FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES Foreign Perceptions of an American President Edited by Cornelis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears

Transcription

1 The World of the Roosevelts Published in cooperation with the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Hyde Park, New York General Editors: William E. Leuchtenburg, William vanden Heuvel, and Douglas Brinkley FDR AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES Foreign Perceptions of an American President Edited by Cornelis A. van Minnen and John F. Sears NATO: THE FOUNDING OF THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham AMERICA UNBOUND World War II and the Making of a Superpower Edited by Warren F. Kimball THE ORIGINS OF U.S. NUCLEAR STRATEGY, Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. and Steven L. Rearden AMERICAN DIPLOMATS IN THE NETHERLANDS, Cornelis A. van Minnen EISENHOWER, KENNEDY, AND THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE Pascaline Winand ALLIES AT WAR The Soviet, American, and British Experience, Edited by David Reynolds, Warren F. Kimball, and A. O. Chubarian THE ATLANTIC CHARTER Edited by Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther PEARL HARBOR REVISITED Edited by Robert W. Love, Jr. FDR AND THE HOLOCAUST Edited by Verne W. Newton THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTEGRATION OF EUROPE Legacies of the Postwar Era Edited by Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham ADENAUER AND KENNEDY A Study in German-American Relations Frank A. Mayer THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE A Study in Presidential Statecraft William N. Tilchin TARIFFS, TRADE AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION, From Study Group to Common Market Wendy Asbeek Brusse SUMNER WELLES FDR s Global Strategist A Biography by Benjamin Welles THE NEW DEAL AND PUBLIC POLICY Edited by Byron W. Daynes, William D. Pederson, and Michael P. Riccards WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE Edited by Charles F. Brower FDR AND THE U.S. NAVY Edward J. Marolda THE SECOND QUEBEC CONFERENCE REVISITED Edited by David B. Woolner THEODORE ROOSEVELT, THE U.S. NAVY, AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Edited by Edward J. Marolda

2 FDR, THE VATICAN, AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA, Edited by David B. Woolner and Richard G. Kurial FDR AND THE ENVIRONMENT Edited by Henry L. Henderson and David B. Woolner VAN LOON: POPULAR HISTORIAN, JOURNALIST, AND FDR CONFIDANT Cornelis A. van Minnen FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT S FOREIGN POLICY AND THE WELLES MISSION J. Simon Rofe FDR S WORLD War, Peace, and Legacies Edited by David B. Woolner, Warren F. Kimball, and David Reynolds ROOSEVELT AND FRANCO DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR From the Spanish Civil War to Pearl Harbor Joan Maria Thomàs HARRY HOPKINS Sudden Hero, Brash Reformer June Hopkins ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AND ADLAI STEVENSON Richard Henry GEORGE C. MARSHALL Edited by Charles F. Brower ROOSEVELT, FRANCO, AND THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR Joan Maria Thomàs FDR AND CIVIL AVIATION Alan P. Dobson

3 Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War By Joan Maria Thomàs

4 roosevelt, franco, and the end of the second world war Copyright Joan Maria Thomàs, 2011 Softcover print of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thomàs, Joan Maria. Roosevelt, Franco, and the end of the Second World War / by Joan Maria Thomàs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. United States Foreign relations Spain. 2. Spain Foreign relations United States. 3. World War, Diplomatic history. 4. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), Franco, Francisco, Wolframite Spain History 20th century. 7. Petroleum products United States History 20th century. 8. Economic sanctions, American Spain History 20th century. 9. United States Foreign relations Spain Foreign relations I. Title. E183.8.S7T dc A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Integra Software Services First edition: July 2011

5 Contents Introduction 1 The Relations Between the United States and Spain under Franco: From Pearl Harbor to the Beginnings of the Battle for Wolfram (December 1941 September 1943) 1 2 Spain s Return to Neutrality and the Historical Background of the Battle for Wolfram: The Laurel Incident (July December 1943) 35 3 The Battle for Wolfram (January May 1944) 67 4 Relations Between the U.S. and Spain from the Agreement of Wolfram Until the End of the Second World War in Europe (May 1944 May 1945) The U.S. and Spain from the End of the War in Europe to the Beginning of the Diplomatic Isolation of the Franco Regime (May 1945 March 1947) 187 Conclusion 201 Notes 207 Sources and Bibliography 235 Index 239 vii

6 Introduction The readers have in their hands a study on the relations of the United States with Spain under Franco during the years that North America participated in the Second World War, that is, between December 8, 1941 and August 14, It is a continuation of another book focusing on the period entitled Roosevelt and Franco. From the Spanish Civil War to Pearl Harbor, published by Macmillan in year The central theme of this second volume is the study of progressive hardening of the Roosevelt administration s policy towards the Franco regime from the spring of 1943 onward. A hardening that reached its climax with the so called Battle for Wolfram, a politico-economic conflict between the two countries that occupied what we could call, academically speaking, course The wolfram controversy included an embargo on the sale of American petroleum products to Spain as well as heavy diplomatic tensions, including important tensions within the Franco government itself. The fundamental axes of the book, first and foremost, lie in following the policy of the United States toward Spain its execution, and the results and problems that it created within the U.S. government. Our protagonists here are, fundamentally, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the U.S. State Department and the U.S. embassy in Madrid, the latter represented by a polemical ambassador, the historian Carlton J. H. Hayes. The second axis is one that we can consider inverse, that is to say, the study of the Franco regime s foreign policy toward the U.S. Here the protagonists are the omnipresent El Caudillo, his Ministers of Foreign Affairs Francisco Gómez Jordana y Souza and José Félix de Lequerica along the Minister of Industry and Commerce Demetrio Carceller, among others. The research that has resulted in the book was undertaken by me in the U.S. and Spanish archives during the past few years. In the U.S., I utilized the resources of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA II, College Park, Maryland), which houses the documentation of the State Department and of the various government agencies that had to do with the the Second World War and Spain; the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library (Hyde Park, New York) that includes the documentation that was delivered to or sent by the President, as well as some of his more relevant political collaborators, like Sumner Welles (Deputy Secretary of State

7 viii I NTRODUCTION well into 1943) or Henry Morgenthau, the powerful Secretary of the Treasury and also in charge of other relevant government bodies; and the Rare Book and Manuscript Library of the University of Columbia (New York) that keeps the personal documentation of Ambassador Hayes. In Spain, I used the resources of the Archive of the Presidency of the Government (Chief of the State) and of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (documents referring to the dispensation of the ministry itself in its relations with the U.S. embassy in Madrid and that of Spain in Washington, among others); as well as the General Archive of the Administration (Alcalá de Henares), in short diplomatic documentation related with the U.S. With this book, I conclude an investigation that began in 2002 in the United States originating from the award of a Travel Grant to University Professors of the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (Call of the Official Bulletin of the State, October 29, 2001). I have also benefitted from a grant of the Lehrman Institute of New York, as well as an Access Grant from the Rovira i Virgili University. At the time of writing, I have utilized the resources of the Memorial Library of the University of Wisconsin in Madison and the Wisconsin Historical Society, among other American and Spanish libraries. I wish to express my profound gratitude for the support and help received from my colleagues Stanley G. Payne, who received me as Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Wisconsin at Madison; Paul Preston of the London School of Economics and Political Science, who invited me to the seminars of the Cañada Blanch Institute in London; and to James W. Cortada, the hispanist who has done so much to improve mutual understanding between the United States and Spain. And, of course, the errors that this book might contain are not his responsibility. I want to also thank Dr. Meenakshi Sundriyal of the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for the translation into English, as well as Annie Whoy, copyeditor, and editor Chris Chappell, who has extended a warm reception to this new book in Palgrave Macmillan.