#19: Intellectual and Cultural Trends

Transcription

1 #19: Intellectual and Cultural Trends 1. During the late nineteenth century, the way Americans thought was transformed by A) industrialization. B) astrology. C) outer space exploration. D) agriculture. 2. In 1870, most American colleges were A) beginning to establish graduate programs based on the model of German universities. B) already well on their way to becoming major centers of research and innovation. C) small and intellectually stagnant with few professors of any intellectual repute. D) just completing a decade of significant experiments in curriculum offerings and teaching methods. 3. In 1869, Harvard introduced the system and took the lead in reforming higher education in the Gilded Age. A) spoils B) intramural C) elective D) honors 4. Charles W. Eliot pioneered the A) establishment of law and medical schools. B) adaptation of German teaching techniques to America. C) introduction of the elective system. D) preparation of graduates for a career as ministers. 5. Johns Hopkins became the leader in graduate education under the leadership of A) Henry Adams. B) William Rainey Harper. C) Daniel Coit Gilman. D) Charles W. Eliot. 6. In the late 1800s, Johns Hopkins, Jonas Clark, and John Davison Rockefeller were all A) social scientists influenced by Darwinism. B) advocates of realism in painting. C) wealthy founders of new universities. D) naturalistic novelists. 7. The land-grant university system created by the Morrill Act A) specialized in graduate education. B) opened its doors only to women students. C) was coeducational from the start. D) received almost no assistance from the federal government.

2 8. Vassar College holds the distinction of A) establishing the first modern graduate school. B) admitting the first woman to college. C) being the first college for women. D) being the first coeducational, racially integrated college. 9. In The Higher Learning in America, Thorstein Veblen A) called for creation of a series of land-grant universities. B) praised the elective system. C) criticized the intrusion of business into universities. D) advocated creation of a national university in Washington, DC. 10. Because of the increase in both the number of college graduates and the influence of alumni, in the late nineteenth century American higher education A) regained its focus on training clergy. B) became the dominant force in the economy. C) was increasingly focused on social activities, fraternities, and organized athletics with winning teams. D) developed programs in graduate education which attracted students from all over the world. 11. Under the influence of Charles Darwin, the new social sciences turned much of their energy to studying the A) evolution-based patterns in human behavior. B) parallels between human and primate forms of social organization. C) development of institutions and their interactions with each other. D) immutable natural laws which govern all human behavior. 12. Members of the institutionalist school of economics such as Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons thought that A) Darwin's ideas explained how slowly society evolved. B) religion, not science, was the key to truth. C) actual industrial conditions should be studied with practical social reform as a goal. D) economic problems should be totally divorced from moral concerns. 13. The most influential Social Darwinist was the English thinker A) Lester Frank Ward. B) Aldous Huxley. C) Herbert Spencer. D) King George III. 14. The American disciple of Herbert Spencer, Edward L. Youmans, believed that society was A) best understood using Aristotle's philosophical framework. B) an impersonal set of institutions and could be easily changed. C) changed only by the force of evolution, which moved with cosmic slowness. D) an orderly, rule-governed system in which change was not necessary.

3 15. According to German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, good teaching called for A) only facts and a birch rod. B) complete control of the child's environment. C) psychological insight and imagination. D) strict discipline and rote learning. 16. "Education is the fundamental method of social progress and reform." This statement is typical of the beliefs of A) John Dewey. B) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. C) John Garraty. D) Herbert Baxter Adams. 17. The educator John Dewey insisted that A) schools should only teach the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. B) churches should assume a larger role in education. C) education was the fundamental method of social progress. D) education should simply reflect the dominant social trends and values. 18. The leader of progressive education was A) Horace Mann. B) Johann F. Herbart. C) John Dewey. D) Francis W. Parker. 19. The emphasis of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. on evolutionary change had a profound impact upon twentieth-century A) education. B) anthropology. C) jurisprudence. D) medicine. 20. The late nineteenth-century theory of the Teutonic origins of democracy A) was violently opposed by Americans of British descent because it portrayed their ancestors so negatively. B) was initially rejected but has been subsequently validated by extensive research by historians and archaeologists. C) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient tribes of northern Europe. D) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient peoples of the Middle East. 21. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner's "frontier thesis" argued that A) the frontier was dominated by large corporations. B) democracy began among the Teutonic people. C) the frontier gave Americans their unique character. D) the frontier had inhibited democracy.

4 22. The importance of Frederick Jackson Turner's work was its A) proof of frontier democracy. B) complete explanation of American development. C) encouragement of the study of social and economic subjects. D) purely political viewpoint. 23. American literature immediately following the Civil War is best described as A) studies of the complexities of industrial society. B) philosophic explorations of human nature. C) unrealistic, sentimental pandering to middle-class preconceptions. D) realistic portrayals of the contemporary world. 24. The new literary style of the 1870s and 1880s which often examined social problems such as slum conditions and portrayed people of every social class was A) romanticism. B) pragmatism. C) realism. D) sensationalism. 25. The real name of the first great American realist, Mark Twain, was A) Tom Sawyer. B) John Garraty. C) Edgar Allan Poe. D) Samuel Clemens. 26. The author of novels such as Huckleberry Finn, whose acute reportorial eyes and ears caught the spirit of his age, was A) William Dean Howells. B) Herman Melville. C) Mark Twain. D) James Fenimore Cooper. 27. In novels like A Hazard of New Fortunes, William Dean Howells A) dealt realistically with sexual love. B) popularized the "local color" school of writing. C) portrayed the whole range of metropolitan life. D) examined the burden of the Puritan past in New England. 28. The most influential literary critic of the late nineteenth century was A) Mark Twain. B) Henry James. C) William Dean Howells. D) Stephen Crane. 29. Late nineteenth-century naturalist writers, such as Stephen Crane, portrayed A) customs and dialects identified with a particular region of the country. B) society somewhat realistically but emphasized the "smiling aspects" of life. C) humans as mere animals in a merciless Darwinian world. D) virtuous heroines and heroes in mortal combat with dastardly villains.

5 30. One of the first books to treat sex forthrightly was A) The Call of the Wild. B) Underneath the Mistletoe. C) Thank God and Greyhound You re Gone. D) Sister Carrie. 31. The author who spent most of his adult life in Europe writing about the clash between American and European values in a rarefied, overly subtle style was A) William Dean Howells. B) Theodore Dreiser. C) Henry James. D) Stephen Crane. 32. In his writing, Henry James was most interested in A) social issues. B) issues faced by artists in the modern world. C) his subjects as individuals. D) uneducated Americans. 33. In works like The Gross Clinic, American painter Thomas Eakins A) demonstrated his raw, untrained talent. B) revealed his great debt to the French impressionists. C) captured the realism of the new scientific age. D) explored a brooding, mystical world. 34. American painters of the late nineteenth century such as Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins painted in a style called A) impressionism. B) sketching. C) realism. D) naturalism. 35. Although he had almost no formal training, Winslow Homer is considered a master because of his A) portrayal of American slums. B) magnificent oils depicting classical subjects. C) brilliant watercolors. D) non-representational explorations of shape and color. 36. The late-nineteenth-century American environment for art was A) rather unproductive in the area of painting. B) friendly only to European artists. C) congenial to first-rate artists. D) receptive only to artists working in watercolors. 37. Probably the most famous painting by an American, Arrangement in Grey and Black, is the work of A) Mary Cassatt. B) Winslow Homer. C) James A. McNeill Whistler. D) Thomas Eakins.

6 38. The American expatriate artist deeply influenced by French impressionism was A) Winslow Homer. B) Charles L. Freer. C) Mary Cassatt. D) Thomas Eakins. 39. Which of the following best describes the impact of Darwin's theory of evolution on religious thought in America? A) It had almost no effect. B) It seriously crippled the appeal of fundamentalist churches. C) It did not undermine the faith of a large percentage of the population. D) It gravely weakened the religious faith of a majority of Americans. 40. The effects of Darwinism in America were apparent in the philosophy of which stated that all truths are constantly evolving and can be judged only by their concrete results. A) evolutionism B) transcendentalism C) pragmatism D) existentialism 41. The pragmatic concept that the mind has a "vote" in determining truth was propounded by A) Josiah Royce. B) Henry Adams. C) Lester Frank Ward. D) William James. 42. Pragmatism encouraged A) materialism. B) hypothesis and theory. C) intellectualism. D) conventional morality. 43. The most influential philosopher of his times and the main exponent of pragmatism was A) Josiah Royce. B) William James. C) John R. Commons. D) Charles S. Pierce. 44. One of the problems with pragmatism was that it A) seemed to be against the American ideal of rugged individualism. B) was based only on emotional appeal. C) seemed to suggest that the end justified the means. D) originated in Europe.

7 45. A form of education which illustrated the popular desire for new information during the late 1800s was the A) settlement house reading session. B) kindergarten. C) Chautauqua movement. D) lyceum. 46. Industrialist Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help A) underwrite collections of American art. B) stimulate new women's colleges. C) build public libraries. D) promote public appreciation of symphonic music. 47. To what methods did publishers turn in the nineteenth century to appeal to the masses? A) Printing mostly conservative political articles. B) Remaining neutral and ignoring popular or radical causes. C) Lowering cultural and intellectual standards and appealing to emotions. D) Focusing on law, sociology, anthropology, and the implications of pragmatism. 48. The first newspaper editor to reach a truly massive audience without abandoning basic integrity was A) William Randolph Hearst. B) Horace Greeley. C) Joseph Pulitzer. D) Frank Leslie. 49. Harper's, Century, and Atlantic Monthly were all magazines specializing in A) cheap, romantic fiction. B) illustrations of current events. C) serious, conservative articles. D) colored reproductions of artistic masterpieces. 50. The leading publisher of magazines directed at average citizens in the 1860s and 1870s was A) Joseph Pulitzer. B) William Dean Howells. C) Frank Leslie. D) William Randolph Hearst.