Respect, public order and rules of coexistence. The program of citizen s culture in Bogota and what can we learn from it

Transcription

1 Respect, public order and rules of coexistence The program of citizen s culture in Bogota and what can we learn from it 1

2 Index Introduction: basic definition Bogota, the city Citizen s culture program. Did it work? Discussion on its theoretical foundations Exhortation vs Enforcement Engineering Final remarks 2

3 Citizen s culture denotes simultaneously 1. A desirable state of coexistence in complex social groups (city) you can measure citizen s culture 2. A public policy: a systematic set of government actions designed to reach a desirable condition of coexistence in a city you can make policy analysis 3

4 A desirable state of coexistence in complex social groups (cities) Citizen s culture is the minimum set of (1) customs-routines, and (2) shared justifications that generate sense of belonging to the social group of a city, pave the way for fruitful coexistence, and lead to the recognition of rights and duties.* * Variaton on the original definition (1995), due to Antanas Mockus. 4

5 As public policy Systematically arranged government actions designed to increase voluntary compliance with the basic rules of the city Basic rules of the city = public order 5

6 Here 6

7 Habitantes The city is now 7.5 million people, in only one municipal government We are in the tail of the first demographic transition Evolución del número de habitantes en Bogotá % anual rate growth 0 Años 7

8 The tail of the demographic transition? Comparing with the household where you grew up, the economy of your household is better 54.8% equal 36.8% worse 8.4% Encuesta Multipropósito de Bogotá,

9 Citizen s culture program Mayors: A. Mockus, P. Bromberg,

10 Bogota 1994: generalized skepticism After the existence of guerrilla groups and drug traficking, Bogota is the first social problem of Colombia President of the Bogota Commerce Chamber (Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá),

11 From 1997 onwards, and until very recently, this claim was considered wrong 11

12 What has changed? Public services improved Includying security forces: police Public space improved, in a remarkable and invasive form Apparently, social cohesion improved: citizen s culture 12

13 Local current taxes, constant$ 2011 A (very!) relevant issue: local taxes! Transformation began in 1993 Period of deterioration 13

14 After a period of intense communication, with the Mayor (Mockus) leadership, bogotanos changed the idea about themselves 14

15 After this 3 years, the behavior of your fellow citizens with the rules of coexistence in Bogota has Unchanged 48% Improved 45% Worsened 6% Is this big? Survey carried on January, 1998, when the program was over. 15

16 Discourse sustaining the program [the government is commited to] increase the proportion of the population that accepts and complies with the rules governing our urban coexistence. Quoted form the city s Development Plan,

17 The core idea: regulation between citizens Increase the proportion of the population which, at least in some contexts, help other citizens through peaceful means to achieve compliance with the rules. Quoted form the city s Development Plan,

18 Citizen s culture was an all- covering program 18

19 Six programs: political, fiscal and visibility commitment of the mayor and his team 1. Transit and transport 2. Public space 3. City s imaginaries 4. Public services (electricity, gas, water supply, sewerage, telephone) 5. Animation of public institutions (reconstruction of the relations between public servantscitizens; emphasis in police) 6. Coexistence (conviviality) 19

20 The most important project developed by the government during the past 3 years was Ninguna 13% Creación de puentes elevados 2% Pavimentación de calles 2% No responde 22% Citizen s Cultura ciudadana culture 61% 61% 20 Survey carried on January, 1998, when the program was over.

21 Did it work? Some specific examples 21

22 During the past 3 years (%) Item Improved = Worsened Treatment of police to citizens People s care for the city s public places Treatment of taxi drivers Respect for pedestrian s zones Authority presence to monitor and solve conflicts between citizens Quality of cultural activity Cleanliness of the city Same survey 22

23 Must the city continue with the program of citizen s culture"? No 3% No sabe/no responde 1% Same survey 23 Yes 96% Si 96%

24 Discussion on the theoretical foundations 24

25 Exhortation-way impact model Exhortation New behavior 25

26 Social localized conflict calling City Government attention Specific solution with general message New patterned behaviors 26

27 Assumptions underlying exhortation impact model Values are there, before habits Public deliberation leads to introspection and this changes the patterns of justification It is expected that increasing percentage of people with acceptable justification pattern" will improve collective behaviors 27

28 Enforcement engineering A different approach to what was done and what should be done now 28

29 About the exhortation model Strategies based on general philosophical reasoning are poor guidelines for Government action on this issue All situations deserve specific analysis An empirical approach is unavoidable People s attitudes toward the rules governing coexistence are not identical 29

30 General classification of people s Kantians attitudes toward rules I behave according to rules Never mind if others don t comply with them Very few 3%? Willing but practical I am willing to comply to rules but I need you to go first Majority of the population, when rules are broadly accepted 30

31 General classification of people s Free riders attitudes toward rules (cont) A rational-choicer: I win if I don t follow the rule but others do Anyway, I fear enforcement Abusers I have the willingness to confront the authority Very few, but quite problematic! Criminals 31

32 Enforcement engineering It is not just enforcement Find the most legitimate, cheap, sustainable, efficient way of facilitating people in a city to comply with sensible rules. 32

33 Enforcement engineering (c td) Support only on authority is the brute force approach Sensible rules are widely accepted by people They show a positive attitude in surveys although most people don t comply with them 33

34 Some final remarks 34

35 Relation between CC homicides reduction Sorry! There is neither an empirical demonstration nor a convincing argument that the soft core of CC influenced the decline in homicides in Bogota 35

36 Relation between CC s techniques and crime in general Sorry! We haven t found any May be in the long run but no statement about Government is verifiable on a long run span of time 36

37 Relation between Public Order and Crime Sorry! Not found! Broken windows hypothesis doesn t hold 37

38 Public (urban) order and Cities make men. And they make them for good or for evil. A boy grown in Vienna or Berne learns from his childhood to respect the rules, to take care of public property as his own His contemporaries in Asuncion or in La Paz will have a different behavior. Their cities do not invite them to take care of the collective ornament. The lesson to learn: there are no common goods Carlos Alberto Montaner. Los latinoamericanos y la cultura occidental. Editorial Norma,

39 Relation between public order and democratic values Sorry! No clear relation found! 39

40 Relation of public order with public order High! The relation between good city life and public order is also high So, public order deserves attention in itself 40

41 Thanks! 41

42 If some time is still available The following exercise was done with the results of the citizen s culture survey applied in 2007 Some of the questions were grouped in three forms of interactions, defined as Civic culture, democratic culture, political culture 42

43 Civic culture (not Almond-Verba) Democratic Culture Three public cultures Attitudes toward ornaments and concern about the use of physical public spaces Can you reach and comply with agreements? Tolerance General attitude towards democracy Political culture Interest in electoral system and results Knowledge of local government 43

44 If some time is still available We split the sample of adults according to answers akin to having attitudes complying with (adequate) XXX culture Results Find more in: /observatorio/documentos/encuesta/encuest a07/analisisun.pdf 44

45 % % 220 4% % 85 2% 203 4% % % Percentanges in red refers to total sample 45

46 The three public cultures are divorced! 46