G9 HUMANITIES: UNIT 1

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1 G9 HUMANITIES: UNIT 1 REVOLUTIONS Change - Causality - Power Revolutions are turning points in human history when conditions cause people to rise up and seek a fundamental change in society. What causes a revolution? How does revolutionary political change affect ordinary people? Are revolutions an inevitable part of human history? TERMS Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen A document created during the French Revolution to declare the rights of all men that were held as universal (applies to everyone). It is important because it made all citizens equal and held the same rights (one of France s pre-revolution problems was that the people weren t equal). The Enlightenment A European intellectual movement of the late 17th-18th centuries that emphasized reason over tradition. It followed the Scientific Revolution. It is important because many of the ideas of the Enlightenment inspired changes and revolutions in Europe. Galileo Galilei An Italian physicist, mathematician and astronomer who was the first to use a telescope to study space, demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate, and perfected a telescope that allowed him to make numerous discoveries. He also attempted to challenge the Pope. Guillotine A machine that was used during the French revolution to behead someone. Supposedly a person who was guillotined would feel very little pain. Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains ) King Louis XVI- Anyone who hasn t been guillotined can be sexy

2 An Enlightenment thinker who believed in the concept of the social contract: government only comes from the consent of the governed. People might have to give up some of their freedoms for the greater good, but nonetheless all men should be equal. John Locke An Enlightement thinker who believed in the concept of natural rights. All people are born free and equal with three natural rights: life, liberty and property. If a government fails to protect these rights, they can be overthrown. King Louis XVI A weak French king who reigned before and during the French Revolution. He was overthrown after the monarchy was abolished, found guilty of treason and executed. He is important because he was the last king of France prior to its first revolution. your imperial majesty you make me wonder if anyone Manifesto can ever be sexier than you A public declaration of intentions, motives or beliefs. Examples are the United States Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, or Mao s Little Red Book. Mary Wollstonecraft An Enlightenment British writer who advocated woman s rights. She believed that women are not inferior to men, but only appeared to be because they lacked education. Napoleon A French military leader who staged a coup d état, making himself the Emperor of France, thus ending the French revolution. He waged war across much of Europe until he was finally defeated and exiled. National Assembly Starting as a meeting of the representatives of the Third Estate, it was later joined by some of the Second and First Estate and soon called themselves the National Assembly. Together they declared the Tennis Court Oath, wrote the Declaration-you-know-it-too-lazy-to-write, Propaganda Information, usually biased and misleading, that is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

3 Queen Marie Antoinette (let them eat cake hehehehe) The Queen of King Louis XVI. An Austrian, she was hated by the public and spent a huge amount of money on gambling and other extravagance. She tried to escape with King Louis, and was executed during the Reign of Terror. Reign of Terror A violent period between 1793 and 1794 when Robespierre and other revolutionary leaders ordered the executions of tens of thousands of people who they deemed to be enemies of the revolution. It ended with Robespierre s own execution. Republic A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. Scientific Revolution A movement starting from the Renaissance to the late 18th Aristotle: bacon im so cring century where people began to challenge old traditions and accept more rational thinking. Major developments like the scientific method was made. Sir Francis Bacon An English statesman and writer, he believed that scientists should experiment and draw conclusions (use the scientific method) instead of just believing in ancient thinkers like Aristotle (this guy > Sir Isaac Newton British super-genius who developed calculus, discovered gravity and found the three laws of motion. Often regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He also brought science and religion closer to each other. Storming of the Bastille While looking for weapons, French peasants stormed the Bastille, which was a symbol of the monarchy s power. The Bastille was captured. The Three Estates France s pre-revolution social hierarchy (social division) into three estates: the clergy (priests), nobility (hi-so) and commoners (middle class & peasants). This caused a lot of problems because while the first and second estates only made up a tiny percent of the population, they owned most of the land, but did little work and paid little to no taxes. On cuz u tell ppl not to believe me. why should they believe a guy named after strips of pork fat

4 the other hand, the Third Estate, who comprised most of the people, owned much less land and had to pay increasingly heavy taxes. Voltaire French writer who wrote a lot of satire and pieces attacking French society. He was a major believer in freedom of speech and religion. His ideas were widely read. Estates General A meeting of the Three Estates of France. It was called for the first time in a years by King Louis XVI and it was supposed to solve the problems of taxes and other social problems, but instead caused more problems. COMPARING REVOLUTIONS ken note: honestly idek if this will be in the exam or not but comparing revolutions was in the unit 1 test so i put this in for you anyway when u compare revolutions, think: what are the causes of the revolutions? how did the revolution happen? what was the result of the revolution? what changes occurred after? Famine and hunger In both France and Russia, hunger played a major role in sparking the revolution. Without food, the peasants demanded for help from the government; in France, the government was unable to solve these problems, eventually leading to the march on Versailles and the revolution; similarly, in Russia, villagers barely lived above the subsistence level and the Russian autocracy also failed to solve these problems, and it was worsened with the entrance of Russia into the First World War.

5 Pre-revolutionary leaders held absolute power Both Louis XVI and Nicholas II had absolute power over the country. In rapidly changing societies influenced by new ideas, this became unpopular with the people. These leaders were not necessarily competent; Louis XVI was weak and indecisive while Nicholas II was unprepared for the throne and during the war had to leave a lot of the affairs of state to the incompetent tsarina and Rasputin. Social divisions Both Russia and France had social divisions. France was divided into the Three Estates: the clergy, the nobility and the peasants. Russia, on the other hand, clung on to the medieval concept of feudalism and serfdom up until the 19th century and it was not until then that this was abandoned. Overthrow of the monarchy Both revolutions resulted in the overthrow of an absolute monarchy. The Bourbon dynasty of France was overthrown and King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed, being replaced by a new Republic of France; in Russia, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate the throne and was replaced by a transitional Provisional Government. He was also executed later. Ending with a dictator s rule Both revolutions finally ended when one man took power over the country. France would first be ruled by Robespierre, who became a virtual dictator and began the Reign of Terror, and eventually power would pass into the hands of Napoleon who would make himself Emperor of France, holding more power than even the kings before him. In Russia, power would be in the hands of the Provisional Government for a few years until the Bolshevik revolution where Lenin took over and established a socialist government; eventually, Stalin would be in absolute control of the whole country. Clashes between pro-monarchy and anti-monarchy forces In France, the pro-monarchy forces came not from France itself, but from neighboring countries such as Austria, who feared the spreading of the revolution. In Russia, the Bolshevik takeover of power would lead to the Russian civil war, where the White Army, which supported the return of the tsar, would clash with the Red Army, which supported the new socialist regime. In both cases the overthrown monarchs would be executed during the war.

6 G9 HUMANITIES: UNIT 2 SEVEN BILLION [CHALLENGES OF A CROWDED WORLD] Global Interactions - Resources - Consumption - Sustainability Sustainability of resources are challenged by a crowded world. What are the potential problems as the global population continues to grow? Why do we consume so much? Can the world handle more than seven billion people? Disclaimer: ken is dumb and this is probably not 100% accurate nor will it get you full marks on the test. TERMS Age distribution The frequency of different age groups in a given population. Birth rate The total number of births per 1000 of a population each year. Niger, Mali and Afghanistan have very high birth rates (eg births per 1000 people per year), while Germany and Japan has a very low birth rate (eg. around 8 births per 1000 people per year). Carrying capacity The maximum amount of population that a given area (eg. world, country) can sustain indefinitely. Death rate A measure of the amount of deaths per 1000 of a population per unit of time. Nigeria has a fairly high death rate (15.3), while Singapore s is fairly low (3.41). Environmental footprint A measure of a human s demand on the Earth s ecosystems, and represents the amount of land that a human would need to use to supply resources and assimilate waste in hectares. Fertility rate The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime (if she experienced the exact same fertility rate throughout her lifetime AND survived from birth to

7 the end of her reproductive life). A country with a high fertility rate is Niger (nearly eight births), and a low fertility rate example is Japan (only around 1.3 births). Infant mortality rate The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1000 live births. Life expectancy The expected number of years of life remaining at a given age, or the expected number of years a person will live. Non-renewable resource A resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate (eg. does not renew itself naturally at the same level of its consumption). Examples are coal, oil and gas. Overpopulation When the number of people in a group exceeds the carrying capacity of the area (eg. country) occupied by the group. Population density PSE = An effective way to reduce fertility rate. A measurement of population per unit area. Hong Kong has a very high population density, while Mongolia has a low population density. Population projection Calculations of the estimated future population. Population pyramid A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups. Renewable resource A resource that can replenish itself with the passage of time. Examples are sunlight and water. Rising affluence The rising amount of the state of having an abundance of property (affluence = abundance of money). Countries with rising affluence are China and India. Sustainability The capacity to endure; to be maintained at a certain rate or level; able to be consumed without being completely used up or destroyed.

8 Underpopulation Having a lower population density than normal or desirable. COUNTRIES Click here for full size. ANALYZING POPULATION PYRAMIDS From a population pyramid, you can analyze whether the population is having rapid, moderate, slow or negative growth.

9 Rapid growth: India The pyramid narrows at the top because older people have much higher death rates (shorter life expectancy) Slow/Moderate growth: United States Broad base = more younger people This means that the birth rate is very high. It also shows that the majority of the population is made up of young people. Long life expectancy Barrel-shaped pyramid: countries with straight sides often have falling birth rates, but higher life expectancy Negative growth (population decline): As many old people as young people Low birth rate

10 Things that you can look for: Is the population growth rapid, moderate, slow or negative? Is the birth rate high or low? Is the mortality rate high or low? Is the life expectancy high or low? Is the population pyramid symmetrical? (If it isn t, then that means there is an unequal number of males and females in that country). Are there any irregular bumps in the population pyramid? This could be a representation of some historical event that caused a population increase/decrease (eg. a population boom, a war, etc.) What does this population growth mean? Example: Cambodia (2010) Except for the irregular bumps, the pyramid fits into a triangular form = high population growth (fast) Historical event: the Khmer Rouge genocide occurred 30 years ago. We can see that there is a sharp population decrease right at the age of 30 years. Pyramid is symmetrical = male and female has equal number The base is relatively broad = high birth rate = either rapid or moderate growth

11 G9 HUMANITIES: UNIT 3 CLIMATE CHANGE Systems - Change - Management - Patterns & Trends Environmental patterns and trends show that the Earth's climate system is becoming unbalanced, but climate change still can be managed successfully with human intervention. How have humans upset the natural balance of the Earth's climate system? What patterns and trends prove that climate change is occurring? How can we manage or mitigate the effects of climate change? Can we successfully 'turn back the clock' on climate change? Why is climate change controversial? TERMS Albedo Proportion of light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon. The lessening of ice on the Earth s surface means there is less albedo, so less radiation is reflected back into space. Cap and trade system A system where a central authority sets a limit to the amount of a pollutant that may be limited, and where firms are required to hold a number of permits equivalent to their emissions. Firms that need to increase their volume must buy or trade caps with other firms. Carbon credits A permit that allows a country or organization to produce a certain amount of carbon emissions and that can be traded if the full allowance is not used. Carbon tax A tax on fossil fuels, especially those used by motor vehicles, intended to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.

12 Climate The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. El Nino Ai band of warm ocean water temperatures that periodically develops off the Pacific coast of South America. It can cause changes in weather patterns eg. more rain. Environmental regulations A collective term describing international treaties, statutes, regulations, and common law or national legislation that operates to regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment. Fossil fuels A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns, as fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Greenhouse gas targets Targets/goals for greenhouse gas reduction. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) A scientific intergovernmental body under the United Nations that provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change and produces reports which have the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of participating governments. Kyoto Protocol An international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Significantly, it did not include the United States and China. Renewable energy Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power. Smog Fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants. Storm surge A rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.

13 UV radiation Electromagnetic radiation found in sunlight, possibly damaging to human health. Thai girls are extremely terrified or UV radiation and this explains the excessive amount of whitening products on sale in Boots. Weather The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc. Skeptic A person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions ( climate change skeptics = people who question the existence of climate change)

14 G9 HUMANITIES: UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS & EPIC HUMAN FAILURES Time, place and space - Causality - Management Human decisions and physical location can affect the severity, impacts and responses to natural disasters. What are the ingredients of an epic disaster? Why do some places suffer more from disasters than others? Why do some countries respond more effectively to disasters than others? Are natural disasters getting worse? TERMS Debris Loose natural material consisting especially of broken pieces of rock. Dehydration Dehydration means your body does not have as much water and fluids as it should. When it is severe, dehydration is a life-threatening emergency. Epicenter The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. Eye The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically km in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather occurs. Faults A fault is a fracture along blocks of crust/tectonic plates. Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes.

15 Flood plain An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding. Funnel A funnel cloud (generally the cause of a twister or tornado) is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets, associated with a rotating column of wind and extending from the base of a cloud but not reaching the ground or a water surface. Lava Hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure. Magma Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava is formed. Precipitation Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground. Pyroclastic flow A dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great speed. Seismic wave An elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means. These are the results of earthquakes. Super cell A system producing severe thunderstorms and featuring rotating winds sustained by a prolonged updraft that may result in hail or tornadoes. Tectonic plates A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.

16 SOURCE ANALYSIS