Governors of several of the States "approved" the resolutons (on a subsequent date), although acton by the Governor s not contemplated by artcle V, whch requred ratfcaton by the legslatures (or conventons) only. n a number of cases, the journals of the State legslatures are not avalable. The dates set out n ths document are based upon the best nformaton avalable.] Publcaton of the certfyng statement of the Admnstrator of General Servces that the amendment had become vald was made on July 7, F.R. Doc F.R