SG2255: Sociology of punishment

Transcription

1 SG2255: Sociology of punishment View Online This unit examines ideas about the aims, objectives, justifications, methods and effectiveness of punishment, and its various alternatives. It articulates and explores theoretical perspectives on the evolution of Western penal systems, and engages with contemporary and historical debates about the nature and role of punishment in modern and late modern societies. Ashworth, A. (2012) Sentencing: theory, principle and practice, in The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford University Press: Oxford, pp Bedau, Hugo Adam (1998a) The death penalty in America: current controversies. New York: Oxford Bedau, Hugo Adam (1998b) The death penalty in America: current controversies. New York: Oxford Berns, W. (1991) For capital punishment: crime and the morality of the death penalty. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. Bianchi, H. (1995) Abolitionism: assensus and sanctuary, in A Reader on punishment. Blom-Cooper, Louis and Howard League for Penal Reform (1969) The hanging question: essays on the death penalty. London: Duckworth. Bosworth, M. (2004) Theorizing Race and Imprisonment: Towards a New Penality, Critical Criminology, 12(2), pp doi: /B:CRIT a5. Bosworth, M. and Carrabine, E. (2001) Reassessing Resistance: Race, Gender and Sexuality in Prison, Punishment & Society, 3(4), pp doi: / Bosworth, Mary (2010) Explaining U.S. imprisonment. London: Sage. Bottoms, A. (no date) The Philosophy and Politics of Punishment and Sentencing Chapter from Clarkson, C. and Morgan, R. (eds), (1995) The Politics of Sentencing Reform (pp.17-49), Oxford: Clarendon Press. Bowling, Benjamin and Phillips, Coretta (2002a) Racism, crime and justice. Harlow: Longman. Bowling, Benjamin and Phillips, Coretta (2002b) Racism, crime and justice. Harlow: Longman. 1/12

2 Braithwaite, J. (2003) What s wrong with the sociology of punishment?, Theoretical Criminology, 7(1), pp doi: / Braithwaite, John (1989) Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge Brownlee, Ian (1998a) Community punishment: a critical introduction. London: Longman. Brownlee, Ian (1998b) Community punishment: a critical introduction. London: Longman. Cavadino, M., Dignan, J. and Mair, G. (2013a) The penal system: an introduction. 5th ed. Los Angeles, Calif: London. Cavadino, M., Dignan, J. and Mair, G. (2013b) The penal system: an introduction. 5th ed. Los Angeles, Calif: London. Cavadino, Michael (2006a) Penal systems: a comparative approach. London: SAGE. Cavadino, Michael (2006b) Penal systems: a comparative approach. London: SAGE. Cavadino, Mick and Dignan, James (2007a) The penal system: an introduction. 4th ed. London: SAGE. Cavadino, Mick and Dignan, James (2007b) The penal system: an introduction. 4th ed. London: SAGE. Cavadino, Mick and Dignan, James (2007c) The penal system: an introduction. 4th ed. London: SAGE. Cavadino, Mick and Dignan, James (2007d) The penal system: an introduction. 4th ed. London: SAGE. Christie, N. (1977) Conflicts as property, British Journal of Criminology, 17(1), pp Christie, N. (1977) Conflicts as property, British Journal of Criminology, 17(1), pp Christie, Nils (2000) Crime control as industry: towards gulags, Western style. 3rd ed. London: Routledge. Clarkson, C. M. V., Morgan, Rod and Colston International Sentencing Symposium (1995a) The politics of sentencing reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Clarkson, C. M. V., Morgan, Rod and Colston International Sentencing Symposium (1995b) The politics of sentencing reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Clear, Todd R. (2011) Community justice. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge. Cohen, S. (1979) Punitive city, in Criminological perspectives: essential readings. 2nd ed. London: SAGE in association with The Open University. Cohen, Stanley (1995a) Visions of social control: crime, punishment and classification. Cambridge: Polity in association with Blackwell. Cohen, Stanley (1995b) Visions of social control: crime, punishment and classification. 2/12

3 Cambridge: Polity in association with Blackwell. Cohen, Stanley (1995c) Visions of social control: crime, punishment and classification. Cambridge: Polity in association with Blackwell. Collier, Richard (1998) Masculinities, crime and criminology: men, heterosexuality and the criminal(ised) other. London: Sage. Crawford, Adam (1998) Crime prevention and community safety: politics, policies, and practices. Harlow: Longman. Cullen, F. T. and Gendreau, P. (2001) From Nothing Works to What Works: Changing Professional Ideology in the 21st Century, The Prison Journal, 81(3), pp doi: / Dignan, J. (2007) The victim in restorative justice, in Handbook of victims and victimology. Cullompton: Willan. DUFF, P. (1998) Crime control, due process and the case for the prosecution : A Problem of Terminology?, British Journal of Criminology, 38(4), pp doi: /bjc/ Duff, R. A. and Garland, David (1995a) A Reader on punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Duff, R. A. and Garland, David (1995b) A Reader on punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Emsley, Clive (2005) Crime and society in England, rd ed. Harlow: Longman/Pearson. Feeley, M. and Simon, J. (1992) The new penology: notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications, Criminology, 30(4), pp doi: /j tb01112.x. Feeley, M. and Simon, J. (2003) The new penology, in Criminological perspectives: essential readings. 2nd ed. London: SAGE in association with The Open University. Feely, M. and Simon, J. (1992) The New Penology, in Criminological perspectives: essential readings. 2nd ed. London: SAGE in association with The Open University. Foucault, M. and Social Theory (post April 2014 purchasers) (1977a) Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. [S.l.]: Vintage Books. Available at: Foucault, M. and Social Theory (post April 2014 purchasers) (1977b) Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. [S.l.]: Vintage Books. Available at: Foucault, Michel (1977a) Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. London: Allen Lane. 3/12

4 Foucault, Michel (1977b) Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. London: Allen Lane. Friedman, L. M. and ACLS Humanities E-Book (no date) Crime and Punishment in American History. New York: Basic Books. Available at: Galaway, Burt and Hudson, Joe (1996a) Restorative justice: international perspectives. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press. Galaway, Burt and Hudson, Joe (1996b) Restorative justice: international perspectives. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press. Garland, D. (1985) Punishment and welfare: a history of penal strategies. Aldershot: Gower. Garland, D. (2000a) The Culture of High Crime Societies, British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), pp doi: /bjc/ Garland, D. (2000b) The Culture of High Crime Societies, British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), pp doi: /bjc/ Garland, D. (2002) The cultural uses of capital punishment, Punishment & Society, 4(4), pp doi: / Garland, D. (2005) Capital punishment and American culture, Punishment & Society, 7(4), pp doi: / Garland, D. (no date) The crisis of penal modernism Chapter from Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (pp.53-73), Oxford: Oxford Univerisity Press. Garland, D. and Oxford Scholarship Online Law (no date) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Available at: /acprof Garland, David (1990a) Punishment and modern society: a study in social theory. Chicago: Chicago Garland, David (1990b) Punishment and modern society: a study in social theory. Chicago: Chicago Garland, David (1990c) Punishment and modern society: a study in social theory. Chicago: Chicago Garland, David (1990d) Punishment and modern society: a study in social theory. Chicago: Clarendon. Garland, David (2001a) The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary society. 4/12

5 Garland, David (2001b) The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary society. Garland, David (no date) Punishment and social solidarity: the work of Emile Durkheim Chapter from Garland, D. (1990) Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory (pp.23-46) Oxford: Clarendon Press. Garland, David and Young, Peter (1983) The Power to punish: contemporary penality and social analysis. London: Heinemann Educational. Gatrell, V. A. C. (1996) The hanging tree: execution and the English people, Goffman, Erving (1968) Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. London: Pelican. Goffman, Erving (no date) Inmate Life. Chapter from Goffman, E. (1991) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmate (pp.23-72), Middlesex: Penquin books. Goodman, A. (2003) Probation into the millenium: the punishing service, in The new politics of crime and punishment. Cullompton: Willan. Greer, Chris (2010) Crime and media: a reader. London: Routledge. Greet, C. (2006) Delivering death: capital punishment, botched executions and the American press, in Captured by the media: prison discourse in popular culture. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. De Haan, W. (1991) Abolitionism and crime control, in The politics of crime control. London: Sage. Haan, Willem de (1990) The politics of redress: crime, punishment and penal abolition. London: Unwin Hyman. Hallsworth, S. and Lea, J. (2011) Reconstructing Leviathan: Emerging contours of the security state, Theoretical Criminology, 15(2), pp doi: / Harris, A., Evans, H. and Beckett, K. (2011) Courtesy Stigma and Monetary Sanctions: Toward a Socio-Cultural Theory of Punishment, American Sociological Review, 76(2), pp doi: / Heidensohn, F. (2007) Gender and crime, in The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Herb Haines (1992) Flawed Executions, the Anti-Death Penalty Movement, and the Politics of Capital Punishment, Social Problems. University of California Press, 39(2), pp Hood, R. (2001) Capital Punishment: A Global Perspective, Punishment & Society, 3(3), pp doi: / /12

6 Hood, Roger (2002) The death penalty: a worldwide perspective. 3rd ed., rev. and updated. Hood, Roger G., Hoyle, Carolyn and Oxford Scholarship Online Law (2008) The death penalty: a worldwide perspective. 4th edition, rev. and expanded. New York: Oxford Hucklesby, Anthea (2011a) Bail support schemes for adults. Bristol: Policy. Hucklesby, Anthea (2011b) Bail support schemes for adults. Bristol: Policy Press. Hucklesby, Anthea (2011c) Bail support schemes for adults. Bristol: Policy. Hucklesby, Anthea (2011d) Bail support schemes for adults. Bristol: Policy Press. Hudson, Barbara (2003a) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara (2003b) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara (2003c) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara (2003d) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara and MyiLibrary (2003a) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara and MyiLibrary (2003b) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara and MyiLibrary (2003c) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hudson, Barbara and MyiLibrary (2003d) Understanding justice: an introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open Hughes, Gordon, McLaughlin, Eugene, Muncie, John and Open University (2002) Crime prevention and community safety: new directions. London: SAGE, in association with the Open University. Ignatieff, Michael (1989a) A just measure of pain: the penitentiary in the industrial revolution, London: Penguin. Ignatieff, Michael (1989b) A just measure of pain: the penitentiary in the industrial revolution, London: Penguin. 6/12

7 Jarvis, Brian (2004) Cruel and unusual: punishment and US culture. London: Pluto Press. Johnstone, Gerry and Van Ness, Daniel W. (2005) Handbook of restorative justice. Cullompton: Willan. Kaufman-Osborn, Timothy V. (2002) From noose to needle: capital punishment and the late liberal state. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. King, A. and Maruna, S. (2009) Is a conservative just a liberal who has been mugged?: Exploring the origins of punitive views, Punishment & Society, 11(2), pp doi: / King, Roy D. and Wincup, Emma (2008) Doing research on crime and justice. 2nd ed. Kirkwood, S. (2010) Restorative justice cases in Scotland: Factors related to participation, the restorative process, agreement rates and forms of reparation, European Journal of Criminology, 7(2), pp doi: / Knowles, H. J. (2011) A dialogue on death penalty dignity, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11(2), pp doi: / Lacey, Nicola and MyiLibrary (2008) The prisoners dilemma: political economy and punishment in contemporary democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge Latimer, J. (2005) The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis, The Prison Journal, 85(2), pp doi: / Loader, Ian and Walker, Neil (2007) Civilizing security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maguire, Mike, Morgan, Rod and Reiner, Robert (2007a) The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Maguire, Mike, Morgan, Rod and Reiner, Robert (2007b) The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Maguire, Mike, Morgan, Rod and Reiner, Robert (2007c) The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Maguire, Mike, Morgan, Rod and Reiner, Robert (2012) The Oxford handbook of criminology. 5th ed. Maruna, S. (2011) Reentry as a rite of passage, Punishment & Society, 13(1), pp doi: / Mathiesen, Thomas and Mathiesen, Thomas (2000a) Prison on trial. 2nd ed. Winchester: Waterside. Mathiesen, Thomas and Mathiesen, Thomas (2000b) Prison on trial. 2nd ed. Winchester: Waterside. 7/12

8 Mathiesen, Thomas and Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology (1974) The politics of abolition. London: Martin Robertson. Matthews, R. (2005) The myth of punitiveness, Theoretical Criminology, 9(2), pp doi: / Matthews, Roger (2009a) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger (2009b) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger (2009c) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger (2009d) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger and Francis, Peter (1996) Prisons 2000: an international perspective on the current state and future of imprisonment. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Matthews, Roger and MyiLibrary (2009a) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger and MyiLibrary (2009b) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger and MyiLibrary (2009c) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthews, Roger and MyiLibrary (2009d) Doing time: an introduction to the sociology of imprisonment. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. May, Tim (no date) Probation. Open University Press McGuire, James (1995) What works: reducing reoffending : guidelines from research and practice. Chichester: Wiley. McLaughlin, Eugene, Muncie, John, Hughes, Gordon, Langan, Mary and Open University (2003) Criminological perspectives: essential readings. 2nd ed. London: SAGE in association with The Open University. McLaughlin, Eugene and Open University (2003a) Restorative justice: critical issues. London: SAGE. McLaughlin, Eugene and Open University (2003b) Restorative justice: critical issues. London: SAGE. Melossi, Dario (1998) The sociology of punishment: socio-structural perspectives. Aldershot: Ashgate Dartmouth. Melossi, Dario and Pavarini, Massimo (1981a) The prison and the factory: origins of the 8/12

9 penitentiary system. London: Macmillan. Melossi, Dario and Pavarini, Massimo (1981b) The prison and the factory: origins of the penitentiary system. London: Macmillan. Messerschmidt, James W. (1993) Masculinities and crime: critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. Morgan, R. and Liebling, A. (2007) Imprisonment: An expanding scene, in The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Muncie, J. (2000a) Prison histories: reform, repression and rehabilitation, in Controlling crime. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, in association with the Open University. Muncie, J. (2000b) Prison histories: reform, repression and rehabilitation, in Controlling crime. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, in association with the Open University. Newburn, T. (2005) Symbolic politics and penal populism: The long shadow of Willie Horton, Crime, Media, Culture, 1(1), pp doi: / Newburn, Tim (2003) Crime and criminal justice policy. 2nd ed. Harlow: Pearson/Longman. Packer, Herbert L. (1968) The limits of the criminal sanction. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Philips, J. and Bowling, B. (2007) Ethnicities racism crime and criminal justice, in The Oxford handbook of criminology. 4th ed. Piacentini, Laura and MyiLibrary (2004) Surviving Russian prisons: punishment, economy and politics in transition. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. PRATT, J. (2000) Emotive and Ostentatious Punishment: Its Decline and Resurgence in Modern Society, Punishment & Society, 2(4), pp doi: / Pratt, J. (2000) The Return of the Wheelbarrow Men; or, the Arrival of Postmodern Penality?, British Journal of Criminology, 40(1), pp doi: /bjc/ Pratt, John (2005a) The new punitiveness: trends, theories, perspectives. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Pratt, John (2005b) The new punitiveness: trends, theories, perspectives. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Pratt, John (2007) Penal populism. London: Routledge. Pratt, John and MyiLibrary (2007) Penal populism. London: Routledge. Rawlings, Philip (1999) Crime and power: a history of criminal justice, London: Longman. 9/12

10 Reiner, R. (2000a) Crime and Control in Britain, Sociology, 34(1), pp doi: /S Reiner, R. (2000b) Crime and Control in Britain, Sociology, 34(1), pp doi: /S Roberts, J. V. and Hough, M. (2011) Custody or community? Exploring the boundaries of public punitiveness in England and Wales, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11(2), pp doi: / Roberts, Julian V. (2003) Penal populism and public opinion: lessons from five countries. Roberts, Julian V. and Hough, J. M. (2005) Understanding public attitudes to criminal justice. Maidenhead: Open Roberts, Julian V., Hough, J. M. and MyiLibrary (2005) Understanding public attitudes to criminal justice. Maidenhead: Open Roberts, Julian V. and MyiLibrary (2003) Penal populism and public opinion: lessons from five countries. Rothman, D. J. and EBSCOhost (2002) The discovery of the asylum: social order and disorder in the new republic. Rev. ed. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Available at: bk&db=nlabk&an= Rusche, Georg, Kirchheimer, Otto and Melossi, Dario (2003a) Punishment and social structure. [Transaction ed.]. London: Transaction. Rusche, Georg, Kirchheimer, Otto and Melossi, Dario (2003b) Punishment and social structure. [Transaction ed.]. London: Transaction. Sanders, Andrew, Young, Richard and Burton, Mandy (2010a) Criminal justice. 4th ed. Sanders, Andrew, Young, Richard and Burton, Mandy (2010b) Criminal justice. 4th ed. Sarat, Austin (1999) The killing state: capital punishment in law, politics and culture. Sarat, Austin (2001) When the state kills: capital punishment and the American condition. Oxford: Princeton Scott, David and Codd, Helen (2010) Controversial issues in prisons. Maidenhead: Open Sellin, J. T. (1980) The penalty of death. Beverly Hills, Calif: London. Sim, Joe (2009a) Punishment and prisons: power and the carceral state. London: SAGE. 10/12

11 Sim, Joe (2009b) Punishment and prisons: power and the carceral state. London: SAGE. Simon, Jonathan (2007) Governing through crime: how the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. Simon, Jonathan and MyiLibrary (2007) Governing through crime: how the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smart, Carol (1977) Women, crime and criminology : a feminist critique / Carol Smart. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul. Smith, David (no date) Criminology for social work. Palgrave Macmillan Sparks, R. (2001) Prisons punishment and penality, in Controlling crime. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, in association with the Open University. Spierenburg, Pieter (1984) The spectacle of suffering: executions and the evolution of repression : from a preindustrial metropolis to the European experience. Cambridge: Cambridge Stenson, Kevin and Cowell, David (1991a) The politics of crime control. London: Sage. Stenson, Kevin and Cowell, David (1991b) The politics of crime control. London: Sage. Stenson, Kevin and Sullivan, Robert R. (2001) Crime, risk and justice: the politics of crime control in liberal democracies. Cullompton: Willan. Strang, H., Braithwaite, J., Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences. Restorative Justice Group, Reshaping Australian Institutions (Project) and Reshaping Australian Institutions Conference : Restorative Justice and Civil Society (2001) Restorative justice and civil society. Cambridge: Cambridge Taggart, Paul A. (2000) Populism. Buckingham: Open Taylor, Ian R. (1999) Crime in context: a critical criminology of market societies. Cambridge: Polity. Taylor, Ian R., Walton, Paul and Young, Jock (1973) The new criminology: for a social theory of deviance. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Taylor, Ian R., Walton, Paul, Young, Jock and MyiLibrary (2003) The new criminology: for a social theory of deviance. London: Taylor & Francis e-library. Tom R. Tyler and Robert J. Boeckmann (1997) Three Strikes and You Are Out, but Why? The Psychology of Public Support for Punishing Rule Breakers, Law & Society Review. Blackwell Publishing, 31(2), pp Tonry, M. (2001) Symbol, Substance, and Severity in Western Penal Policies, Punishment & Society, 3(4), pp doi: / Umbreit, Mark S., Coates, Robert B. and Kalanj, Boris (2010a) Victim meets offender: the 11/12

12 impact of restorative justice and mediation. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner. Umbreit, Mark S., Coates, Robert B. and Kalanj, Boris (2010b) Victim meets offender: the impact of restorative justice and mediation. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner. Unnever, J. (2010) Global support for the death penalty, Punishment & Society, 12(4), pp doi: / Unnever, J. D. and Cullen, F. T. (2009) Empathetic identification and punitiveness: A middle-range theory of individual differences, Theoretical Criminology, 13(3), pp doi: / Valier, Claire (2002a) Theories of crime and punishment. Harlow: Longman. Valier, Claire (2002b) Theories of crime and punishment. Harlow: Longman. Vass, Antony A. (1990) Alternatives to prison: punishment, custody and the community. London: Sage. Walker, Nigel (1991) Why punish? Walklate, Sandra (2004) Gender, crime and criminal justice. 2nd ed. Cullompton: Willan. Winters, Paul A (1997) The death penalty: opposing viewpoints. 3rd ed. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven. Worrall Anne (1997) Punishment in the community; the future of criminal justice. Harlow: Longman. Worrall, Anne and Hoy, Clare (2005) Punishment in the community: managing offenders, making choices / Anne Worrall. 2nd ed. London : Willan. Wright, Martin (2001) Justice for victims and offenders: a restorative response to crime. 2nd ed. Winchester: Waterside Press. Wright, Martin and MyiLibrary (1996) Justice for victims and offenders: a restorative response to crime. 2nd ed. Winchester: Waterside Press. Young, J. (2003) Winning the fight against crime? : New Labour, Populism and Lost Opportunities, in The new politics of crime and punishment. Cullompton: Willan. Zimring, Franklin E. (2003) The contradictions of American capital punishment. Oxford: Oxford 12/12