Socializing Democratic Norms

Transcription

1 Socializing Democratic Norms

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3 Socializing Democratic Norms The Role of International Organizations for the Construction of Europe Edited by Trine Flockhart Associate Professor, Institute for History, Social and International Studies University of Aalborg, Denmark

4 Editorial Matter and Selection Trine Flockhart 2005 Chapters 1 11 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Socializing democratic norms : the role of international organizations for the construction of Europe / edited by Trine Flockhart. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Europe, Central Politics and government Europe, Eastern Politics and government International agencies Europe. 4. Democratization Europe International cooperation. 5. Political socialization Europe International cooperation. I. Flockhart, Trine. JN96.A58S dc

5 In memory of my mother Birgit Inger Hansen

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7 Contents Figures and Tables Contributors Abbreviations ix x xiii Socialization and Democratization: a Tenuous but Intriguing Link 1 Trine Flockhart Part I Conceptual and Theoretical Considerations 21 1 The International in Democratization: Norms and the Middle Ground 23 Jean Grugel 2 Complex Socialization and the Transfer of Democratic Norms 43 Trine Flockhart Part II Promoting Ideas through International Organizations 63 3 The UN, Democracy and Europe since Sally Morphet 4 NATO and the European System of Liberal-Democratic Security Communities 85 Sonia Lucarelli 5 The EU: Promoting Liberal-Democracy through Membership Conditionality 106 Frank Schimmelfennig 6 The OSCE: the Somewhat Different Socializing Agency 127 Michael Merlingen and Rasa Ostrauskaitv vii

8 viii Contents Part III Receiving and Internalizing Ideas in Transforming Societies The Czech Republic: from Socialist Past to Socialized Future 149 Petr Drulák and Lucie Königová 8 From Isolation to Integration: Internal and External Factors of Democratic Change in Slovakia 169 Marek Rybár 9 The Socialization of Democratic Norms in Russia: Is the Glass Half-empty or Half-full? 190 Mette Skak 10 Belarus: an Authoritarian Exception from the Model of Post-Communist Democratic Transition? 209 Clelia Rontoyanni and Elena Korosteleva 11 Turkey and the Eternal Question of Being, or Becoming, European 232 Bill Park Bibliography 249 Author Index 268 Subject Index 272

9 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Complex socialization Strategies of conditionality Trust in international organizations, Preferred forms of integration with the international community, Tables 4.1 NATO s contribution to the development of an enlarged European liberal-democratic security community A typology of reinforcement strategies of international norm promotion Selection of CEECs for EU association and accession Confidence in AMG OSCE, Belarus 223 ix

10 Contributors Petr Drulák is Deputy Director of the Institute of International Relations in Prague. He publishes on the theory of international relations and the enlargement of the European Union. His articles have been published in Journal of International Relations and Development and in Journal of European Public Policy as well as several book chapters. Trine Flockhart is Associate Professor at the University of Aalborg, Denmark. Her publications include From Vision to Reality: Implementing Europe s New Security Order (Westwiew, 1998), and articles published in European Security: Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Co-operation and Conflict, International Relations, as well as several book chapters. She is currently working on a book on the Europeanization of Europe. Jean Grugel is Professor in the Department of Politics, University of Sheffield, UK. Her research interests and publications focus on democratization, citizenship and global governance. She is presently engaged in an ESRC-funded project on new regionalism and transnational collective action in South America. Lucie Königová is a research fellow with the Institute of International Relations, Prague, Assistant Editor of Mezinárodní vztahy (International Relations), and lecturer at the Department of Political Science in the Faculty of Arts, Charles University. Her PhD project is focused on institutional identity transformation within the process of enlargement. Elena A. Korosteleva is Lecturer at the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. She received her doctoral degree in political science from the University of Bath, Department of European Studies, and subsequently became a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Glasgow. Her research interests include democratization and the quality of new East European democracies, party systems and government formation, and civic disengagement across Europe. Sonia Lucarelli is Adjunct Professor of International Relations at the University of Bologna at Forlì. Her areas of interest include IR theory, European security and EU foreign policy. She has published books with Kluwer Law International, Taylor & Francis, Routledge, as well as articles and book chapters. x

11 Contributors xi Michael Merlingen is Assistant Professor at Central European University, Budapest. His research focuses on international organizations, European security and IR theory. His publications have appeared in journals such as Cooperation and Conflict, Journal of Common Market Studies, Security Dialogue, Journal of International Relations and Development and Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen. Sally Morphet is a former Research Analyst for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (retired) and currently Visiting Professor at the University of Kent at Canterbury. She has published articles and chapters in books on UN civil administration, the environment and NGOs, foreign policy groups at the UN, peacekeeping and the Security Council. She is currently contributing to a book on Southern politics. Rasa Ostrauskaitė is with the Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit of the General Secretariat of the Council of the EU. She is also a PhD student in the Department of International Relations and European Studies at Central European University, Budapest. Her articles have appeared in the OSCE Yearbook and Populacao e Sociedade. Bill Park is a Senior Lecturer with the War Studies Group, King s College, London University, at the Defence Studies Department (DSD) at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Watchfield, and is Research Associate at the Centre for Defence Studies (CDS), also at King s. He has lectured, broadcasted and advised on Turkish foreign and security issues, and in addition to book chapters has published in journals such as World Today, Jane s Intelligence Review and Middle East Review of International Affairs. Clelia Rontoyanni obtained her PhD from the University of Glasgow (2001), and has since worked as a Research Fellow at the Russia and Eurasia Programme of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. She currently works for the Delegation of the European Commission in Moscow. The views expressed in her contribution to this volume are her own and do not represent the official position of the European Commission. Marek Rybár is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. He has published several articles and book chapters on political parties in Slovakia and on EU Slovak relations. His current research focuses on Europeanization of national political institutions of the new EU member states and on party politics in East Central Europe.

12 xii Contributors Frank Schimmelfennig is a Fellow of the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research at the University of Mannheim. His work has been published, among others, in European Journal of International Relations, International Organization, Journal of Common Market Studies and Journal of European Public Policy and by Cambridge University Press. Mette Skak is Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Research at the Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark. She holds a PhD in Political Science and MA in Russian language and history. She has published widely in both Danish and English on Russian post-communist foreign policy, Central Europe and on the Baltic states.

13 Abbreviations AKP AMG ANP APC APEC CEE CEECs CEFTA CIA CIS CLRAE CoE CSCE ESSD EAPC EC ECHR ECU EEC EIDHR ENP EU FTAA FYROM GNP HCNM HZDS ICCPR ICESCR IPE IR KOZ LTMs MAP MERCOSUR Justice and Development Party Advisory and Monitoring Group Annual National Programme Association Parliamentary Committee Asia-Pacific Economic Community Central and Eastern Europe Central and East European Countries Central European Free Trade Area Central Intelligence Service Commonwealth of Independent States Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe Council of Europe Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Czech Social Democratic Party Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council European Community European Court of Human Rights European Currency Unit European Economic Communities European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights European Neighbourhood Policy European Union Free Trade Area of the Americas Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gross National Product High Commissioner on National Minorities Movement for a Democratic Slovakia International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights International Economic Social and Cultural Rights International Political Economy International Relations Trade Union Confederation Long-term field Missions Membership Action Plan Common Market of the South xiii

14 xiv Abbreviations NACC NAFTA NATO NATO PA NGO NSC ODA ODIHR ODS OECD OF OH OSCE PACE PCA PDU PfP PHARE PKK PTDP SDK SIT SMK SNS TACIS TRNC UDHR UN UNDP USSR WEOG WEU WTO ZRS North Atlantic Co-operation Council North American Free Trade Association North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly Non-governmental Organization National Security Council Civic Democratic Alliance Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Civic Democratic Party Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Civic Forum Civic Movement Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Partnership and Co-operation Agreement Police Development Unit Partnership for Peace Poland Hungary: Actions for Economic Reconstruction Kurdish Worker s Party Phare and Tacis Democracy Programme Slovak Democratic Coalition Social Identity Theory Party of Hungarian Coalition Slovak National Party Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Universal Declaration on Human Rights United Nations United Nations Development Programme Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Western European and Other States Group West European Union World Trade Organization Association of Slovak Workers