JICA Research Institute. Afghanistan and Japan Working Together on State-Building and Development

Transcription

1 Afghanistan JICA Research Institute Afghanistan and Japan Working Together on State-Building and Development

2 JICA Research Institute 10-5 Ichigaya Honmura-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo , JAPAN TEL: FAX: Copyright 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute All rights reserved. ISBN: Cover photos: Mika Tanimoto (upper right and lower right), Shunsuke Yamamoto (Save the Children Japan; middle row, second from left), and Raymond Wilkinson (middle row third from left)

3 Foreword It has been widely broadcast by the Japanese media that the Japanese government has contributed greatly toward Afghanistan s reconstruction and peace-building since the fall of the Taliban regime. It is not widely known, however, that there are many Japanese who have been engaged in supporting the Afghan people in returning to peaceful daily lives and reconstructing their own country. Even less is known about what they do, how they struggled, and what they have achieved in Afghanistan. The JICA Research Institute felt the need to shed a spotlight on these activities and thus established a project team in late 2010 and commenced preparations. Looking back on the whole range of support provided to Afghanistan by the Japanese people, and not only that delivered through the government and JICA, we first asked those who worked on the ground to write a background paper or respond to oral surveys, while also culling information from documents and websites. This report is a collection of all the information that was attained in this manner: the experiences of these people in various areas, including emergency aid that started with humanitarian aid; support given to building public institutions from scratch; and aid aimed at the very foundations of the everyday lives of the Afghan people. The Japanese who appear in this report have worked in their respective areas alongside Afghan people who have worked hard on rebuilding their own country. We would like to demonstrate in this report the contributions these Japanese have made through these joint efforts toward Afghanistan s nation-building. Various people who have worked in Afghanistan appear in this report: those from the Japanese government and the private sector, NGO (non-governmental organization) members and staff members of international organizations and the Japan International i

4 Cooperation Agency (JICA). For JICA s projects, not only JICA staff but also many others were involved, including university faculty members and employees of private-sector consulting firms who served as experts or consultants of the project. This report also includes stories of employees from private-sector construction firms that were contracted to work on infrastructure construction with financial aid from the Japanese government. As mentioned above, we asked numerous people who worked on aid in Afghanistan in various ways to write a background paper that covers their work and experience in detail. The framework of this report is based on an edited version of these papers. We would like to express our deep gratitude to those who have contributed to this volume by writing the background papers; they are named at the end of this report. We also obtained information from various people in ways besides the background paper. We deeply thank them for their contribution. Needless to say, peace-building and reconstruction in Afghanistan is a formidable task, and so we do not think that this report is able to depict a comprehensive picture of the efforts. We did try to cover as broad a range of people as possible in this report. But even so, we were able to mention only a portion of the whole. I would like to add here that there are a lot more people who have actively participated in the endeavor. This is the report s preliminary version that was assembled to coincide with the Tokyo International Conference on Afghanistan on July 8, The JICA Research Institute will continue with the editing of this report and plans to publish the report for a wider readership. We greatly hope that through this report we would be able to reach out to as many people as possible to tell the tales of hardship and thoughts of the people who have worked on supporting Afghanistan. Akio Hosono Director JICA Research Institute ii

5 Maps of Afghanistan iii

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7 Chronological Chart of Afghan-Japanese Relations Year Month Afghanistan Japanese assistance 1747 Durrani Kingdom is established 1919 Apr laration of Independence 1928 Apr Basic Friendship Treaty is signed 1930 Nov Afghan-Japanese Treaty for Friendship is signed 1933 Oct Afghan Legation is established in Tokyo 1934 Nov Japanese Legation is established in Kabul 1935 Mitsuo Ozaki, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, is sent to Afghanistan as an agricultural expert 1936 Feb Six Afghan exchange students come to Japan 1955 Restoration of diplomatic relations with Japan 1968 Yen loan projects for water supply system 1969 Apr King Zahir Shar and Queen visit Japan 1971 Jun Their Imperial Highnesses Crown Prince and Princess (presently Their Majesties Emperor and Empress) visit Afghanistan 1976 Grant aid to the television station in Kabul 1979 Soviet military invasion Construction of National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI) begins and is suspended 1983 Sep NGO Peshawar-kai is established 1989 Feb Soviet military withdrawal Apr 1996 Sep Taliban takes control over Kabul 2001 Jul Sep Nov September 11 attacks Bonn Agreement Interim Administration is established Chairman Karzai is appointed Japan International Friendship and Welfare Foundation (JIFF) starts accepting Afghan refugee patients Japan Platform (JPF) sends missions to Afghanistan Peace Winds Japan (PWJ) and other NGOs enter Afghanistan JPF approves funding to ten NGOs MOFA and JICA mission enters Afghanistan v

8 Year Month Afghanistan Japanese assistance 2002 International Conference on Reconstruction Jan Assistance to Afghanistan (Tokyo) Feb Mar Prime Minister s Special Representative Ogata visits Afghanistan Charge d Affaires Komano is appointed JICA Urgent Rehabilitation Support Project starts Medical equipment is provided to 160 locations through emergency grant aid JPF approves funding to eight NGOs May Jun Jul Sep Emergency Loya Jirga (Transitional Administration and its President Karzai is elected) Foreign Minister Kawaguchi introduces the proposal for Register for Peace (support for DDR process) JICA supports broadcasting of Emergency Loya Jirga AAR JAPAN starts mine risk education program HANDS conducts a nationwide assessment of health resources JICA opens Kabul Office JICA Urgent Rehabilitation Support starts in Kandahar JICA dispatches a long-term advisor in public health (followed by advisors for other sectors such as education, gender equality, and agriculture) JIFF Medical Center is established in Kabul Oct 2003 Feb Tokyo Conference on Consolidation of Peace (DDR) in Afghanistan JPF approves funding of two NGOs National Federation of UNESCO Associations in Japan starts assistance in non-formal education 4 Shanti Volunteer Association (SVA) starts children s library project in Nangarhar Province May Jun Sep Constitutional Loya Jirga JICA opens Kandahar Office JICA dispatches a mi ssion of constitutional scholars National Solidarity Program (NSP) commences JICA dispatches an advisor on water resource management (Ushiki) JICA dispatched a long-term expert to Ministry of Women s Affairs JICA dispatched short-term expert on special needs education First phase of Kabul-Kandahar Highway is completed vi

9 Year Month Afghanistan Japanese assistance 2004 Jan New Afghan Constitution is approved JICA sends an expert on vocational training for DDR Mar May Sep Oct International Conference on Afghanistan (Berlin) Presidential election Karzai takes the office of President JICA sends mission to Mazar-i-Sharif JICA starts JICA Support Programme for Reintegration and Community Development in Kandahar JICA starts Tuberculosis Control Project JICA starts Reproductive Health Project JICA dispatches a mission to support the electoral management body for the presidential election Second phase of Kabul-Kandahar Highway is completed Construction of Kandahar-Herat Highway commences 2005 Feb JICA starts Project on Enhancing Women s Economic Empowerment May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov Parliamentary and Provincial Council elections New parliament is opened 2006 Jan International Conference on Afghanistan (London) (I-ANDS is presented; Afghan Compact is adopted) JICA starts Project on the Basic Vocational Training JICA starts Strengthening Teacher Training Project (STEP) JEN starts a well digging project in Parwan Province Japan International Volunteer Center (JVC) opens a medical clinic in Gorek village in Shiwa District in Nangarhar Province Japan Center for Conflict Prevention (JCCP) starts landmine and UXO removal project in Bagram District in Parwan Province JICA dispatches a mission to support the electoral management body for the Parliamentary and Provincial Council election JICA starts Inter-Communal Rural Development Project (IRDP) Mar JICA starts Project on Support for Expansion and Improvement of Literacy Education (LEAF) vii

10 Year Month Afghanistan Japanese assistance 2006 Apr Government of Japan and JICA decide to retrieve all Japanese personnel from Kandahar, due to security concerns Jun Jul Government of Afghanistan declares the completion of its DDR process Second Tokyo Conference on Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan (DDR/DIAG) 2007 Sep JICA starts Improvement of Rice-based Agriculture in Nangarhar Province (RIP). JICA agrees on designing a master plan for Kabul metropolitan area development 2008 Jun International Conference on Afghanistan (Paris) (ANDS is presented) Nov World Bank approves the allocation of JSDF to Clustering of CDCs under NSP2 Kabul International Airport terminal is completed JICA starts Strengthening of Teacher Education on Special Education 2009 Jul Kandahar-Herat Highway is completed Aug Second presidential election (President Karzai re-elected) Provincial Council elections 2010 Jan International Conference on Afghanistan (London) Feb Mar May Jun Jul Peace Jirga (Kabul) Kabul International Conference on Afghanistan (Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program is validated) JICA starts Urban Health System Strengthening Project PMS (Peshawar-kai) completes construction of the Marwarid Canal JICA closes its Kandahar Office JICA finalizes Master Plan for the Kabul Metropolitan Area Development JICA starts Project on Promotion of Kabul Metropolitan Area Development viii

11 Year Month Afghanistan Japanese assistance 2010 Jul Parliamentary elections Sep Oct High Peace Council is established JICA agrees on Project for the Promotion and Enhancement of the Afghan Capacity for Effective Development (PEACE) 2011 Mar Great East Japan Earthquake Apr Jul Sep Oct Nov 2012 May Jul Transition from ISAF to Government of Afghanistan starts Former President Rabbani (Chairman of High Peace Council) is assassinated Istanbul Conference for Afghanistan on Regional Security and Cooperation International Conference on Afghanistan (Bonn) Meeting on Afghanistan on the occasion of the NATO Summit (Chicago) Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan PMS (Peshawar-kai) completes the construction of inlet at main Kama canal The Global Fund Board appoints JICA as the principal recipient for Afghan Ministry of Public Health First student group for PEACE project arrives in Japan ix

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13 Afghanistan and Japan Working Together on State-Building and Development Contents Foreword i Maps of Afghanistan iii Chronological Chart of Afghan-Japanese Relations v Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Emergency Assistance 25 1) Emergency Assistance 2) DDR and the Restoration of Security Chapter 2 Building Public Institutions -- Starting from Zero 67 1) Support for Democratization 2) Public Health 3) Promotion of Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Chapter 3 Developing the Foundations for People s Livelihoods in Rural and Urban Areas 109 1) Infrastructure Improvement 2) Water Resource Development 3) Kabul Metropolitan Development 4) Rice-Based Agriculture Improvement in Jalalabad 5) Activities by Peace (Japan) Medical Services (PMS) Chapter 4 Efforts to Rebuild and Improve Education 165 1) Primary Education 2) Literacy Education xi

14 3) Inclusive Education Chapter 5 Kandahar A World Away 195 Chapter 6 Building a New State that Connects the Government and the People 229 Chapter 7 Reconciliation and Its Challenges 249 Chapter 8 Afghans Studying in Japan 267 1) Hasib: A JICA Trainee 2) Bridge to the Future: PEACE Project Conclusion 285 List of Contributors of the Background Papers 292 References 294 xii