Democracy and policing

Transcription

1 ACC and AMA (1993) Association of County Councils and Association of Metropolitan Authorities Joint Conference, Control of the Police: Democracy at Risk London, 21 July 1993 Adam Smith Institute (1983) The Omega File: Local Government Policy London: Adam Smith Institute Adler, Z. (1987) Rape on Trial London: RKP Alderson, J. (1979) Policing Freedom Plymouth: McDonald and Evans Allen, R.J. (1976) The police and substantive rulemaking: reconciling principle and expediency University of Pennsylvania Law Review November, Alinsky, S. (1969) Rules for Radicals New York: Random House Arendt, H. (1963) On Revolution New York: Viking Press Association of Chief Police Officers (1988) Civilian Staff in the Police Service: Career Structures and other Contemporary Issues London: ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers (1993) Your Police: the Facts ACPO Factsheet May 1993 London: ACPO Ascher, K. (1987) The Politics of Privatisation London: Macmillan Audit Commission (1988) Administrative Support for Operational Police Officers Police Paper No.5 London: Audit Commission Audit Commission (1990a) Effective Policing -- Performance Review in Police Forces Police Paper No.8. London: HMSO Audit Commission (1990b) We Can t Go On Meeting Like This: The Changing Role of Local Authority Members Management Paper No.8 London: Audit Commission Audit Commission (1991) Pounds and Coppers: the financing of provincial police forces Police Paper No.10 London: Audit Commission Bachrach, P. (1969) The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique Boston: Little, Brown and Co 313

2 Democracy and policing Bachrach, P. and Baratz, M. (1962) The two faces of power American Political Science Review 56(4), Barr, R. and Pease, K. (1990) Crime placement, displacement and deflection. In N. Morris and M. Tonry, (eds) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research Vol.12, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Bayley, D. (1991) Policing democracy, unpublished paper Bell, S. (1988) When Salem Came to the Boro: The True Story of the Cleveland Child Abuse Crisis London: Pan Bennett, T.H. (1990) Evaluating Neighbourhood Watch Aldershot: Gower Berelson, B., Lazarfeld, P.F. and McPhee, W. (1954) Voting Chicago: University of Chicago Press Berger, V. (1977) Trial, women s tribulation: Rape cases in the court room, Columbia Law Review Volume 77:1 Binney, V., Harkell, G. and Nixon, J. (1981) Leaving Violent Men: A Study of Refuges and Housing for Battered Women Leeds: Women s Aid Federation England Bottoms, A.E. (1990) Crime prevention facing the 1990s Policing and Society Vol.1 No.1 pp.3-22 Brogden, M. (1982) The Police: Autonomy and Consent London: Academic Press Brown, D. and Iles, S. (1985) Community Constables: A study of a policing initiative Research and Planning Unit Paper 30 London: Home Office Burrows, J. and Lewis, H. (1988) Directing Patrolwork: A study of uniformed policing Home Office Research Study No.99 London: HMSO Butler-Sloss (1989) Report of the Inquiry into Child Abuse in Cleveland 1987 Cmnd 412 London: HMSO 1988 Campbell, B. (1988) Unofficial Secrets: Child Sexual Abuse -- The Cleveland Case London: Virago Carter, A. (1988) The Politics of Women s Rights Harlow: Longman Chambers, G. and Millar, A. (1983) Investigating Sexual Assault Scottish Office Central Research Unit Edinburgh: HMSO Chatterton, M. and Rogers, M. (1989) Focused Policing. In, R. Morgan and D. Smith (eds) Coming to Terms With Policing London: Routledge Clarke, R.V.G. (1981) The Prospects for Controlling Crime Research Bulletin No.12 London: Home Office 314

3 Clarke, R.V.G. (ed) (1992) Situational Crime Prevention New York: Harrow and Heston Clarke, R.V.G. and Hough, M. Crime and Police Effectiveness Home Office Research Study No. 79 London: HMSO Clarke, R.V.G. and Mayhew, P. (eds) (1980) Designing Out Crime London: HMSO Coleman, A. (1985) Utopia on Trial London: Hilary Shipman Coote, A. and Campbell, B. (1987) Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women s Liberation 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Corcoran P. (1983) The limits of democratic theory, in Duncan G. (ed) Democratic Theory and Practice Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Critchley, T.A. (1978) A History of the Police in England and Wales London: Constable Dahl, R. (1961) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City New Haven and London: Yale University Press Dale, B. and Hayward, S. (1984) Quality circle failures in UK manufacturing companies Omega 12:5, Day, P. and Klein, R. (1987) Accountabilities London: Tavistock Department of Employment (1974) Women and Work: A Statistical Survey Manpower Paper No.9 London: HMSO Department of the Environment (1983) Civilianisation and Overtime in Police Forces Department of the Environment Audit Inspectorate Dobash, R.E. and Dobash, R.P. (1970) Violence Against Wives New York: The Free Press Dobash, R.E. and Dobash, R.P. (1992) Women, Violence and Social Change London: Routledge Downs, A. (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy New York: Harper and Row Edwards, S. (1989) Policing Domestic Violence: Women, Law and the State London: Sage Emsley, C. (1983) Policing and its Context, London: Macmillan Evans, T. (1991) The need for change. In T. Evans (ed) An Arresting Idea: The Management of Police Services in Modern Britain London: Adam Smith Institute 315

4 Democracy and policing Feldman, D. (1990) Regulating treatment of suspects in police stations: judicial interpretations of detention provisions in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Criminal Law Review, Fox, A. (1985) Man Mismanagement (2nd edition) London: Hutchinson Fukuyama, F. (1989) The end of history? The National Interest No.16, 1-18 Gelsthorpe, L. and Morris, A. (1990) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology Milton Keynes: Open University Press Gladstone, F.J. (1980) Coordinating Crime Prevention Efforts Home Office Research Study No.62 London: HMSO Graef, R. (1989) Talking Blues London: Fontana Hall, S. (1980) Reformism and the legislation of consent. In National Deviancy Conference (eds) Permissiveness and Control. The fate of sixties legislation Basingstoke: Macmillan Hall, R. (1985) Ask Any Woman: A London Inquiry into Rape and Sexual Assault London: Falling Wall Press Hanmer, J., Radford, J. and Stanko, E.A. (1989) Women, Policing and Male Violence London: Routledge Harvey, L., Grimshaw, P. and Pease, K. (1989) Crime prevention delivery: the work of crime prevention officers. In Morgan and Smith (eds) Coming to Terms with Policing London: Routledge Heald, D. and Morris, G (1984) Why public sector unions are on the defensive. Personnel Management, May Hennessy, P. (1989) Whitehall London: Secker and Warburg Hibberd, M. (1985) The Colville Crime Survey London: Police Foundation Highmore, S. (1993) The Integration of Police Officers and Civilian Staff. A study of internal service quality Home Office: Police Reseach Group Hirst, P. (1988) Representative democracy and its limits The Political Quarterly, 59: Hodgson, G. (1984) The Democratic Economy Harmondsworth: Penguin Holdaway, S. (1984) Inside the British Police Oxford: Blackwell Holtom, C. and Raynor, P. (1988) Origins of victims support philosophy and practice. In J. Pointing and M Maguire Victims of Crime: A New Deal? Milton Keynes: Open University Press Home Office (1967) Police Manpower, Equipment and Efficiency London: HMSO 316

5 Home Office (1971) Crime Prevention Panels Home Office Circular 48/1971 London: Home Office Home Office (1983) Manpower, Effectiveness, and Efficiency in the Police Service Circular 114/83 London: Home Office Home Office and others (1984) Crime Prevention Home Office circular 8/1984 London: Home Office Home Office (1986) Violence Against Women Home Office circular 69/1986 London: Home Office Home Office (1988) Practical Ways to Crack Crime London: Home Office Home Office (1988) The Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse Home Office circular 52/1988 London: Home Office Home Office (1988) Civilians in the Police Service Home Office circular 105/1988 London: Home Office Home Office and others (1990) Partnership and Crime Prevention Home Office circular 44/1990 London: Home Office Home Office (1993) Police Reform: a Police Service for the Twenty-First Century Cm 2281 London: HMSO Hope, T. (1985) Implementing Crime Prevention Measures Home Office Research Study No.86 HMSO Hope, T. and Murphy, D.J.I. (1983) Problems of implementing crime prevention: the experience of a demonstration project. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice. 22, pp Hope, T. and Shaw, M. (eds) (1988) Communities and Crime Reduction London: HMSO Horton, C. and Smith, D.J. (1988) Evaluating Police Work: An Action Research Project London: Policy Studies Institute Hough, J.M. and Mayhew, P. (1985) Taking Account of Crime: Key Findings from the 1984 British Crime Survey London: HMSO House of Commons (1957-8) Select Committee on Estimates, First Report House of Commons Expenditure Committee (1977) Selected Public Expenditure Programmes, chapter 4: The Employment of Civilians for Police Purposes: Ninth Report, Session London: HMSO House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, (1991) Promoting Value for Money in Provincial Police Forces: Eighth Report London: HMSO Husain, S. (1988) Neighbourhood Watch in England and Wales: a locational analysis Crime Prevention Unit Paper No.12 London: Home Office 317

6 Democracy and policing Irving, B., Bird, C., Hibberd, M. and Willmore, J. (1989) Neighbourhood Policing: The natural history of a policing experiment London: Police Foundation Jefferson, T. (1990) The Case Against Paramilitary Policing Milton Keynes: Open University Press Jefferson, T. and Grimshaw, R. (1984) Controlling the Constable London: Frederick Muller/The Cobden Trust Jeffrey, C.R. (1971) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design California: Sage Johnston, L. (1987) Controlling policework: problems of organisational reform in large public bureaucracies, Work, Employment and Society 2:1 Johnston, V., Shapland, J. and Wiles, P. (1993) Developing Police Crime Prevention: Management and Organisational Change Police Research Group Crime Prevention Unit Series paper No. 41, London: Home Office Police Department Katz, S. and Mazur, M. (1979) Understanding the Rape Victim John Wiley and Sons Kelly, L. and Regan, L. (1990) Flawed protection, Social Work Today, 19 April Kinsey, R. (1984) The Merseyside Crime Survey First Report, Merseyside Metropolitan Council Kinsey, R., Lea, J. and Young, J. (1986) Losing the Fight Against Crime Oxford: Basil Blackwell Kuhn, T.S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Laycock, G. and Heal, K. (1989) Crime prevention: The British experience. In D.J. Evans and D.T. Herbert (eds) The Geography of Crime London: Routledge LeBon, G. (1960 [1895]) The Crowd New York: Viking Levens B. and Dutton D. The Social Service Role of the Police: Domestic Crisis Intervention Ministry of Supply and Services (Canada 1980) Lloyd, C. (1985) National riot police: Britain s third force?. In B. Fine and R. Milllar (eds) Policing the Miners Strike London: Lawrence and Wishart Loveday, B. (1987) Joint boards for police in Metropolitan areas -- A preliminary assessment Local Government Studies 13:3, Loveday, B. (1990) Joint boards and the local accountability of police in the metropolitan areas Local Government Studies 16:2 March/April, Loveday, B. (1991) The new police authorities Policing and Society 1:3,

7 Loveday, B. (1993a) Civilian staff in the police service Policing Summer Loveday, B. (1993b) The local accountability of police in England and Wales: future prospects. In R. Reiner and S. Spencer (eds) Accountable Policing. London: Institute for Public Policy Research Loveday, B. (1994) Police reform. Problems of accountability and the measurement of police effectiveness. Institute of Public Policy, Department of Management, University of Central England Lukes, S. (1974) Power: A Radical View London: Macmillan Lustgarten, L. (1986) The Governance of Police London: Sweet and Maxwell McBarnet, D. (1981) Conviction London: Macmillan McConville, M. and Shepherd, D. (1992) Watching Police, Watching Communities London: Routledge McCrudden, C., Smith, D.J. and Brown, C. (1991) Racial Justice at Work: The Enforcement of the Race Relations Act 1976 in Employment London: Policy Studies Institute Maguire, M. and Corbett, C. (1987) The Effects of Crime and the Work of Victims Support Schemes Aldershot: Gower Maguire, M. and Corbett, C. (1991) A Study of the Police Complaints System London: HMSO Marginson, P. (1988) Beyond the Workplace Oxford: Blackwell Manwaring-White, S. (1983) The Policing Revolution. Police technology, democracy and liberty in Britain Brighton: Harvester Press Marshall, G. (1965) Police and Government London: Methuen Marshall, G. (1978) Police accountability revisited. In, D. Butler and A.H. Halsey, (eds) Policy and Politics London: Macmillan Matthews, R. (1990) Developing more effective strategies for curbing prostitution Security Journal 1: Mawby, R. and Gill, M. (1987) Crime Victims London: Tavistock Metropolitan Police Service (1992) Response to the Home Office Inquiry into police responsibilities and rewards London: Metropolitan Police Service Metropolitan Police and the London Borough of Bexley (1987) Child Sexual Abuse Joint Investigative Project: Final report London: HMSO Michels, R. (1958) Political Parties: A Sociological Examination of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy Glencoe: The Free Press Mill, J. S. (1910) Representative Government London: Everyman 319

8 Democracy and policing Millward, N (1994) The New Industrial Relations London: PSI Morgan, J. and Zedner, L. (1991) Child Victims Oxford: Oxford University Press Morgan, R. (1987) The local determinants of policing policy. In P. Willmott (ed) Policing and the Community London: Policy Studies Institute Morgan, R. (1989) Policing by consent: legitimating the doctrine. In R. Morgan and D.J. Smith (eds) Coming to Terms with Policing London: Routledge Morgan, R. (1992) Talking About Policing. In D. Downes (ed) Unravelling Criminal Justice London: Macmillan Morgan, R. and Maggs, C. (1985). Called to Account? The Implications of Consultative Groups for Police Policing 1: Morgan, R. and Swift, P. (1987) The future of police authorities: members views Public Administration 65: Mosca, G (1939) The Ruling Class New York: McGraw-Hill Muir, K.W. (1977) Police: Streetcorner Politicians Chicago: University of Chicago Press National Audit Office (1991) Promoting Value for Money in Provincial Police Forces London: HMSO Nelken, D. (1985) Community involvement in crime control Current Legal Problems, 38, Newburn, T. (1991) Permission and Regulation: Law and Morals in Post-War Britain London: Routledge Oaksey, Lord (1949) Police Conditions of Service London: Home Office Osborn, S. (1982) Crime and public housing: Community planning approach to tackling crime. In M. Hough and P. Mayhew (eds) Crime and Public Housing Research and Planning Unit Paper No.6 London: Home Office Pahl, J. (1982) Police response to battered women Journal of Social Welfare Law November, Pareto, V. (1935) The Mind and Society New York: McGraw-Hill Parnas, R.I. (1972) The police response to domestic disturbance. In L. Radzinowitz and M.E. Wolfgang (eds) The Criminal in the Arms of the Law New York: Basic Books Parrett L. (1992) Past, Present and Future Roles of Civilians in the Police Service Home Office: Police Research Group Parton, N. (1985) The Politics of Child Abuse London: Macmillan Pateman, C. (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 320

9 Pease, K. (1991) The Kirkholt project: preventing burglary on a British public housing estate Security Journal 2:73-77 Pease, K. (1994) Crime Prevention. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology Oxford: Oxford University Press Pizzey, E. (1974) Scream Quietly or the Neighbours will Hear Harmonsworth: Penguin Police Foundation (1981) Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Washington: Police Foundation Polsby, N. (1963) Community Power and Political Theory New Haven and London: Yale University Press Powell, E. (1969) Freedom and Reality. London: Batsford Punch, M. (1979) The Secret Social service. In S. Holdaway (ed) The British Police London: Edward Arnold Rape Research and Counselling Project (1981) Submission to the Criminal Law Revision Committee, November Raphael, D.D. (1976) Problems of Political Philosophy (revised edition) London: Macmillan Reiner, R. (1991) Chief Constables Oxford: Oxford University Press Reiner, R. (1992) The Politics of the Police Hemel Hemstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Second Edition Reiner, R. (1993) Police Accountability: Principles, patterns and practices. In, R. Reiner and S. Spencer (eds) Accountable Policing: Effectiveness, Empowerment and Equity London: Institute for Public Policy Research Richardson, A. (1983) Participation London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Rock, P. (1988) Crime reduction initiatives on problem estates. In T. Hope and M. Shaw (eds) Communities and Crime Reduction London: HMSO Rock, P. (1990) Helping Victims of Crime Oxford: Oxford University Press Rose, R. (1980) Do parties make a difference? London: Macmillan Rosenbaum, D.P. (1988) Community crime prevention: A review and synthesis of the literature Justice Quarterly Vol.5 No.3 pp Royal Commission on the Police (1960) Interim Report Cmnd 1222, London: HMSO Royal Commission on the Police (1962) Final Report Cmnd 1728, London: HMSO, 321

10 Democracy and policing Sanders, A. (1993) Controlling the discretion of the individual officer. In R. Reiner and S. Spencer (eds) Accountable Policing London: Institute for Public Policy Research Sartori, G. (1962) Democratic Theory Detroit: Wayne State University Press Scarman, Lord (1982) The Brixton Disorders April 1981: Report of an Inquiry by Lord Scarman London: HMSO Schumpeter, J.A. (1961) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy London: Allen and Unwin Seebhohm, Lord (1968) Report of the Committee on Local Authority and Allied Personal Services Cmnd.3703 London: HMSO Shapland, J., Willmore, J. and Duff, P. (1985) Victims in the Criminal Justice System Aldershot: Gower Shapland, J., Wiles, P. and Leek, M. (1990) Policing in Sussex: a report of a survey University of Sheffield/Sussex Police Sheehy, Sir Patrick (1993) Inquiry into Police Responsibility and Rewards, CM London: HMSO Sherman, L. and Berk, R. (1983) The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, Police Foundation Reports, July Sherman, L. and others (1992) The variable effects of arrest on criminal careers: the Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:1 Spring Sinclair, I. and Miller, C. (1984) Measures of Police Effectiveness and Efficiency Home Office Research and Planning Unit Paper 25. London: Home Office Small, S. (1983) Police and People in London: II A Group of Young Black People London: Policy Studies Institute Smith, D.J. (1983a) Police and People in London: I A Survey of Londoners. London: Policy Studies Institute Smith, D.J. (1983b) Police and People in London: III A Survey of Police Officers London: Policy Studies Institute Smith, D.J. (1986) The Framework of Law and Policing Practice. In, J. Benyon and C. Bourn (eds) The Police: Powers, Procedures and Proprieties Oxford: Pergamon Press Smith, D.J. (in press) Youth crime and conduct disorders: time trends, patterns, and causal explanations. In M. Rutter and D.J. Smith (eds) Psychosocial Disorders in Young People: Time Trends and Their Causes London: Wiley Smith, D.J. and Gray, J. (1983) Police and People in London: IV The Police in Action London: Policy Studies Institute 322

11 Smith, L.J.F. (1989a) Concerns About Rape Home Office Research Study No.106 London: HMSO Smith, L.J.F. (1989b) Domestic Violence Home Office Research Study No.107 London: HMSO Spencer, S. (1985) Called to Account: The Case for Police Accountability in England and Wales London: NCCL Stanko, E.A. (1988) Hidden violence against women. In J. Pointing and M. Maguire Victims of Crime: A New Deal? Milton Keynes: Open University Press Stratta, E. (1990) A lack of consultation? Policing 6: Autumn, Tullock, G. (1976) The Vote Motive London: Institute of Economic Affairs Victim Support (1992) Domestic Violence: report of a national inter-agency working party Waddington, P.A.J. (1991) The Strong Arm of the Law Oxford: Oxford University Press Weatheritt, M. (1986) Innovations in Policing Beckenham: Croom Helm Weatheritt, M. (1993) Measuring Police Performance: Accounting or Accountability? In R. Reiner and S. Spencer Accountable Policing: Effectiveness, Empowerment and Equity, Institute of Public Policy Research Weber, M. (1964) The Theory of Economic and Social Organisation Glencoe: Free Press Weeks, J. (1981) Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 London: Longman Whitaker, B. (1982) The Police in Society London: Eyre Methuen Willmott, P. (1987) Policing and the Community London: Policy Studies Institute Wilson, J.Q. (1975) Thinking About Crime New York: Vintage Books Wolin, S. (1960) Politics and Vision London: George Allen and Unwin Women s National Commission (1985) Violence Against Women London: Cabinet Office 323