University of Malta Institute of Criminology. BA Criminology. CRM1013 Sentencing and Penal Policy

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1 University of Malta Institute of Criminology BA Criminology CRM1013 Sentencing and Penal Policy This study unit is concerned with the policies and practices of prisons, probation and punishment of offenders and the theoretical justifications that underpin them. It builds on CRM 1005 Introduction to Corrections, CRM 1008 Prisons and Prisoners and CRM 1010 Community Based Sentences with a holistic approach to sentencing and punishment, looking at correctional thinking, penal policy and penal practice. Questions about how and why lawbreakers are punished will be explored within a framework of philosophical, legal and sociological perspectives on punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation, retributivism, just deserts and incapacitation. Few doubt that the contemporary prison system is in crisis not least in the seemingly inexorable rise in prison populations. The module examines the nature and extent of the problems facing the prison system and the factors that contribute to them. In addition, the number and variety of community penalties continue to expand and the use of technology to both assess and supervise offenders has also grown. The study unit discusses the development of non-custodial penalties; the nature and effectiveness of the range of penal sanctions; and evidence on what works in preventing further offending and making amends to victims in particular and society as a whole. The study unit ends with an exploration of Where next? for corrections. Learning outcomes 1. Knowledge & Understanding By the end of the study-unit the student will be able to: Understand the theoretical methodology of sentencing and the practical methods used in different criminal justice systems around the world; Describe the legal and extra-legal factors, such as the social and psychological impacts that influence sentencing judicial decision-making; and Discuss and assess recent sentencing policy developments and the political debate around sentencing 2. Skills By the end of the study-unit the student will be able to: Analyse the theoretical understanding of international sentencing and penal policies; Consider the applied practical methods of sentencing and policy; Evaluate the present policies and help improve their future development. Core reading Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2007). The penal system: An introduction. London, Sage (4th edition.). Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J and Justin McCrary, J. (2011) (Eds.). Controlling crime: Strategies and tradeoffs. Washington: National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. See: Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of probation. Cullompton: Willan. Hudson, B. A. (2003). Understanding justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. Buckingham, Open University Press. Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) (2007) Handbook on prison. Cullompton: Willan. Jewkes, Y. and Johnston, H. (2006). Prison readings: A critical introduction to prisons and imprisonment. Cullompton, Willan. Jewkes, Y. and Bennett, J. (Eds.) (2008). Dictionary of prisons and punishment. Cullompton, Willan. 1

2 Scott, D. Penology. London: Sage. Von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A. (Eds.) (1998). Principled sentencing: Readings on theory & policy (2nd edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Zedner L. and Ashworth A., (Eds.) (2003). The criminological foundations of penal policy: Essays in honour of Roger Hood (Clarendon Studies in Criminology): Oxford: Hart. Journals British Journal of Criminology Crime and Delinquency Crime, Law and Social Change Criminal Law Review Criminology and Criminal Justice Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal Howard Journal New Law Journal Prison Journal Prison Service Journal Probation Journal Punishment and Society Social and Legal Studies UK government websites for statistical and research material Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Home Office Ministry of Justice National Offender Management Service National Statistics [For information on prison and probation statistics] Other useful websites British Library British Society of Criminology Code of Ethics for Researchers Cabinet Office Centre for Crime and Criminal Justice Convict Criminology Criminal Case Review Commission Equality and Human Rights Commission National association for the care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) National Association for Youth Justice Prison Reform Trust Prison Service 2

3 Probation Chiefs Association Probation Service UK Probation sites from around the world Sentencing Council (including guidelines) The Howard League for Penal Reform Victimology website World Criminal Justice Library Network Assessment Identify and justify a prominent issue in contemporary corrections, and point to likely developments together with an analysis of penal policy strengths and weaknesses. 1,500 2,000 words maximum, excluding references. To be submitted by no later than Friday 25th May Lecture 1 Justifying punishment: Options for an insecure society What is punishment? How is it defined? How is it justified? This lecture examines the different theories of punishment retribution, revenge, rehabilitation and re-integrative shaming through the ages and considers how justifications for punishment change over time, space and culture. Ashworth, A. (2009.) Principles of criminal law (6th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapters 1-3. Bottoms, A., Rex, S. and Robinson, G. (Eds.) (2004). Alternatives to prison: Options for an insecure society. Cullompton: Willan. Canton, R. (2007). Punishment in the Community In Canton, R. and Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan.. Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2007). The penal system: An introduction (4th edition). London, Sage, Chapters 2 and 3. Duff, A. (2007). Punishment as communication. In Canton, R. and Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan. Easton, S. and Piper, C. (2008) Sentencing and punishment: The quest for justice (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 1. European Court of Human Rights (2010). Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. B4575C D7A/0/ENG_CONV.pdf Hudson, B A. (2003). Understanding justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. Buckingham, Open University Press, Chapters 1 to 5. Newburn, T. (2007). (Ed.) Criminology. Cullompton: Willan, Chapter 22. Raynor, P. and Vanstone, M. (2002) Understanding community penalties Probation, policy & social change. Buckingham: Open University Press. Sanders, A., Young, R. and Burton, M. (Eds.) (2010) Criminal justice (4th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 1. Scott, D. (2008). Penology, London: Sage, Part One and Part Two Introduction and Chapter 2.1 Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch Von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A. (Eds.) (1998). Principled sentencing: Readings on theory & policy (2nd edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Zedner L. and Ashworth A., (Eds.) (2003). The criminological foundations of penal policy: Essays in honour of Roger Hood (Clarendon Studies in Criminology): Oxford: Hart. 3

4 Lectures 2 Rise and rise of custody: How many more? This lecture examines the history of incarceration and the nature of prisons from the nineteenth century to the current day, including contemporary trends in the size and nature of prison populations worldwide. Who are the prisoners? Who is in prison and why? What drives prison populations? Why do we talk of the rise and rise of custody, and the exploding prison population? Ashworth, A. (2007) Sentencing, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 29, Carlen, P. (2002). Women and punishment: The struggle for justice. Cullompton: Willan. Carlen, P. and Worrall, A. (2004). Analysing women's imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan. Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2007.) The penal system: An introduction. London, Sage (4th edition). Christie, N. (1993). Crime control as industry. London: Routledge. Crawley, E. and Sparks, R. (2005). Older men in prison: survival, coping and identity. In Liebling, A. and Maruna, S. (Eds.) The effects of imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. London, Allen Lane (Reprinted 1991, Penguin). Garland, D. (1985). Punishment and welfare: A history of penal strategies. Gower, Aldershot. Hedderman, C. (2007). Rediscovering resettlement: narrowing the gap between policy rhetoric and practice reality. In Hucklesby, A. and L. Hagley-Dickenson, L. (Eds.) Prisoner resettlement: policy and practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan, Hudson, B A. (2003) Understanding justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and controversies in modern penal theory. Buckingham, Open University Press. Ignatieff, M. (1978.) A just measure of pain: The penitentiary in the industrial revolution. London: Macmillan. Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) (2007). Handbook on prison. Cullompton: Willan, Part 2 pp Jewkes, Y. (2005). Men behind bars: doing masculinity as an adaptation to imprisonment. Men and Masculinities Journal 8, Jewkes, Y. (2005). Loss, liminality and the life sentence: managing identity through a disrupted lifecourse. In Liebling, A. and Maruna, S. (Eds.) The effects of imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan. Johnston, H. (Ed.) (2008) Punishment and control in historical perspective. London: Palgrave. McConville, S. (1998). The Victorian prison: England, In Morris, N. and Rothman, D. J. (Eds.) The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in western society. Oxford: University Press, McGowen, R. (1998). The well-ordered prison, In Morris, N. and Rothman, D. J. (Eds.) The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in western society. Oxford: University Press, Melossi, D. and Pavarini, M. (1981). The prison and the factory: Origins of the penitentiary system, London: Macmillan. Morgan, R. and Liebling, A. (2007). Imprisonment: An expanding scene. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 32, Owers, A. (2007). Imprisonment in the 21st century: A view from the Inspectorate. In Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) Handbook on prisons. Cullompton: Willan, Chapter 1 Pease, K. (2010). Prison, Community Sentencing and Crime. London: Civitas. Pew Center on the States (2008). One in 100: Behind bars in America Washington DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States (2011). State of recidivism: The revolving door of America's prisons. Washington DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. Sabo, D., Kupers, T. and London, W. (Eds.) (2001). Prison masculinities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Scott, D. (2008). Penology, London: Sage. Sim, J. (1994). Tougher than the rest? Men in prison. In Newburn, T. and Stanko, E. (Eds.) Just boys doing business. London: Routledge. Walmsley, R. (2008). World prison population list (8th edition). London: International Centre for Prison Studies, King s College London. 4

5 Walmsley, R. (2008). World prison populations. In Jewkes, Y. and J. Bennett, J (Eds.) Dictionary of prisons and punishment, Cullompton, Willan. Lecture 3 Rise and fall of non-custodial penalties: What s gone wrong? The development of non-custodial penalties probation, fines and community service orders is situated within the changing penal climate and the contours of thinking about punishment and welfare. The dilemma between care and control is explored. Who gets non-custodial penalties and why? Who doesn t and why not? The rise of community-based work as an alternative to imprisonment is explored in theory and in practice. Allen, R. and Hough, M. (2007). Community penalties, sentencers, the media and public opinion. In Bottoms, A. (2001). Compliance and community penalties. In Bottoms, A., Gelsthorpe, L. and Rex, S. (Eds.) Community penalties: change and challenges, Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing. Andrews, D.A and Bonta. J. (1998). The psychology of criminal conduct, second edition. Cincinnati: Anderson. Andrews, D.A and Bonta, J. (2001). LSI-R user's manual. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems. Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, J.S. (2004). Level of service/case management inventory (LSI/CMI): An offender assessment system. User's manual. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems. Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, J.S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 1, Burnett, R, and Roberts, C. (Eds.) (2004). What works in probation and youth justice: Developing evidence-based practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Canton, R. (2011). Working with offenders. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. Fitzgibbon, D.W.M. (2007). Risk analysis and the new practitioner: Myth or reality? Punishment & Society, 9, 1, Flores, A. W, Lowenkamp, C.T., Holsinger, A.M. and Latessa, E.J. (2006). Predicting outcome with the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: The importance of implementation integrity. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 5, Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of probation. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 8 and Ch 13. Gendreau, P., Little, T. and C. Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 4, Hall, M. (2010). Victims and policy-making: A comparative perspective. Abingdon and New York: Willan Publishing. McGuire, J. (2004). Commentary: Promising answers, and the next generation of questions. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10, 3, McIvor, G. and Raynor, P. (Eds.) (2007). Developments in social work with offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley. Ministry of Justice. (2009). Summaries of research on the Offender Assessment System (OASys) and the Offender Group Reconviction Scale (OGRS), risk assessment tools used by the prison and probation services to predict reoffending. London: Ministry of Justice. Nash, M. and Williams, A. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of public protection. Abingdon and New York: Willan Publishing. Nellis, M. (2007). Humanising justice: the English Probation Service up to In Gelsthorpe, L. And Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007) Handbook of probation. Cullompton: Willan, Parsloe, P. (1999). Risk assessment in social care and social work. London: Jessica Kingsley. Pease, K. (2010). Prison, Community Sentencing and Crime. London: Civitas. Pratt, J. (2002). Punishment and civilisation - Penal tolerance and intolerance in modern society. London: Sage. Raynor, P. and Vanstone, M. (2007). Towards a correctional service. In Gelsthorpe, L. And Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007) Handbook of probation. Cullompton: Willan, Scott, C.L. and Resnick, P.J. (2006). Violence risk assessment in persons with mental illness. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 11, Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 6, Vanstone, M. (2007). Supervising offenders in the community: A history of probation theory and practice. Aldershot: Ashgate. 5

6 White, R. and Graham, H. (2010). Working with offenders: A guide to concepts and practices. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 7. Whitehead, P. and Statham, P. (2006). The history of probation: politics, power and cultural change Crayford: Shaw & Sons. Williams, B. & Goodman, H. (2007). Working for and with victims of crime. In L. Gelsthorpe & R. Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of probation (Ch 18, ). Cullompton & Portland: Willan. Worrall, A. and Hoy, C. (2005). Punishment in the community. (2nd edition) Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 5. Lecture 4 Ethnic and other minorities and discrimination in corrections Is justice colour blind? Is justice even handed? Yes, in principle but far from it in practice? What are the implications for offender management, offender reintegration and for society as a whole? Can there be justice when the rich get richer and the poor and the black get prison? Criminal Justice System (CJS) Race Unit (2005) Section 95 Criminal Justice Act 1991 Race and the Criminal Justice System: An Overview to the Complete Statistics , London: Criminal Justice System [Home Office, Crown Prosecution Service and Department for Constitutional Affairs] Gelsthorpe, L. and McIvor, G. (2007). Difference and diversity in probation. In L. Gelsthorpe and Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of probation. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group, Ch 11, Hudson, B. (2007). Diversity, crime, and criminal justice. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (4th edition) The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ch. 7, Morgan, R. (Eds.). Handbook of probation. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group, Ch 11, Ministry of Justice (2009) Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2007/08 A Ministry of Justice Publication Under Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, London: Ministry of Justice. Phillips, C. and Bowling, B. (2007). Ethnicities, racism, crime, and criminal justice. In Hudson, B. (2007). Diversity, crime and criminal justice. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. And Reiner, R. (2007) (4th edition) The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ch. 14, Rowe, M. (2004) Policing, race and racism. Cullomptan: Willan. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 11, Lecture 5 Women and gendered penal policy Why has criminal justice seemingly been designed around and operated for male offenders, with insufficient account taken of the disproportionate effects probation and prison have on women. Even the concept of justice for women is not simple. Does justice lie in adopting an equal approach or seeking equal outcomes for men and women? Should we focus on the nature of the offence or on the nature and circumstances of the offender? Carlen, P. and Worrall, A. (Eds.) (2004). Analysing women s imprisonment. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Corston, J. (2007.) A report by Baroness Jean Corston of a review of women with particular vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system. London: Home Office. Hedderman, C. (2004). Why are more women being sentenced to custody? In McIvor, G. (Ed) Women who offend. London: Jessica Kingsley, Hedderman, C. (2004). The 'criminogenic' needs of women offenders: what should a programme for women focus on? In McIvor, G. (Ed) Women who offend, London: Jessica Kingsley, in G. McIvor (Ed.) Women who Offend, London: Jessica Kingsley, Hedderman, C., Palmer, E. and Hollin, C. (2008) Implementing services for women offenders and those at risk of offending: action research with Together Women, Ministry of Justice Research Series 12/08. London: Ministry of Justice. 6

7 Hedderman, C., Gunby, C. and Shelton, N. (2010). What women want: the importance of qualitative approaches in evaluating work with women offenders. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11, 1, Hedderman, C. (2010). 'Government policy on women offenders: Labour's legacy and the coalition's challenge'. Punishment and Society, 12, 4, Malloch, M. and McIvor, G. (2011). Women and community sentences. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11, 4, McIvor, G. (2007). The nature of female offending. In Sheehan, R., McIvor, G. and Trotter, C. (Eds.) What works with women offenders. Cullompton, Devon: Willan, Ministry of Justice (2009). A report on the Government s strategy for diverting women away from crime. London: Ministry of Justice. Ministry of Justice (2010). Statistics on women and the criminal justice system. London: Ministry of Justice. Phillips, C. and Bowling, B. (2007). Ethnicities, Racism, crime and criminal justice. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 14, Sheehan, R., McIvor G. & Trotter, C. (Eds.) (2010). Working with women offenders in the community. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group, esp. Ch 7. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 10, Lecture 6 Prison cultures, violence and the brutal life inside What goes on in prison? What are the pains of imprisonment? How does the prison environment impact on prisoners as a group and as individuals? How do prisoners respond? How far can sociological theories of prison gangs, groups and subcultures explain everyday life and everyday violence in prison? What forms does it take physical, sexual, and psychological violence, or that based on ethnicity, gangs and religious affiliations; and why does it occur. How can it best be eliminated, reduced or managed? What impact do drugs have on prison life? Bosworth, M. (1999). Engendering resistance: agency and power in women s prisons. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Bowker, L. H. (1977). Prisoner subcultures. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Boyle, J. (1977) A taste of freedom. London: Pan Books. Boyle, J. (1984.) The pain of confinement. Edinburgh: Canongate. Carlen, P. (1983.) Women s imprisonment: A study in social control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Carlen, P. (1998). Sledgehammer: Women s imprisonment at the millennium. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Cohen, S. and Taylor, L. (1972). Psychological survival: The experience of long-term imprisonment. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Crewe, B. (2007.) The sociology of imprisonment. In Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) Handbook on prisons. Cullompton: Willan. Crewe, B. (2007). The prisoner society: power, adaptation and social life in an English prison. Oxford: Clarendon. Crew, B. And Bennett, J. (Eds.) (2011) The prisoner. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge / Taylor and Francis. Liebling, A. and Maruna. S. (Eds.) (2007). The effects of imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan. Mathiesen, T. (1965). The defences of the weak. London: Tavistock. McDermott, K. and King, R. (1988). Mind games: Where the action is in prisons. British Journal of Criminology, 28, 3, Ministry of Justice (2010) Safety in Custody Statistics 2008/2009 Statistics Bulletin, London; Ministry of Justice. Sparks, R., Bottoms, A. E. and Hay, W. (1996). Prisons and the problem of order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 7,

8 Sykes, G. (1958). The society of captives. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Walker, S. and Worrall, A. (2000). Life as a woman: the gendered pains of indeterminate imprisonment. Prison Service Journal, 132, Lecture 7 Predictive restraint and dangerous offenders Contemporary correctional policy is characterised by the two strikes and you re out approach with very long, indeterminate sentences for repeat offenders, especially those who are deemed to be dangerous and threaten society most. How do we define dangerousness? How do we predict who will become dangerous? How can long incapacitative sentences be justified? When should we release if at all, and under what conditions? Andrews, D.A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, J.S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 1, Black, J. (2011). Is the preventive detention of dangerous offenders justifiable? Journal of Applied Security Research, 6, Burnett, R, and Roberts, C. (Eds.) (2004). What works in probation and youth justice: Developing evidence-based practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Fitzgibbon, D.W.M. (2007). Risk analysis and the new practitioner: Myth or reality? Punishment & Society, 9, 1, Funk, S.J. (1999). Risk assessment for juveniles on probation: A focus on juveniles. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 26, 1, Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of probation. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 8 and Ch 13. Gendreau, P., Little, T. and C. Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 4, Kemshall, H. And Wood, J. (2007) High-risk offenders and public protection. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (4th edition) The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ch. 13, Listwan, S.J., Cullen, F.T. and Latessa, E.J. (2006). How to prevent prisoner re-entry programs from failing: Insights from evidence-based corrections. Federal Probation, 70, 3, McGuire, J. (2004). Commentary: Promising answers, and the next generation of questions. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10, 3, McIvor, G. and Raynor, P. (Eds.) (2007). Developments in social work with offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley. Nash, M. And Williams, A. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of public protection. Abingdon and New York: Willan Publishing. Parsloe, P. (1999). Risk assessment in social care and social work. London: Jessica Kingsley. Scott, C.L. and Resnick, P.J. (2006). Violence risk assessment in persons with mental illness. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 11, Pease, K. (2010). Prison, community sentencing and crime. London: Civitas. White, R. and Graham, H. (2010). Working with offenders: A guide to concepts and practices. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 7. Worrall, A. and Hoy, C. (2005). Punishment in the community. (2nd edition.) Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 5. Lecture 8 Effectiveness and corrections: What works in reducing reoffending What interventions help to reduce reoffending? Some social and personal factors, such as being unemployed, misusing drugs and poor thinking skills, are associated with offending so addressing those areas can help to reduce reoffending. How do we change offending behaviour? What works, and why? What doesn t and why not? Can we coerce offenders to treatment? Burnett, R, and Roberts, C. (Eds.) (2004). What works in probation and youth justice: Developing evidence-based practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Fitzgibbon, D.W.M. (2007). Risk analysis and the new practitioner: Myth or reality? Punishment & Society, 9, 1,

9 Flores, A. W, Lowenkamp, C.T., Holsinger, A.M. and Latessa, E.J. (2006). Predicting outcome with the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: The importance of implementation integrity. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34,5, Gendreau, P., Little, T. and C. Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 4, Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of probation. Abingdon, Oxon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 8 and Ch 13. Hancock, D. (2007). Accredited programmes in common use. In Canton, R. and Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan. Healy, D. (2010) The dynamics of desisitence: Charting pathways through change. Abingdon, Oxon: Willan / Taylor and Francis. Hedderman, C. (2007). Past, present and future sentences: what do we know about their effectiveness. In Gelsthorpe, L. and R. Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007) Handbook of probation, Cullompton: Willan, Hollin, C. R. (2008).Evaluating offending behaviour programmes: Does only randomisation glister? Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8, 1, Hollin, C. R. and Palmer. E. J. (Eds.) (2006). Offending behaviour programmes: Development, application, and controversies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Hollin, C. R., McGuire, J., Palmer, E. J., Bilby, C., Hatcher, R., and Holmes, A. (2002). Introducing pathfinder programmes into the Probation Service: An interim report. Home Office Research Study 247. London: Home Office. Hollin, C. R., Palmer, E. J., McGuire, J., Hounsome, J., Hatcher, R., Bilby, C., and Clark, C. (2004). Pathfinder Programmes in the Probation Service: A retrospective analysis, Home Office Online Report 66/04. London: Home Office. Home Office (2004). Reducing re-offending: National action plan, London: Home Office. Listwan, S.J., Cullen, F.T. and Latessa, E.J. (2006). How to prevent prisoner re-entry programs from failing: Insights from evidence-based corrections. Federal Probation, 70, 3, McGuire, J. (1995). What Works: reducing re-offending. Chichester: Wiley. McGuire, J. (2004). Commentary: Promising answers, and the next generation of questions. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10, 3, McGuire, J. (2007). Cognitive-behavioural. In Canton, R. And Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan. McIvor, G. and Raynor, P. (Eds.) (2007). Developments in social work with offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley. Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. (2007). Effectiveness: who counts what? In Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of Probation, Cullompton: Willan, Middleton, D. (2007). Sex Offenders. In Canton, R. And Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan. Raynor, P. and Vanstone, M. (2002). Understanding community penalties: probation, policy and social change. Milton Keynes: Open University. Raynor, P. (2007) Accredited programmes. In Canton, R. And Hancock, D. (Eds.) Dictionary of probation and offender management. Cullompton: Willan. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 14, Vennard, J. and Hedderman, C. (1998). Effective interventions with offenders. In Goldblatt, P. and Lewis, C. (Eds.) Reducing reoffending: An assessment of research evidence on ways of dealing with offending behaviour, Home Office Research Study No 187. London: HMSO, Lecture 9 Corrections and technology: Big brother s watching or playing tag with offenders In the surveillance society we routinely and increasingly use technology. How and under what circumstances can technology be exploited in corrections? When are electronic tags permissible and useful? Are permanent implants an option? What are the ethical limits of intrusive surveillance? How can we secure a level of monitoring that is consistent with basic freedoms, civil liberties and human rights but also optimised to secure successful reintegration? Bamfield, J. (2006) Management. In Gill, M. (Ed.) The handbook of security. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan, Ch. Ch. 21,

10 Airs, J., Elliott, R. and Conrad, E. (2000). Electronically monitored curfew as a condition of bail Report of the Pilot, Home Office Occasional Paper. London: Home Office. Elliott, R., Airs, J., Easton, C. and Lewis, R. (2000). Electronically Monitored Curfew for 10- to 15- Year-olds Report of the Pilot, Home Office Occasional Paper. London: Home Office. Felson, M. (1998). Crime and everyday life (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Garcia, M. L. (2006) Risk management.. In Gill, M. (Ed.) The handbook of security. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan, Ch. Ch. 22, Gill, M. (2005) Reducing the capacity to offend: Restricting resources for offending. In Newburn, T. (Ed.) Policing: Key readings. Cullompton: Willan, Jewkes, Y. (2008). The role of the internet in the twenty-first century prison: Insecure technologies in secure spaces. In Franko Aas, K., Oppen Gundhus H. and Mork Lomell, H (Eds.) Technologies of InSecurity: The surveillance of everyday life. London: Routledge McSweeney, T. and Hough, M. (2005) Drugs and alcohol. In Newburn, T. (Ed.) Policing: Key Maguire, M. (2012) Technology, crime and justice: The question concerning Technomia. Abingdon, Oxon: Willan / Taylor and Francis. Maguire, M. and Brookman, F. (2005). Violent and sexual crime. In Newburn, T. (Ed.) Policing: Key readings. Cullompton: Willan, readings. Cullompton: Willan, Manunta, G. and Manunta, R. (2007) Theorising about security.. In Gill, M. (Ed.) The handbook of security. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan, Ch. Ch. 27, Marks, G. (2005) The new surveillance. In Newburn, T. (Ed.) Policing: Key readings. Cullompton: Willan, Michael, M. and Michael K. (2007) A Note on Überveillance. In Michael, K. and Michael, M. G. (Eds.) From Dataveillance to Überveillance and the Realpolitik of the Transparent Society, Wollongong: University of Wollongong. Nellis, M. (2006). Future punishment in American science fiction films. In Mason, P. (Ed) Captured by the media: Prison discourse in popular culture. Cullompton: Willan, Nellis, M. (2003.) They don t even know we re there: The electronic monitoring of offenders in England and Wales. In Ball, K. l and Webster, F. (Eds.) The intensification of surveillance: crime, terrorism and warfare in the information age. London: Pluto Press, Nellis, M. (2010). Electronic monitoring, satellite tracking and public protection. In Nash, M. and Williams, A. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of public protection. Abingdon and New York: Willan Publishing, Ch. 16, Lecture 10 From prisons today... to imprisonment tomorrow Where next? How will prisons look when the mid-nineteenth century experiment reaches the 200 year mark? Where have we come from and where are we going? Is the penal future dystopian or utopian? How will we control the prison population, if at all? What is the balance between public sector provision and private sector involvement? What are the public expectations of imprisonment? What is the role of the media in shaping public perceptions? Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J and Justin McCrary, J. (2011). (Eds.). Controlling crime: Strategies and tradeoffs. Washington: National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. See: Jewkes, Y. (2007).Prisons and the media: the shaping of public opinion and penal policy in a mediated society. In Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) Handbook on prisons, Cullompton: Willan. Jewkes, Y. and Johnston, H. (Eds.) (2006). Prison readings: A critical introduction to prisons and imprisonment, Cullompton: Willan. Jewkes, Y. and Johnston, H. (2009). Cavemen in an era of speed-of-light technology: Historical and contemporary perspectives on communication within prisons. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 48, 2, Ministry of Justice (2010). Breaking the cycle: Effective punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing of offenders. London: The Stationery Office Cm Pease, K. (2010). Prison, Community Sentencing and Crime. London: Civitas. 10

11 Pew Center on the States (2008). One in 100: Behind bars in America Washington DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. Pew Center on the States (2011). State of recidivism: The revolving door of America's prisons. Washington DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. Snaken, S. and Dumortier, E. (Eds.) 2011) Resisting punitiveness in Europe: Welfare, human rights and democracy. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge / Taylor and Francis. Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 15, , Ugelvik, T. and Dullum, J. (2011). Nordic prison practice and policy exceptional or not?: Exploring penal exceptionalism in the Nordic context. London: Routledge. Lecture 11 From non-custodial options today... to the futures of probation Where next? Like prisons the penal focus, management, content and perception of non-custodial options has changed considerably over time. The pace of change has been particularly rapid over the last decade as evidence-based practice and what works told hold. What is the current state of probation? What is its future? Does case management spell the end of service delivery for offenders? How can the non-custodial sector face-down the strong public belief that only prison punishes. With public sector spending restraint will we see the end of the public sector monopoly on services for offenders? Allen, R. and Hough, M. (2007). Community penalties, sentencers, the media and public opinion. In Gelsthorpe, L. And Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of probation, Cullompton: Willan, Bottoms, A. (2001). Compliance and community penalties. In Bottoms, A., Gelsthorpe, L. and Rex, S. (Eds.) Community penalties: change and challenges, Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing. Canton, R. (2011). Working with offenders. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. Fox, C., Albertson, K. and Warburton, F. (2011). Justice Reinvestment: Can it deliver more for less Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 50, 2, Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of probation. Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 8 and Ch 13. Hedderman, C. (2007 Past, present and future sentences: what do we know about their effectiveness. In Gelsthorpe, L. and Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of probation, Cullompton: Willan, Hedderman, C. (2007). Rediscovering resettlement: narrowing the gap between policy rhetoric and practice reality. In Hucklesby, A. and Hagley-Dickenson, L. (Eds.) Prisoner resettlement: policy and practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan, Hough, M., Allen, R. and Padel, U. (Eds.) (2006). Reshaping probation and prisons: The new offender management framework, researching criminal justice series. Bristol: Policy Press and Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mair, G. and Canton R. (2007). Sentencing, community penalties and the role of the Probation Service. In Gelsthorpe, L. and R. Morgan, R. (Eds.) Handbook of probation. Cullompton: Willan, Maruna, S. and King, A. (2004). Public opinion and community penalties. In Bottoms, A. Rex, S. and Robinson, G. (Eds.) Alternatives to prison: Options for an insecure society, Cullompton: Willan, McIvor, G. and Raynor, P. (Eds.) (2007). Developments in social work with offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley. Ministry of Justice (2010). Breaking the cycle: Effective punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing of offenders. London: Ministry of Justice. Ministry of Justice (2011). Breaking the cycle: Government Response. London: Ministry of Justice. Nash, M. and Williams, A. (Eds.) (2010). Handbook of public protection. Abingdon and New York: Willan Publishing. Pease, K. (2010). Prison, Community Sentencing and Crime. London: Civitas. Pew Center on the States (2011). State of recidivism: The revolving door of America's prisons. Washington DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. 11

12 Raynor, P. (2007). Community penalties: Probation what works and offender management. In Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 31, Raynor, P and Maguire, M. (2006). End-to-end or end in tears? Prospects for the effectiveness of the National Offender Management Model. In Hough, M., Allen, R. and Padel, U. (Eds.) Reshaping probation and prisons: The new offender management framework, researching criminal justice series. Bristol: Policy Press, Raynor, P. and Vanstone, M. (2007). Towards a correctional service. In Gelsthorpe, L. And Morgan, R. (Eds.) (2007) Handbook of probation. Cullompton: Willan, Stohr, M. and Walsh, A. (2012). Corrections: The essentials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Ch. 15, , Vanstone, M. (2007). Supervising offenders in the community: A history of probation theory and practice. Aldershot: Ashgate. Worrall, A. and Hoy, C. (2005). Punishment in the community. (2nd edition) Abingdon: Willan / Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group Ch 5. Lecture 12 Recapitulation and drawing the threads together Is it possible to have a unified view of corrections and penal policy? Are there themes that cut across the prison and non-custodial sectors? Are there common denominators for offender populations female offenders, ethnic minorities? Where are things headed and why? Additional teaching on planning and preparing for examination is included. Professor Andrew Willis 12